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The ''Wehrmacht'' exhibition (german: Wehrmachtsausstellung) was a series of two exhibitions focusing on the war crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' (the regular German armed forces) during World War II. The exhibitions were instrumental in furthering the understanding of the myth of the clean ''Wehrmacht'' in Germany. Both exhibitions were produced by the Hamburg Institute for Social Research; the first under the title " War of Annihilation. Crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' 1941 to 1944", which opened in Hamburg on 5 March 1995 and travelled to 33 German and Austrian cities. It was the subject of a terrorist attack but the organizers nonetheless claimed it had been attended by 800,000 visitors. The second exhibitionwhich was first shown in Berlin in November 2001attempted to dissipate considerable controversy generated by the first exhibition according to the Institute.
After criticism about incorrect attribution such as pictures of Soviet atrocities wrongly attributed to Germans and captioning of some of the images in the exhibition, the exhibition was heavily criticized by some historians such as e.g. by Polish-born historian Bogdan Musiał and Hungarian historian Krisztián Ungváry. According to Ungváry, only ten percent of all the 800 photos of alleged war crimes were actually ''Wehrmacht'' crimes, the rest were Soviet war crimes or crimes committed by Hungarian, Finnish, Croatian, Ukrainian or Baltic forces, or by members of the SS or SD, none of whom were members of the ''Wehrmacht'', or not crimes at all.
The head and founder of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research, Jan Philipp Reemtsma suspended the display, pending review of its content by a committee of historians. After the review 20 out of 1400 pictures were found to be of Soviet atrocities.
The committee's report in 2000 stated that accusations of forged materials were not justified, but that some of the exhibit's documentation had inaccuracies and that the arguments presented were too sweeping. In a written statement, Reemtsma said:
In its report from November 2000, the committee reaffirmed the reliability of the exhibition in general, explaining that the errors had already been corrected. The committee recommended that the exhibition be expanded to include perspectives of the victims as well, presenting the material but leaving the conclusions to the viewers.
Notably, the exhibition does not inform about the ''Wehrmacht''s crimes in occupied Poland on either side of the Curzon Line. They were presented later as an entirely different exposition called ''Größte Härte: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht in Polen September/Oktober 1939'' (Crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' in Poland, September/October 1939) by the Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau.
Institut für Sozialforschung: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1944Bericht der Kommission zur Überprüfung der Ausstellung "Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944" (PDF, 362 KB)Deutsche Nationalbibliothek: Titel zum ThemaVolker Ullrich (Die ZEIT, 22 January 2004): Conversation with Ulrike Jureit
, Jan Philipp Reemtsma and Norbert Frei to close the exhibition">Ulrike Jureit">Volker Ullrich (Die ZEIT, 22 January 2004): Conversation with Ulrike Jureit
, Jan Philipp Reemtsma and Norbert Frei to close the exhibitionbr>'Zwei Ausstellungen - eine Bilanz' von Jan Philipp ReemtsmaKlick-nach-rechts: Materialiensammlung rund um die Wehrmachtsausstellung"The Wehrmacht exhibition that shocked Germany"
at Witness History (BBC World Service) {{Authority control War crimes of the Wehrmacht Wehrmacht Military history of Germany during World War II Traveling exhibits 1995 establishments in Germany History of museums Museology
The ''Wehrmacht'' exhibition (german: Wehrmachtsausstellung) was a series of two exhibitions focusing on the war crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' (the regular German armed forces) during World War II. The exhibitions were instrumental in furthering the understanding of the myth of the clean ''Wehrmacht'' in Germany. Both exhibitions were produced by the Hamburg Institute for Social Research; the first under the title " War of Annihilation. Crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' 1941 to 1944", which opened in Hamburg on 5 March 1995 and travelled to 33 German and Austrian cities. It was the subject of a terrorist attack but the organizers nonetheless claimed it had been attended by 800,000 visitors. The second exhibitionwhich was first shown in Berlin in November 2001attempted to dissipate considerable controversy generated by the first exhibition according to the Institute.
History
The popular and controversial travelling exhibition was seen by an estimated 1.2 million visitors over the last decade. Using written documents from the era and archival photographs, the organizers had shown that the '' Wehrmacht'' was "involved in planning and implementing a war of annihilation against Jews,prisoners of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held Captivity, captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.
Belligerents hold priso ...
, and the civilian population". Historian Hannes Heer and Gerd Hankel had prepared it.
The view of the "unblemished" ''Wehrmacht'' was shaken by the material evidence put on public display in different cities including Hamburg, Munich, Berlin, Bielefeld, Vienna, and Leipzig. On 9 March 1999 at 4:40am, a bomb attack on the exhibition occurred in Saarbrücken
Saarbrücken (; french: link=no, Sarrebruck ; Rhine Franconian: ''Saarbrigge'' ; lb, Saarbrécken ; lat, Saravipons, lit=The Bridge(s) across the Saar river) is the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland, Germany. Saarbrücken is S ...
, damaging the adult high school building housing the exhibition and the adjoining ''Schlosskirche'' church.
Wrongly attributed images, criticism and review
After criticism about incorrect attribution such as pictures of Soviet atrocities wrongly attributed to Germans and captioning of some of the images in the exhibition, the exhibition was heavily criticized by some historians such as e.g. by Polish-born historian Bogdan Musiał and Hungarian historian Krisztián Ungváry. According to Ungváry, only ten percent of all the 800 photos of alleged war crimes were actually ''Wehrmacht'' crimes, the rest were Soviet war crimes or crimes committed by Hungarian, Finnish, Croatian, Ukrainian or Baltic forces, or by members of the SS or SD, none of whom were members of the ''Wehrmacht'', or not crimes at all.
The head and founder of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research, Jan Philipp Reemtsma suspended the display, pending review of its content by a committee of historians. After the review 20 out of 1400 pictures were found to be of Soviet atrocities.
The committee's report in 2000 stated that accusations of forged materials were not justified, but that some of the exhibit's documentation had inaccuracies and that the arguments presented were too sweeping. In a written statement, Reemtsma said:
In its report from November 2000, the committee reaffirmed the reliability of the exhibition in general, explaining that the errors had already been corrected. The committee recommended that the exhibition be expanded to include perspectives of the victims as well, presenting the material but leaving the conclusions to the viewers.
Notably, the exhibition does not inform about the ''Wehrmacht''s crimes in occupied Poland on either side of the Curzon Line. They were presented later as an entirely different exposition called ''Größte Härte: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht in Polen September/Oktober 1939'' (Crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' in Poland, September/October 1939) by the Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau.
Revised exhibition, 2001–2004
The revised exhibition was renamed ''Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941–1944.'' ("Crimes of the German ''Wehrmacht'': Dimensions of a War of Annihilation 1941-1944"). It focused on public international law and travelled from 2001 to 2004. Since then, it has been moved permanently to the Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin.Films
The documentary ''Der unbekannte Soldat'' (The unknown soldier) by Michael Verhoeven was in cinemas from August 2006, and has been available on DVD since February 2007. It compares the two versions of the exhibitions, and the background of its maker Jan Philipp Reemtsma.See also
* Myth of the clean ''Wehrmacht'' * War crimes of the ''Wehrmacht'' * Nazi crimes against the Polish nation *German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war (POWs), in contrast to their general treatment of British and American POWs. This policy, which amounted to deliberately starving and work ...
References
*Further reading
* Hartmann, Christian; Hürter, Johannes; Jureit, Ulrike (2005): ''Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Bilanz einer Debatte'' 'Crimes of the Wehrmacht: Review of the Debate'' Munich: C.H. Beck,External links
Institut für Sozialforschung: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1944
, Jan Philipp Reemtsma and Norbert Frei to close the exhibition">Ulrike Jureit">Volker Ullrich (Die ZEIT, 22 January 2004): Conversation with Ulrike Jureit
, Jan Philipp Reemtsma and Norbert Frei to close the exhibitionbr>'Zwei Ausstellungen - eine Bilanz' von Jan Philipp Reemtsma
at Witness History (BBC World Service) {{Authority control War crimes of the Wehrmacht Wehrmacht Military history of Germany during World War II Traveling exhibits 1995 establishments in Germany History of museums Museology