Webster's New International Dictionary

''Webster's Dictionary'' is any of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by American lexicographer Noah Webster (1758–1843), as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name in honor. "''Webster's''" has since become a genericized trademark in the United States for English dictionaries, and is widely used in dictionary titles.

Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir to Noah Webster's original works, which are in the public domain.

Noah Webster's ''American Dictionary of the English Language''

Noah Webster (1758–1843), the author of the readers and spelling books which dominated the American market at the time, spent decades of research in compiling his dictionaries. His first dictionary, ''A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language'', appeared in 1806. In it, he popularized features which would become a hallmark of American English spelling (''center'' rather than ''centre'', ''honor'' rather than ''honour'', ''program'' rather than ''programme'', etc.) and included technical terms from the arts and sciences rather than confining his dictionary to literary words. Webster was a proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. In ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' (2008), John Algeo notes: "it is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather ..he chose already existing options such as ''center, color'' and ''check'' on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology". In William Shakespeare's first folios, for example, spellings such as ''center'' and ''color'' are the most common.Venezky, Richard. ''The American Way of Spelling: The Structure and Origins of American English Orthography''. Guilford Press, 1999. p. 26 He spent the next two decades working to expand his dictionary.

First edition 1828

In 1828, when Noah Webster was 70, his ''American Dictionary of the English Language'' was published by S. Converse in two quarto volumes containing 70,000 entries, as against the 58,000 of any previous dictionary. There were 2,500 copies printed, at $20 (adjusted for inflation: $539.77) for the two volumes. At first the set sold poorly. When he lowered the price to $15 (adjusted for inflation: $404.82), its sales improved, and by 1836 that edition was exhausted. Not all copies were bound at the same time; the book also appeared in publisher's boards; other original bindings of a later date are not unknown.

Second edition 1841

1841 printing

In 1841, 82-year-old Noah Webster published a second edition of his lexicographical masterpiece with the help of his son, William G. Webster. Its title page does not claim the status of second edition, merely noting that this new edition was the "first edition in octavo" in contrast to the quarto format of the first edition of 1828. Again in two volumes, the title page proclaimed that the ''Dictionary'' contained "the whole vocabulary of the quarto, with corrections, improvements and several thousand additional words: to which is prefixed an introductory dissertation on the origin, history and connection of the languages of western Asia and Europe, with an explanation of the principles on which languages are formed. B. L. Hamlen of New Haven, Connecticut, prepared the 1841 printing of the second edition.Morton, H. C. ''The Story of Webster's Third: Philip Gove's Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics.'' Cambridge University Press, 1995
,

1844 printing

When Webster died, his heirs sold unbound sheets of his 1841 revision ''American Dictionary of the English Language'' to the firm of J. S. & C. Adams of Amherst, Massachusetts. This firm bound and published a small number of copies in 1844 – the same edition that Emily Dickinson used as a tool for her poetic composition. However, a $15 (adjusted for inflation: $512.78) price tag on the book made it too expensive to sell easily, so the Amherst firm decided to sell out. Merriam acquired rights from Adams, as well as signing a contract with Webster's heirs for sole rights.

1845 printing

The third printing of the second edition was by George and Charles Merriam of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1845. This was the first ''Webster's Dictionary'' with a Merriam imprint.

Influence

Lepore (2008) demonstrates Webster's innovative ideas about language and politics and shows why Webster's endeavors were at first so poorly received. Culturally conservative Federalists denounced the work as radicaltoo inclusive in its lexicon and even bordering on vulgar. Meanwhile, Webster's old foes, the Jeffersonian Republicans, attacked the man, labeling him mad for such an undertaking.

Scholars have long seen Webster's 1844 dictionary to be an important resource for reading poet Emily Dickinson's life and work; she once commented that the "Lexicon" was her "only companion" for years. One biographer said, "The dictionary was no mere reference book to her; she read it as a priest his breviary – over and over, page by page, with utter absorption.";

Austin (2005) explores the intersection of lexicographical and poetic practices in American literature, and attempts to map out a "lexical poetics" using Webster's dictionaries. He shows the ways in which American poetry has inherited Webster and drawn upon his lexicography to reinvent it. Austin explicates key definitions from both the ''Compendious'' (1806) and ''American'' (1828) dictionaries and brings into its discourse a range of concerns including the politics of American English, the question of national identity and culture in the early moments of American independence, and the poetics of citation and of definition.

Webster's dictionaries were a redefinition of Americanism within the context of an emergent and unstable American socio-political and cultural identity. Webster's identification of his project as a "federal language" shows his competing impulses towards regularity and innovation in historical terms. Perhaps the contradictions of Webster's project represented a part of a larger dialectical play between liberty and order within Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary political debates.

Other dictionaries with Webster's name

Noah Webster's assistant, and later chief competitor, Joseph Emerson Worcester, and Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A. Goodrich, published an abridgment of Noah Webster's 1828 ''American Dictionary of the English Language'' in 1829, with the same number of words and Webster's full definitions, but with truncated literary references and expanded etymology. Although it was more successful financially than the original 1828 edition and was reprinted many times, Noah Webster was critical of it. Worcester and Goodrich's abridgment of Noah Webster's dictionary was published in 1841 by White and Sheffield, printed by E. Sanderson in Elizabethtown, N.J. and again in 1844 by publishers Harper and Brothers of New York City, in 1844, with added words as an appendix.

''New and Revised Edition'' 1847

Upon Webster's death in 1843, the unsold books and all rights to the copyright and name "Webster" were purchased by brothers George and Charles Merriam, who then hired Webster's son-in-law Chauncey A. Goodrich, a professor at Yale College, to oversee revisions. Goodrich's ''New and Revised Edition'' appeared on September 24, 1847, and a ''Revised and Enlarged'' edition in 1848, which added a section of illustrations indexed to the text. His revisions remained close to Webster's work, but removed what later editors referred to as his "excrescences".

British influence

In 1850, Blackie and Son in Glasgow published the first general dictionary of English that made heavy use of pictorial illustrations integrated with the text, ''The Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific, Adapted to the Present State of Literature, Science, and Art; On the Basis of Webster's English Dictionary.'' Editor John Ogilve used Webster's 1841 edition as a base, adding many new, specialized, and British words, increasing the vocabulary from ''Webster''s 70,000 to more than 100,000.

Unabridged edition 1864

In response to Joseph Worcester's groundbreaking dictionary of 1860, ''A Dictionary of the English Language'', the G. & C. Merriam Company created a significantly revised edition, ''A Dictionary of the English Language''. It was edited by Yale University professor Noah Porter and published in 1864, containing 114,000 entries. It was sometimes referred to as the ''Webster–Mahn'' edition, because it featured revisions by Dr. C. A. F. Mahn, who replaced unsupportable etymologies which were based on Webster's attempt to conform to Biblical interpretations of the history of language. It was the first edition to largely overhaul Noah Webster's work, and the first to be known as the ''Unabridged''. Later printings included additional material: a "Supplement Of Additional Words And Definitions" containing more than 4,600 new words and definitions in 1879, ''A Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary'' containing more than 9,700 names of noteworthy persons in 1879, and a ''Pronouncing Gazetteer'' in 1884. The 1883 printing of the book contained 1,928 pages and was 8½ in (22 cm) wide by 11½ in (29 cm) tall by 4¼ in (11 cm) thick. The 1888 printing (revision?) is similarly sized, with the last printed page number "1935" which has on its back further content (hence, 1936th page), and closes with "Whole number of pages 2012". This dictionary carries the 1864 Preface by Noah Porter with postscripts of 1879 and 1884.

James A.H. Murray, the editor of the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1879–1928) says Webster's unabridged edition of 1864 "acquired an international fame. It was held to be superior to every other dictionary and taken as the leading authority on the meaning of words, not only in America and England, but also throughout the Far East."

''Webster's International Dictionary'' (1890 and 1900)

Porter also edited the succeeding edition, ''Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language'' (1890), which was an expansion of the ''American Dictionary''. It contained about 175,000 entries. In 1900, ''Webster's International'' was republished with a supplement that added 25,000 entries to it.

In 1898 the ''Collegiate Dictionary'' also was introduced (see below).

''Webster's New International Dictionary'' 1909

The Merriam Company issued a complete revision in 1909, ''Webster's New International Dictionary'', edited by William Torrey Harris and F. Sturges Allen. Vastly expanded, it covered more than 400,000 entries, and double the number of illustrations. A new format feature, the ''divided page'', was designed to save space by including a section of ''words below the line'' at the bottom of each page: six columns of very fine print, devoted to such items as rarely used, obsolete, and foreign words, abbreviations, and variant spellings. Notable improvement was made in the treatment and number of ''discriminated synonyms'', comparisons of subtle shades of meaning. Also added was a twenty-page chart comparing the Webster's pronunciations with those offered by six other major dictionaries. This edition was reprinted in 1913. Being in the public domain and having been scanned and OCRd, this edition has had substantial influence on Wiktionary.

''Webster's New International Dictionary'' (second edition, 1934)

In 1934, the ''New International Dictionary'' was revised and expanded for a second edition, which is popularly known as ''Webster's Second'' or ''W2'', although it was not published under that title. It was edited by William Allan Neilson and Thomas A. Knott. It contained 3350 pages and sold for $39.50 (adjusted for inflation: $755.77). Some versions added a 400-page supplement called ''A Reference History of the World'', which provided chronologies "from earliest times to the present". The editors claimed more than 600,000 entries, more than any other dictionary at that time, but that number included many proper names and newly added lists of undefined " combination words". Multiple definitions of words are listed in chronological order, with the oldest, and often obsolete, usages listed first. For example, the first definition of ''starve'' includes dying of exposure to the elements as well as from lack of food.

The numerous picture plates added to the book's appeal and usefulness, particularly when pertaining to things found in nature. Conversely, the plate showing the coins of the world's important nations quickly proved to be ephemeral. Numerous gold coins from various important countries were included, including American eagles, at a time when it had recently become illegal for Americans to own them, and when most other countries had withdrawn gold from active circulation as well.

Early printings of this dictionary contained the erroneous ghost word ''dord''.

Because of its style and word coverage, ''Webster's Second'' is still a popular dictionary. For example, in the case of ''Miller Brewing Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing Co., Inc''., 561 F.2d 75 (7th Cir. 1977) – a trademark dispute in which the terms "lite" and "light" were held to be generic for light beer and therefore available for use by anyone – the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, after considering a definition from ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'', wrote that " e comparable definition in the previous, and for many the classic, edition of the same dictionary is as follows:..."

''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' (1961)

After about a decade of preparation, G. & C. Merriam issued the entirely new ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (commonly known as ''Webster's Third'', or ''W3'') in September 1961.

Although it was an unprecedented masterwork of scholarship, it was met with considerable criticism for its descriptive (rather than prescriptive) approach. The dictionary's treatment of "ain't" was subject to particular scorn, since it seemed to overrule the near-unanimous denunciation of that word by English teachers.

Revisions and updates

Since the 1961 publication of the ''Third'', Merriam-Webster has reprinted the main text of the dictionary with only minor corrections. To add new words, they created an ''Addenda Section'' in 1966, included in the front matter, which was expanded in 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1993, and 2002. However, the rate of additions was much slower than it had been throughout the previous hundred years. Following the purchase of Merriam-Webster by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1964, a three-volume version was issued for many years as a supplement to the encyclopedia. At the end of volume three, this edition included the ''Britannica World Language Dictionary'', 474 pages of translations between English and French, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and Yiddish. A CD-ROM version of the complete text, with thousands of additional new words and definitions from the "addenda", was published by Merriam-Webster in 2000, and is often packaged with the print edition. The third edition was published in 2000 on Merriam-Webster's website as a subscription service.

Planning for a Fourth edition of the ''Unabridged'' began with a 1988 memo from Merriam-Webster president William Llewellyn, but was repeatedly deferred in favor of updates to the more lucrative ''Collegiate''. Work on a full revision finally began in 2009. In January 2013 the ''Third New International'' website service was rebranded as the ''Unabridged'' with the first "Release" of 4,800 new and revised entries added to the site. There were two further "Releases" in 2014. The revised website is not branded as the "Fourth edition" and it is unlikely that a print version will ever be produced, because demand is declining and its increased size would make it unwieldy and expensive.

Merriam-Webster's ''Collegiate Dictionary''

Merriam-Webster introduced its ''Collegiate Dictionary'' in 1898 and the series is now in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of ''Webster's International'' in 1890, two ''Collegiate'' editions were issued as abridgments of each of their ''Unabridged'' editions.

With the ninth edition (''Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary'' (WNNCD), published in 1983), the ''Collegiate'' adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than merely an abridgment of the "Third New International." Some proper names were returned to the word list, including names of Knights of the Round Table. The most notable change was the inclusion of the date of the first known citation of each word, to document its entry into the English language. The eleventh edition (published in 2003) includes more than 225,000 definitions, and more than 165,000 entries. A CD-ROM of the text is sometimes included.

This dictionary is preferred as a source "for general matters of spelling" by ''The Chicago Manual of Style'', which is followed by many book publishers and magazines in the United States. The ''Chicago Manual'' states that it "normally opts for" the first spelling listed.''The Chicago Manual of Style'', 15th edition, New York and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003, Chapter 7: "Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds", Section 7.1 "Introduction", p. 278

In addition to its ''Collegiate'' editions G. & C. Merriam Co. also produced abridged editions for students (''Primary School, Elementary School, Secondary School, High School, Common School, Academic'') as well as for general public (''Condensed, Practical, Handy''). The first edition of the abridged ''Primary School'' dictionary was prepared by Noah Webster in 1833 and later revised by William G. Webster and William A. Wheeler.

Editions

Below is a list of years of publication of the Collegiate dictionaries.
* 1st: 1898
* 2nd: 1910
* 3rd: 1916
* 4th: 1931
* 5th: 1936
* 6th: 1949
* 7th: 1963
* 8th: 1973
* 9th: 1983
* 10th: 1993
* 11th: 2003

The name Webster used by others

Since the late 19th century, dictionaries bearing the name ''Webster's'' have been published by companies other than Merriam-Webster. Some of these were unauthorized reprints of Noah Webster's work; some were revisions of his work. One such revision was ''Webster's Imperial Dictionary'', based on John Ogilvie's ''The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language'', itself an expansion of Noah Webster's ''American Dictionary''.

Following legal action by Merriam, successive US courts ruled by 1908 that ''Webster's'' entered the public domain when the ''Unabridged'' did, in 1889. In 1917, a US court ruled that ''Webster's'' entered the public domain in 1834 when Noah Webster's 1806 dictionary's copyright lapsed. Thus, ''Webster's'' became a genericized trademark and others were free to use the name on their own works.

Since then, use of the name ''Webster'' has been rampant. Merriam-Webster goes to great pains to remind dictionary buyers that it alone is the heir to Noah Webster. Although Merriam-Webster revisers find solid ground in Noah Webster's concept of the English language as an ever-changing tapestry, the issue is more complicated than that. Throughout the 20th century, some non-Merriam editions, such as ''Webster's New Universal'', were closer to Webster's work than contemporary Merriam-Webster editions. Further revisions by Merriam-Webster came to have little in common with their original source, while the ''Universal'', for example, was minimally revised and remained largely out of date.

So many dictionaries of varied size and quality have been called ''Webster's'' that the name no longer has any specific brand meaning. Despite this, many people still recognize and trust the name. Thus, ''Webster's'' continues as a powerful and lucrative marketing tool. In recent years, even established dictionaries with no direct link to Noah Webster whatsoever have adopted his name, adding to the confusion. Random House dictionaries are now called ''Random House Webster's'', and Microsoft's ''Encarta World English Dictionary'' is now ''Encarta Webster's Dictionary''. The dictionary now called ''Webster's New Universal'' no longer even uses the text of the original ''Webster's New Universal'' dictionary, but rather is a newly commissioned version of the ''Random House Dictionary''.

The '' Webster's Online Dictionary: The Rosetta Edition'' is not linked to Merriam-Webster Online. It is a multilingual online dictionary created in 1999 by Philip M. Parker. This site compiles different online dictionaries and encyclopedia including the ''Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary'' (1913), Wiktionary and Wikipedia.

Competition

Noah Webster's main competitor was a man named Joseph Emerson Worcester, whose 1830 ''Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language'' brought accusations of plagiarism from Webster. The rivalry was carried on by Merriam after Webster's death, in what is often referred to as the "Dictionary Wars". After Worcester's death in 1865, revision of his ''Dictionary of the English Language'' was soon discontinued and it eventually went out of print.

The American edition of Charles Annandale's four volume revision of ''The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language'', published in 1883 by the Century Company, was more comprehensive than the ''Unabridged''. The ''Century Dictionary'', an expansion of the ''Imperial'' first published from 1889 to 1891, covered a larger vocabulary until the publication of ''Webster's Second'' in 1934, after the ''Century'' had ceased publication.

In 1894 came ''Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary'', an attractive one volume counterpart to ''Webster's International''. The expanded ''New Standard'' of 1913 was a worthy challenge to the ''New International'', and remained a major competitor for many years. However, Funk & Wagnalls never revised the work, reprinting it virtually unchanged for more than 50 years, while Merriam published two major revisions.

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED''), which published its complete first edition in 1933, challenged ''Merriam'' in scholarship, though not in the marketplace due to its much larger size. The ''New International'' editions continued to offer words and features not covered by the ''OED'', and vice versa. In the 1970s, the ''OED'' began publishing ''Supplements'' to its dictionary and in 1989 integrated the new words in the supplements with the older definitions and etymologies in its ''Second Edition''.

Between the 1930s and the 1950s, several college dictionaries, notably the ''American College Dictionary'' and (non-Merriam) ''Webster's New World Dictionary'', entered the market alongside the ''Collegiate''. Among larger dictionaries during this period was (non-Merriam) ''Webster's Universal Dictionary'' (also published as ''Webster's Twentieth Century Dictionary'') which traced its roots to Noah Webster and called itself "unabridged", but had less than half the vocabulary and paled in scholarship against the ''Merriam'' editions.

After the commercial success of ''Webster's Third New International'' in the 1960s, Random House responded by adapting its college dictionary by adding more illustrations and large numbers of proper names, increasing its print size and page thickness, and giving it a heavy cover. In 1966, it was published as a new "unabridged" dictionary. It was expanded in 1987, but it still covered no more than half the actual vocabulary of ''Webster's Third''.

The American Heritage Publishing Co., highly critical of ''Webster's Third'', failed in an attempt to buy out Merriam-Webster and determined to create its own dictionary, ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''. In 1969, it issued a college-sized dictionary. Now in its fifth edition, it is only slightly greater in vocabulary than the ''Collegiate'', but it appears much larger and has the appeal of many pictures and other features, such as a usage panel of language professionals which is polled for the acceptability of certain word usage, and a discussion for some entries of subtle differences among words with similar meaning. Other medium-sized dictionaries have since entered the market, including the '' New Oxford American'' and the ''Encarta Webster's'', while Merriam-Webster has not attempted to compete by issuing a similar edition.

References

Further reading

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* Landau, Sidney I. (1989) ''Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography''. Cambridge University Press. Second Edition, 2001.
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External links

1828 edition

The 1828 edition of the ''American Dictionary of the English Language'' (2 volumes; New York: S. Converse) can be searched online at:

1828.mshaffer.com

webstersdictionary1828.com
DjVu and PDF versions can be viewed at the Internet Archive:

Volume 1
(includes words starting with A to I)

Volume 2
(includes words starting with J to Z)

Plain-text versions are also available from the Internet Archive (with some errors, due to automatic optical character recognition).

1841 (1844) edition

1841 edition
(published 1844) on the Emily Dickinson site. The last edition of the ''American Dictionary of the English Language'' that Noah Webster made before his death.

1828.mshaffer.com

1847 edition

''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich.

1847 print


1857 print

1859 edition

''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', edited by Chauncey A. Goodrich, first pictorial edition.

1861 print

1862 print

1864 edition

''An American Dictionary of the English Language'', edited by Noah Porter and C. A. F. Mahn

1865 print


1886 print

1890 edition

''Webster's International Dictionary'', edited by Noah Porter and W. T. Harris, 1890 edition plus 1900 supplement

1907 print on HathiTrust

1898 print on the Internet Archive
of the Australian edition with an Australian supplement

1909 edition

''Webster's New International Dictionary'', 1st edition
* 1930 revisio
on HathiTruston the Internet Archive

1913 edition

The ''Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary'' (editor Noah Porter, Springfield, MA: C. & G. Merriam Co., 1913), from which copyright has lapsed and is now in the public domain, has been digitized in 1996 by MICRA, In

http://micra.com/] and is now available at various free online resources, including:
* Project Gutenberg:
** Original ra
version 0.50
texts No. 660 to No. 670, in E-text/E-Book format
*
#673
in one file, in E-text/E-Book format
*
#29765
in one file, plain text version
*

(Online Plain Text English Dictionary), plain text, divided by letters
*

in EPWING/JIS X 4081 format
* Collaborative International Dictionary of English, GCIDE, and DICT
*
dict.org
DICT Development Group


HyperDictionary.com

www.websters1913.com

School dictionaries

* ''Dictionary for Primary Schools'' (1833), by Noah Webster
on Internet Archive
* ''Primary School Dictionary'' (1867
on the Internet Archive1871 print1874 print
* ''Webster's Primary School Dictionary'' (1892
on the Internet Archive
* ''Webster's Elementary-School Dictionary'' (1914
on the Internet Archive
* ''Webster's Secondary-School Dictionary'' (1913
on HathiTruston the Internet Archive
* ''Common-School Dictionary'' (1867
on HathiTruston Internet Archive
* ''Webster's Common School Dictionary'' (1892
on HathiTrust
* ''High-School Dictionary'' (1868
on the Internet Archive
* ''Webster's High School Dictionary'' (1892
on HathiTrust on the Internet Archiveon the Internet Archive
* ''Webster's Academic Dictionary'' (1895
on the Internet Archive

''Collegiate Dictionary''

* 1st edition (1898)
on HathiTruston the Internet Archive1909 print on HathiTrust
* 2nd edition (1910)
1914 print on HathiTrust
* 3rd edition (1916)
** 1916 prin
on HathiTruston the Internet Archive
** 1917 prin
on HathiTrust
** 1919 prin
on HathiTruston the Internet Archive
* '
11th Edition
'' (2003), the most recent edition of the ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'' available online on the company's website

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English dictionaries