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Waṇetsi ( wne, وڼېڅي), commonly called Tarīno ( wne, links=no, ترينو), and sometimes Tsalgari ( wne, links=no, څلګري), is a distinct variety of
Pashto Pashto (,; , ) is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family. It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani (). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns, it is one of the two official languages ...
and is considered by some to be a different language. In some cases, Wanetsi rather shares similarities with the
Pamir Pamir may refer to: Geographical features * Pamir Mountains, a mountain range in Central Asia ** Pamir-Alay, a mountain system in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, part of the Pamir Mountains *A pamir (valley) is a high plateau or valley surro ...
language of Munji, showing to be something of a bridge between the former and Pashto. It is perhaps a representation for a more archaic, or very early, form of Pashto. It is spoken by the Spin
Tareen The Tareen (or Tarin) ( ps, ترین) is a Pashtun tribe inhabiting southern Afghanistan, and western region of Pakistan.Caroe O. ''The Pathans 550 B.C.- A.D. 1957'' Oxford University Press . Page 521.Muhammad Hyat Khan, "Hayat i Afghan" (Orig. i ...
tribe in
Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
and
Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...
, primarily in
Harnai Harnai ( ps, هرنای, ur, ) is the capital of Harnai District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It was previously in Sibi District. It is located in the northeast of Balochistan province. The town is surrounded by the cities Ziarat, ...
(هرنای) (Harnai District) and Chawter (چوتېر) area in
Sanjawi Sanjawi ( ps, سنځاوۍ), also spelled Sanzawi or Sinjawi, is a town in Balochistan, Pakistan, with a population of 94,000. It serves as the capital of Sanjawi Tehsil – an administrative subdivision of Ziarat District.Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...
, Pakistan. The Tarīno or Waṇetsi is at risk due to lack of attention.


History

Professor
Prods Oktor Skjærvø , native_name_lang = no , birth_name = , birth_date = , birth_place = Steinkjer, Norway , nationality = , citizenship = , other_names = , occupation = Aga Khan Professor of Iranian Studi ...
states: According to
Encyclopædia Iranica ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times. Scope The ''Encycl ...
Waṇetsi branched off from the other
Pashto Pashto (,; , ) is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family. It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani (). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns, it is one of the two official languages ...
dialects in the
Middle Iranian The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau. The Iranian languages are grouped ...
stage:


Research

The first known linguistic research was conducted in 1929 by
Georg Morgenstierne Georg Valentin von Munthe af Morgenstierne (2 January 1892 – 3 March 1978) was a Norwegian professor of linguistics with the University of Oslo (UiO). He specialized in Indo-Iranian languages. Studies During the years 1923 to 1971, Morgenst ...
on Waṇetsi. Since then linguists like Josef Elfenbein have worked and researched on this archaic Pashto dialect. In his book, Syed Khair Muhammad Arif, "Tarin aw Tarīno" has also included a small dictionary of Waṇetsi. ٙBut much work remains to be done on understanding Waṇetsi.


Poetry

The Waṇetsi Poet Nizamuddin Nizami Tarin, a Spin Tarin from Chawter, has also compiled poetry in the language. An excerpt from his poem in Waṇetsi:


Music

The singer Khayam Tareen (خيام ترين) has also sung songs in Waṇetsi.


Phonology


Consonants

* Waṇetsi has [] and [] for Pashto ښ and ږ, respectively. * څ does not merge with [s] but can be pronounced as [] and ځ does not merge with [z] but can be pronounced as []. *[] is dropable in Waṇetsi e.g. هغه becomes اغه


Vowels

* Josef Elfenbein states: "ī and ū are not phonemically distinct from i and u respectively, and are pronounced i.html"_;"title="Close_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close_front_unrounded_vowel">i">Close_front_unrounded_vowel.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Close_front_unrounded_vowel">iand_[Close_back_rounded_vowel.html" ;"title="Close_front_unrounded_vowel">i.html" ;"title="Close_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close front unrounded vowel">i">Close_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Close front unrounded vowel">iand [Close back rounded vowel">u] respectively when unstressed (and not [Near-close near-front unrounded vowel, ɪ] and [Near-close near-back rounded vowel, ʊ] as in Kākaṛī), and [Vowel length, iː] and uː.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Vowel length, uː">nowiki/>Vowel length, uːwhen stressed." * There is a marked spontaneous tendency to palatalize "ī" as "yī" and "ē" as "yē"; and to labialize "ū" as "wū" and "ō" as "wo". Initial delabialization is common in "wū" as "ū" and "wō" as "ō". *The stressed short "á" is often lengthened, and an unstressed long "ā" shortened. * The standard weakening of final vowels in Waṇetsi makes the masculine-feminine gender distinction much less audible: [ə] and [a] are not phonemically distinct when unstressed in any position. But stressed final ә́ is kept apart from stressed á as in general Pashto.


Nasalisation

Waṇetsi also has
vowel nasalisation A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel or Amoy []. By contrast, oral vowels are produced with ...
which is transcribed as / ̃/ or ں in the Pashto alphabet.


Stress


Verbs

Like Pashto, verbs have final stress in the imperfective aspect and initial stress in the perfective aspect. Examples:


Words

Stress can also change the meaning of words, as in Pashto. Example:


Subdialects

Tarīno is subdivided into the Harnāi variety and the Chawter variety.


Grammatical comparison with general Pashto


Adpositions


Possessive

The possessive postposition غه is used instead of د Example:


Idiomatic Expression

Tareeno also varies from Pashto in idiomatic expression. Example: نهير /nahī́r/ “thought” - used with the verb to hit


Verbal Suffixes


First Person Suffix

The first person verbal suffixes also change:


Second Person Suffix

Some verbal suffixes like the feminine third person suffix and ېare the same:


Third Person Suffix


= Past Suffix

= Like standard Pashto the third person suffix for verbs with the root وتل the third person past suffix is different for the singular and plural.


Comparison with general Pashto


Poetry

The following is provided by Zamir Gulbahar (ظمير ګلبهار), a Tareeno poet from
Harnai Harnai ( ps, هرنای, ur, ) is the capital of Harnai District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It was previously in Sibi District. It is located in the northeast of Balochistan province. The town is surrounded by the cities Ziarat, ...
:


Lexical Comparison

The following list has been provided by the Waṇetsi poet Nizamuddin Nizami


Sentence Comparison


Sample 1

The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami


Sample 2

The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami


Sample 3

The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami


Sample 4

The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami


Grammar


Nouns - Morphology


Class 1

* Masculine Animate: mə́ser - elder (In general Pashto: mə́sər * Masculine Animate: lewә́- wolf * Masculine Animate: xar- donkey * Masculine Animate: pšə́ - tom-cat (in general Pashto: piš) * Masculine Inanimate: dārū́ - medicine * Masculine Inanimate: kor - house * Feminine Animate: pšī - cat (in general Pashto: piśó) * Feminine Inanimate: lyār - way (in general Pashto: lār) * Feminine Inanimate: xwā́šī - mother-in-law * Feminine Inanimate: čaṛə́ - mother-in-law * Feminine Inanimate: lergā́ - stick


Class 2

* Masculine Animate: yirźá - bear (in general Pashto: يږ әẓ̌, yәg, yәź * Masculine Animate: spa -dog (in general Pashto: spáy) * Masculine Inanimate: wagaṛá -village (in general Pashto: kə́lay) * Feminine Animate: spī - female-dog (in general Pashto spə́i)


Class 3

* Masculine Inanimate: špaźmi -moon (in general Pashto spoẓ̌mə́i, a feminine noun) * Feminine Inanimate: méle -celebration (in general Pashto melá)


Class 4

* Masculine Animate: spor- horseman * Masculine Inanimate: rebún - shirt


Class 5

* Masculine Animate: ğal


Agglutinative Formation

The (e)ya case is agglutinative.


Demonstratives

In Waṇetsi اغه ɣafunctions for both Pashto دغه (this) and هغه (that).


Verb Infinitive

Where as General Pashto employs the ل ́lto the past stem to make it infinitive, Waṇetsi employs نګ ngto the past stem to make it infinitive.


Bibliography

* * J. H. Elfenbein, (1984). "The Wanetsi Connexion: Part I". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' (1): 54–76. * J. H. Elfenbein, (1984). "The Wanetsi Connexion: Part II". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' (2): 229–241. * J. H Elfenbein, (1967). "Lanḍa Zor Wəla Waṇecī". ''Archiv Orientální''. XXXV: 563–606.


See also

*
Pashto Dialects Pashto dialects ( ps, د پښتو ژبګوټي də Pəx̌tó žәbgóṭi) can be divided into two large varieties: Northern Pashto and Southern Pashto. Each of the two varieties of Pashto is further divided into a number of dialects. Northern P ...
* Pashto Grammar *
Wazirwola Waziristāní ( ps, وزیرستانۍ), also known as Wazirwóla ( ps, وزیرواله, meaning "of the Wazirs") and Wazirí, is a central Pashto dialect spoken in North Waziristan and South Waziristan. Waziristani differs in pronunciation and ...
*
Ormuri language Ormuri (Pashto: ارموری ژبه) fa, زبان ارموری; literally, "Ormuri language") also known as ''Baraki, Ormur, Ormui or Bargista '' is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in Southeast Afghanistan and Waziristan. It is primarily spo ...
*
Pamiri languages The Pamir languages are an areal group of the Eastern Iranian languages, spoken by numerous people in the Pamir Mountains, primarily along the Panj River and its tributaries. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Pamir language family was s ...


References


External links


Word list of terms in Waṇetsi and other languages
{{Authority control __FORCETOC__ Pashto dialects