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''A Raisin in the Sun'' is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959. The title comes from the poem " Harlem" (also known as "A Dream Deferred") by
Langston Hughes James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hug ...
. The story tells of a black family's experiences in south Chicago, as they attempt to improve their financial circumstances with an insurance payout following the death of the father, and deals with matters of housing discrimination, racism, and
assimilation Assimilation may refer to: Culture *Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs **Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
. The New York Drama Critics' Circle named it the best play of 1959, and in recent years publications such as '' The Independent'' and ''
Time Out Time-out, Time Out, or timeout may refer to: Time * Time-out (sport), in various sports, a break in play, called by a team * Television timeout, a break in sporting action so that a commercial break may be taken * Timeout (computing), an enginee ...
'' have listed it among the best plays ever written.


Plot

Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis, along with Walter's mother Lena (Mama) and Walter's younger sister Beneatha, live in poverty in a run-down two-bedroom apartment on Chicago's South Side. Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver. Though Ruth is content with their lot, Walter is not, and desperately wishes to become wealthy. His plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo, his street-smart acquaintances. At the beginning of the play, Walter Lee and Beneatha's father has recently died, and Mama (Lena) is waiting for a life insurance check for $10,000. Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money, but Mama has religious objections to alcohol, and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mama's call how to spend it. Eventually, Mama puts some of the money down on a new house, choosing an all-white neighborhood over a black one for the practical reason that it is much cheaper. Later she relents and gives the remaining $6,500 to Walter to invest, with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneatha's education. Walter gives all of the money to Willy, who takes it and flees, depriving Walter and Beneatha of their dreams, though not the Youngers of their new home. Bobo reports the bad news about the money. Meanwhile, Karl Lindner, a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to, makes an offer to buy them out. Vaguely threatening, he says he wishes to avoid tensions over the introduction of Black people into the neighborhood, which to the three women's horror Walter bitterly prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback. Lena says that while money was something they try to work for, they should never take it if it was a person's way of telling them they were not fit to walk the same earth as them. Meanwhile, Beneatha's character and direction in life are influenced by two different men who are potentially love interests: her wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph Asagai. Neither man is actively involved in the Youngers' financial ups and downs. George represents the "fully assimilated black man" who denies his African heritage with a "smarter than thou" attitude, which Beneatha finds disgusting, while dismissively mocking Walter's situation. Joseph, a
Yoruba The Yoruba people (, , ) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute ...
student from Nigeria, patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage; he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa while pointing out she is unwittingly assimilating herself into white ways. She straightens her hair, for example, which he characterizes as "mutilation". When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money, she is scolded by Joseph for her materialism. She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with effort, along with agreeing to consider his proposal of marriage and invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine. Walter is oblivious to the stark contrast between George and Joseph: his pursuit of wealth can be attained only by liberating himself from Joseph's culture, to which he attributes his poverty, and by rising to George's level, wherein he sees his salvation. Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the buyout offer, stating that the family is proud of who they are and will try to be good neighbors. The play closes with the family leaving for their new home but uncertain future. The character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes were cut from the Broadway performance and in reproductions because of time constraints. Mrs. Johnson is the Younger family's nosy and loud neighbor, at the beginning of the play. She cannot understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood and cattily jokes that she will probably read in the newspaper in a month that they have been killed in a bombing. Her lines are employed as comic relief, but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights. In the introduction by
Robert B. Nemiroff Robert B. Nemiroff (October 29, 1929, New York City – July 18, 1991) was an American theater producer and songwriter, and the husband of Lorraine Hansberry. Nemiroff was a book editor and a music publisher, as well as an award-winning songwriter ...
, he writes that the scene is included in print because it draws attention away from a seemingly happy ending to a more violent reality inspired by Hansberry's own experiences.


Broadway production and reception

With a cast in which all but one character is black, ''A Raisin in the Sun'' was considered a risky investment, and it took eighteen months for producer Philip Rose to raise enough money to launch it. There was disagreement with how it should be played, with the focus on the mother or on the son. When the play hit New York, Poitier played it with emphasis on the son and found not only his calling but also an audience enthralled. After touring to positive reviews, the play premiered on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959. It transferred to the Belasco Theatre on October 19, 1959, and closed on June 25, 1960, after 530 total performances. Directed by Lloyd Richards, the cast comprised: *
Sidney Poitier Sidney Poitier ( ; February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was an American actor, film director, and diplomat. In 1964, he was the first black actor and first Bahamian to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. He received two competitive ...
– Walter Lee Younger *
Ruby Dee Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and civil rights activist. She originated the role of "Ruth Younger" in the stage and film versions of ''A Raisin in the Sun'' (19 ...
– Ruth Younger * Ivan Dixon – Joseph Asagai * Lonne Elder III – Bobo * John Fiedler – Karl Lindner * Louis Gossett – George Murchison * Claudia McNeil – Lena Younger * Diana Sands – Beneatha Younger * Glynn Turman – Travis Younger *Ed Hall – moving man * Douglas Turner – moving man Ossie Davis later took over as Walter Lee Younger, and Frances Williams as Lena Younger. Waiting for the curtain to rise on opening night, Hansberry and producer Rose did not expect the play to be a success, for it had already received mixed reviews from a preview audience the night before. Though it won popular and critical acclaim, reviewers argued about whether the play was "universal" or particular to Black experience. It was then produced on tour. ''A Raisin in the Sun'' was the first play written by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway, as well as the first with a black director, Mr. Richards.Corley, Cheryl
"'A Raisin in the Sun', Present at the Creation"
, National Public Radio, March 11, 2002.
On opening night, after multiple curtain calls, the audience cried out for the author, whereupon Poitier jumped into the audience and pulled Hansberry onto the stage for her ovation. Hansberry noted that her play introduced details of black life to the overwhelmingly white Broadway audiences, while director Richards observed that it was the first play to which large numbers of black people were drawn. Frank Rich, writing in '' The New York Times'' in 1983, stated that ''A Raisin in the Sun'' "changed American theater forever". In 2016, Claire Brennan wrote in '' The Guardian'' that "The power and craft of the writing make ''A Raisin in the Sun'' as moving today as it was then." In 1960 ''A Raisin In The Sun'' was nominated for four Tony Awards: * Best Play – written by Lorraine Hansberry; produced by Philip Rose, David J. Cogan * Best Actor in Play – Sidney Poitier * Best Actress in a Play – Claudia McNeil * Best Direction of a Play – Lloyd Richards


West End production

Some five months after its Broadway opening, Hansberry's play appeared in London's
West End West End most commonly refers to: * West End of London, an area of central London, England * West End theatre, a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London, England West End may also refer to: Pl ...
, playing at the Adelphi Theatre from August 4, 1959. As on Broadway, the director was Lloyd Richards, and the cast was as follows: * Kim Hamilton – Ruth Younger *John Adan – Travis Younger * Earle Hyman – Walter Lee Younger *Olga James – Beneatha Younger * Juanita Moore – Lena Younger *Bari Johnson – Joseph Asagai *Scott Cunningham – George Murchison * Meredith Edwards – Karl Lindner *
Lionel Ngakane Lionel Ngakane (17 July 1928 – 26 November 2003) was a South African filmmaker and actor, who lived in exile in the United Kingdom from the 1950s until 1994, when he returned to South Africa after the end of apartheid. His 1965 film ''Jemima a ...
– Bobo The play was presented (as before) by Philip Rose and David J. Cogan, in association with the British impresario Jack Hylton.


1961 film

In 1961, a film version of ''A Raisin in the Sun'' was released featuring its original Broadway cast of
Sidney Poitier Sidney Poitier ( ; February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was an American actor, film director, and diplomat. In 1964, he was the first black actor and first Bahamian to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. He received two competitive ...
,
Ruby Dee Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and civil rights activist. She originated the role of "Ruth Younger" in the stage and film versions of ''A Raisin in the Sun'' (19 ...
, Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, Ivan Dixon, Louis Gossett Jr. and John Fiedler. Hansberry wrote the screenplay, and the film was directed by Daniel Petrie. It was released by Columbia Pictures and Ruby Dee won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress. Both Poitier and McNeil were nominated for
Golden Globe Award The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944, recognizing excellence in both American and international film and television. Beginning in 2022, there are 105 members of t ...
s, and Petrie received a special "Gary Cooper Award" at the Cannes Film Festival.


Historical background

Experiences in this play echo a lawsuit, ''
Hansberry v. Lee __NOTOC__ ''Hansberry v. Lee'', 311 U.S. 32 (1940), is a famous and commonly-used case in civil procedure classes for teaching that ''res judicata'' does not apply to an individual whose interests were not adequately represented in a prior class ac ...
'', 311 U.S. 32 (1940), to which the playwright Lorraine Hansberry's father was a party, when he fought to have his day in court despite the fact that a previous class action about racially motivated restrictive covenants, ''Burke v. Kleiman'', 277 Ill. App. 519 (1934), had been similar to his situation. (This case was heard prior to the passage of the
Fair Housing Act The Civil Rights Act of 1968 () is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots. Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applie ...
—Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968—which prohibited discrimination in housing). The Hansberry family won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Often considered as one of the most consequential amendments, it addresses citizenship rights and ...
. The
Supreme Court A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in most legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
held that the ''Hansberry'' defendants were not bound by the ''Burke'' decision, because the class of homeowners in the Washington Park Subdivision had conflicting goals, and thus could not be considered to be the same class. The plaintiff in the first action in 1934 was Olive Ida Burke, who brought the suit on behalf of a property owners' association to enforce racial restrictions. Her husband, James Burke, later sold a house to
Carl Hansberry Carl Augustus Hansberry (April 30, 1895 – March 17, 1946) was an American real estate broker and political activist, and was plaintiff in the 1940 Supreme Court decision ''Hansberry v. Lee''. He was also the father of award-winning playwright Lor ...
(Lorraine's father), when he changed his mind about the validity of the covenant. Mr. Burke's decision may have been motivated by the changing demographics of the neighborhood, but it was also influenced by the Depression. The demand for houses was so low among white buyers that Mr. Hansberry may have been the only prospective purchaser available.


Other versions


1973 musical

A musical version of the play, '' Raisin'', ran on Broadway from October 18, 1973, to December 7, 1975. The book of the musical, which stayed close to the play, was written by Hansberry's former husband, Robert Nemiroff. Music and lyrics were by Judd Woldin and Robert Brittan. The cast included Joe Morton (Walter Lee), Virginia Capers (Mama),
Ernestine Jackson Ernestine Jackson (born September 18, 1942) is an American actress and singer. Early life Born in Corpus Christi, Texas, Jackson made her Broadway debut in 1967 as Irene Molloy in the all-black cast of '' Hello, Dolly!'' starring Pearl Bailey. ...
(Ruth),
Debbie Allen Deborah Kaye Allen (born January 16, 1950) is an American actress, dancer, choreographer, singer-songwriter, director, producer, and a former member of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities. She has been nominated 20 times for an ...
(Beneatha) and Ralph Carter (Travis, the Youngers' young son). The show won the Tony Award for Best musical.


1989 TV film

In 1989, the play was adapted into a TV film for PBS's '' American Playhouse'' series, starring
Danny Glover Danny Lebern Glover (; born July 22, 1946) is an American actor, film director, and political activist. He is widely known for his lead role as Roger Murtaugh in the ''Lethal Weapon'' film series. He also had leading roles in his films include ...
(Walter Lee) and Esther Rolle (Mama), Kim Yancey (Beneatha), Starletta DuPois (Ruth), John Fiedler (Karl Lindner), and Helen Martin (Mrs. Johnson). This production received three
Emmy Award The Emmy Awards, or Emmys, are an extensive range of awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international television industry. A number of annual Emmy Award ceremonies are held throughout the calendar year, each with the ...
nominations, but all were for technical categories. Bill Duke directed the production, while Chiz Schultz produced. This production was based on an off-Broadway revival produced by the Roundabout Theatre.


1996 BBC Radio play

On 3 March 1996, the BBC broadcast a production of the play by director/producer Claire Grove, with the following cast: * Claire Benedict – Mama *
Ray Shell Ray Shell (born 22 September 1951) is an American film, TV and stage actor, as well as an author, singer, director and producer. He is known for creating the roles of Nomax in ''Five Guys Named Moe'' (1990) and Rusty in ''Starlight Express'' (1984 ...
– Walter Lee * Pat Bowie – Ruth * Lachelle Carl – Beneatha * Garren Givens – Travis * Akim Mogaji – Joseph Asagai * Ray Fearon – George Murchison * John Sharion – Karl Lindner * Dean Hill – Bobo


Broadway revival, 2004

A revival ran on Broadway at the Royale Theatre from April 26, 2004, to July 11, 2004 with the following cast: * Sean Combs – Walter Lee Younger * Audra McDonald – Ruth Younger * Phylicia Rashad – Lena Younger * Sanaa Lathan – Beneatha Younger * Bill Nunn – Bobo * David Aaron Baker – Karl Lindner *Lawrence Ballard – moving man *Teagle F. Bougere – Joseph Asagai *Frank Harts – George Murchison *Billy Eugene Jones – moving man *Alexander Mitchell – Travis Younger The director was Kenny Leon, and David Binder and Vivek Tiwary were producers. The play won two 2004 Tony Awards: Best Actress in a Play (Phylicia Rashad) and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Audra McDonald), and was nominated for Best Revival of a Play and Best Featured Actress in a Play (Sanaa Lathan).


2008 TV film

In 2008, Sean Combs, Phylicia Rashad, Audra McDonald, and Sanaa Lathan reprised their roles from the 2004 Broadway revival in a television film directed by Kenny Leon. The film debuted at the 2008
Sundance Film Festival The Sundance Film Festival (formerly Utah/US Film Festival, then US Film and Video Festival) is an annual film festival organized by the Sundance Institute. It is the largest independent film festival in the United States, with more than 46,66 ...
and was broadcast by ABC on February 25, 2008. Rashad and McDonald received Emmy nominations for their portrayals of Lena and Ruth. According to Nielsen Media Research, the program was watched by 12.7 million viewers and ranked No. 9 in the ratings for the week ending March 2, 2008.


Royal Exchange, Manchester production, 2010

In 2010, Michael Buffong directed a widely acclaimed production at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester, described by Dominic Cavendish in '' The Daily Telegraph'' as "A brilliant play, brilliantly served". Michael Buffong, Ray Fearon and Jenny Jules all won MEN Awards. The cast were: * Jenny Jules – Ruth Younger * Ray Fearon – Walter Lee Younger * Tracy Ifeachor – Beneatha Younger *Starletta DuPois (who played Ruth in the 1989 film) – Lena Younger *Damola Adelaja – Joseph Asagai *Simon Combs – George Murchison *Tom Hodgkins – Karl Lindner *Ray Emmet Brown – Bobo/Moving Man


Broadway revival, 2014

A second revival ran on Broadway from April 3, 2014, to June 15, 2014, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. The play won three 2014 Tony Awards: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play (Sophie Okonedo) and Best Direction of a Play (Kenny Leon). *
Denzel Washington Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. (born December 28, 1954) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been described as an actor who reconfigured "the concept of classic movie stardom". Throughout his career spanning over four decades, Washington ha ...
– Walter Lee Younger * Sophie Okonedo – Ruth Younger * LaTanya Richardson Jackson – Lena Younger * Anika Noni Rose – Beneatha Younger *
Stephen McKinley Henderson Stephen McKinley Henderson (born August 31, 1949) is an American actor and director. Henderson trained at Juilliard School for acting and later became a resident member of the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis from 1976 to 1981. He came to prominen ...
– Bobo * David Cromer – Karl Lindner *Keith Eric Chappelle – moving man * Sean Patrick Thomas – Joseph Asagai *Jason Dirden – George Murchison *Billy Eugene Jones – moving man *Bryce Clyde Jenkins – Travis Younger


2016 BBC Radio Play

On 31 January 2016 the BBC broadcast a new production of the play by director/producer Pauline Harris. This version restores the character of Mrs Johnson and a number of scenes that were cut from the Broadway production and subsequent film, with the following cast: * Danny Sapani – Walter Lee Younger *
Dona Croll Dona may refer to: * Feminine form for don (honorific) (Spanish: doña, Portuguese: dona; Italian: donna), a Spanish, Portuguese, southern Italian, and Filipino title, given as a mark of respect * Feminine form for dom (title), titled nobility in ...
– Lena Younger * Nadine Marshall – Ruth Younger * Lenora Crichlow – Beneatha Younger *Segun Fawole – Travis Younger *Jude Akwudike – Bobo/Asagai *Cecilia Noble – Mrs. Johnson *Sean Baker – Karl Lindner *Richard Pepple – George Murchison


Arena Stage revival, 2017

The play opened on April 6, 2017, at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., directed by Tazewell Thompson, with the following cast: *Will Cobbs – Walter Lee Younger *Lizan Mitchell – Lena Younger *Dawn Ursula – Ruth Younger *Joy Jones – Beneatha Younger *Jeremiah Hasty – Travis Younger *Mack Leamon – Bobo/Asagai *Thomas Adrian Simpson – Karl Lindner *Keith L. Royal Smith – George Murchison


The Raisin Cycle

The 2010 Bruce Norris play '' Clybourne Park'' depicts the white family that sold the house to the Youngers. The first act takes place just before the events of ''A Raisin in the Sun'', involving the selling of the house to the Black family; the second act takes place 50 years later. The 2013 play by Kwame Kwei-Armah entitled ''Beneatha's Place'' follows Beneatha after she leaves with Asagai to Nigeria and, instead of becoming a doctor, becomes the Dean of Social Sciences at a respected (unnamed) California university. The two above plays, together with the original, were referred to by Kwei-Armah as "The Raisin Cycle" and were produced together by Baltimore's Center Stage in the 2012–2013 season.David Zurawik, "Baltimore's Center Stage looks very good in PBS documentary on 'Raisin' cycle", '' The Baltimore Sun'', October 25, 2013


See also

* Civil rights movement in popular culture


References


External links

* *
Listen to the play online

EDSITEment's lesson Raisin in the Sun the Quest for the American Dream

Text to Text: ‘'A Raisin in the Sun'’ and ‘'Discrimination in Housing Against Nonwhites Persists Quietly'’
from '' The New York Times'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Raisin in the Sun, A 1959 plays African-American plays Chicago in fiction Civil rights movement in popular culture Domestic tragedies Plays about race and ethnicity American plays adapted into films Plays by Lorraine Hansberry Plays set in Illinois Tony Award-winning plays