Walraversijde

Walraversijde is an abandoned medieval fishing village on the Belgian coast, near Ostend. It was rediscovered in 1992 in a dune area, near a medieval dyke. Archeological research showed that it had been occupied, in two phases, between 1200 and 1600. Walraversijde has been studied more thoroughly and more systematically than any other medieval fishing community in Europe. The village has been partially reconstructed, and has a museum, Walraversijde Museum, dedicated to the site.

Discovery

Walraversijde was discovered in 1992 on the Belgian coast by the archeologist Marnix Pieters. It was found in a dune area near a medieval dyke. Prior to discovery, Walraversijde was a lost village, with no obvious remains above ground. Two related sites were excavated, one on a beach and the other on a polder. The beach site was inhabited between 1200 and 1400, and the polder site was inhabited between 1400 and 1600. The excavations also found evidence of activities during the Roman era, such as a Roman dyke.

Walraversijde ceased having a role after the Siege of Ostend of 1601–1604, when a Spanish cavalry camp operated from the site. The artefacts and remains are well preserved, and there have been many finds. The sites have been excavated systematically and thoroughly, and have produced unusually rich findings.Durnez J (2006
"The provenial museum of Walraversijde, from archaeological research to a cultural tourism project"
In: ''Colloquium: To sea or not to sea'', VLIZ Special Publication 32, Pages 116–121.

Early village

The village of the earlier beach phase of Walraversijde was located behind a protective dune belt. The houses were arranged in small, loose groups, the largest house measuring . Written sources indicate the villagers fished, traded salted fish and other goods, and sometimes engaged in piracy. They probably also dug peat to produce salt. However, the dune belt was maintained badly and Walraversijde became vulnerable. In 1394, a flood drowned the town of Ostend and caused heavy sand drifts and floods around the village. Walraversijde ended up in front of the dunes, and had to be rebuilt further inland.Tys D and Pieters M (2009
"Understanding a medieval fishing settlement along the southern Northern Sea: Walraversijde, c. 1200–1630"
In: Sicking L and Abreu-Ferreira D (Eds.) ''Beyond the catch: fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900–1850'', Brill, pages 91–122. .

Later village

The new Walraversijde was relocated on a polder protected by a new dyke. At least 100 houses were built, with widths between and lengths between . They were built mainly using brick, often plastered inside and outside. Some houses had stained windows. Floors were brick or sand-covered clay, and roofs were thatched with reeds, straw or galingale.

There were also community spaces, such as a ''draeyplaetsen'' for making cordage, a brewery and a ''caetsspel'' (gaming house and brothel). Around 1435 a chapel was built. As might be expected for a settlement preoccupied with the sea, the occupation density was much higher than in non-fishing rural communities. No spaces were set aside for stables, gardens or fields between houses.

Between 1383 and 1413, under the supervision of the admirals of the Count of Flanders and the Duke of Burgundy, privateering and piracy took place between English and Flemish fishing and trading vessels. The fisherman of Walraversijde participated in this privateering to the degree that they were warned not to plunder or damage ships at sea unless ordered to do so by the duke. In addition to acting as privateers under the orders of the duke, Walraversijde fisherman supplied the duke's fleet with vessels and the fishing fleet with guard boats throughout the fifteenth century.

The villagers had commodities one might not expect to find in a medieval fishing community. There were "exotic spices such as paradise grains, cloves and pepper, exotic fruit such as pomegranates, ivory combs, cast bronze candlesticks and luxury ceramics." The piracy, privateering and also beachcombing must have played a part in this, as probably also did the piloting of Spanish merchant vessels by Walraversijde fisherman to the port of Bruges.

By the middle of the fifteenth century, Walraversijde reached its heyday, becoming, both economically and politically, the most important village in the region. It was well populated, housing perhaps 500 to 600 people, though half the population were usually away at sea. The village operated about twenty fishing vessels, each crewed with between thirteen and twenty fishermen. The fishermen were individually free and independent, brought their own nets, and shared in the profits. The ''sciplieden'' (boat captains) owned the fishing vessels, and were the central figures in the village at the top of the social hierarchy.

Later in the fifteenth century, larger vessels were developed which could sail to the lucrative offshore fishing grounds of the Doggerbank. Purchasing these vessels required money which the fishermen did not have. Rich fish merchants invested in the fleet, and the new ship owners or wards took control of the offshore fishing. The role of the captains diminished and the independent fishermen were reduced to wage fishermen.

Restorations and artifacts

File:Walraversijde37.jpg, View from upstairs in a fisherman's house
File:Walraversijde12.jpg, Medieval hearth with appurtenances
File:Walraversijde32.jpg, Restored table, barrel chair and stools
File:Walraversijde105.jpg, Woman in common fifteenth century dress repairing fishing net
File:Walraversijde18.jpg, Children's bedroom with large pillows and the blankets coloured with madder

Decline

Towards the end of the fifteenth century, the region became politically unstable. Starting in 1483, Maximilian of Austria warred against a coalition of Bruges and Ghent for ten years. Walraversijde was in the middle of these battles and was probably deserted during this time. The houses in the eastern quarter of the village were ruined and subsequently abandoned. To make matters worse, the fishing fleet became endangered at sea. Different parties in the English Channel and the North Sea became threatening in various ways, and the fisherman had to arrange for armed ships to protect their fleet. Meanwhile, the sand dunes started drifting again, and the village brewery closed.

But this was just a start. In 1568 the Eighty Years' War began, the Sea Beggars blockaded coastal ports while mercenaries plundered and looted the coast itself. In 1571 the dikes that surrounded Ostend were breached in a desperate attempt to defend the town. For eleven further years the region, including Walraversijde, was flooded and uninhabitable. Beyond this, the war still carried on, further destroying the area. By 1598, written sources recount how wasted the area had become, including Walraversijde. The finishing touch was the Siege of Ostend (1601–1604), after which, apart from some isolated houses, the fishing community of Walraversijde ceased to exist. The tower of the chapel remained until the nineteenth century, when it collapsed in a storm.

Walraversijde Museum

Because of the archaeological richness of the findings, the Province of West Flanders decided to present the results in an on-site interactive museum, Walraversijde Museum. The museum opened in 2000, and includes three medieval houses and a bakery/smokehouse. These late medieval buildings have been reconstructed as they are thought to have appeared during the prime of Walraversijde around 1465, together with furniture, fittings and fixtures. Flemish artists were particularly productive during the 15th century, and their paintings have been helpful guides during reconstruction.

The museum displays artifacts which give a sense of the medieval fishing industry and trade, as well as the risks the fishermen faced at sea, such as piracy, war and shipwrecks. There are further displays concerning household goods, clothing, hygiene, religious and recreational life, mouth bows and staffs, toys for young and old, including a well-engineered pair of bone glasses. Walraversijde has been studied more thoroughly and systematically than any other medieval fishermen community in Europe. This is, in part, because most other locations are still inhabited.

Other images

File:Walraversijde29.jpg, Fishing net drying on poles (reconstruction)
File:Walraversijde30.jpg, Nets, furniture, pitcher
File:Walraversijde38.jpg, Tools of a medieval carpenter
File:Walraversijde57.jpg, Fish smokery; frames to preserve fish during transport
File:Walraversijde61.jpg, Foundations of fishermen's houses

Notes

References

* Kightly C (2000) ''Walraversijde 1465: de bloeiperiode van een vissersdorp aan de zuidelijke Noordzeekust''. Provincie West-Vlaanderen / Instituut voor het Archeologisch Patrimonium.
* Kightly C (2003
"From evidence to physical reconstruction: recreating mediaeval Walraversijde"
Pages 57–59 in: Pieters M, Verhaeghe F, Gevaert G, Mees J and Seys J. (Ed.) ''Colloquium: Fishery, trade and piracy: fishermen and fishermen's settlements in and around the North Sea area in the Middle Ages and later,'' Museum Walraversijde, VLIZ Special Publication 15.
* Pieters M (2003
"The material environment of Walraversijde and other late medieval fishing communities along the Flemish coast"
Pages 27–31 in: Pieters M, Verhaeghe F, Gevaert G, Mees J and Seys J. (Ed.) ''Colloquium: Fishery, trade and piracy: fishermen and fishermen's settlements in and around the North Sea area in the Middle Ages and later,'' Museum Walraversijde, VLIZ Special Publication 15.
* Tys D (2003
"Expressions of power in a marginal landscape? The social, economic and political context of the 15th century fisherman's village of Walraversijde"
Pages 22–26 in: Pieters M, Verhaeghe F, Gevaert G, Mees J and Seys J. (Ed.) ''Colloquium: Fishery, trade and piracy: fishermen and fishermen's settlements in and around the North Sea area in the Middle Ages and later,'' Museum Walraversijde, VLIZ Special Publication 15.
* Van Bulck (2003
"Heavenly help as cultural element of the fisherman community, also at Walraversijde–'O please hear out plea, for those that are in peril at sea'"
Pages 52–56 in: Pieters M, Verhaeghe F, Gevaert G, Mees J and Seys J. (Ed.) ''Colloquium: Fishery, trade and piracy: fishermen and fishermen's settlements in and around the North Sea area in the Middle Ages and later,'' Museum Walraversijde, VLIZ Special Publication 15.

External links

Walraversijde Museum
– official web site

{{Coord, 51.200359, N, 2.854681, E, display=title

Archaeological sites in Belgium
Populated places in West Flanders
Medieval archaeological sites in Europe
Fishing communities
History of fishing
Ostend