![Archdukecharles1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Archdukecharles1.jpg)
On the 5 and 6 July 1809, north of
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
, took place one of the most important confrontations in human history until then, the
Battle of Wagram
The Battle of Wagram (; 5–6 July 1809) was a military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars that ended in a costly but decisive victory for Emperor Napoleon's French and allied army against the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles ...
. It opposed an
Austrian army
The Austrian Armed Forces (german: Bundesheer, lit=Federal Army) are the combined military forces of the Republic of Austria.
The military consists of 22,050 active-duty personnel and 125,600 reservists. The military budget is 0.74% of nat ...
led by ''generalissimus''
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (german: link=no, Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 177130 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third s ...
to a
Franco
Franco may refer to:
Name
* Franco (name)
* Francisco Franco (1892–1975), Spanish general and dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975
* Franco Luambo (1938–1989), Congolese musician, the "Grand Maître"
Prefix
* Franco, a prefix used when ref ...
-
Italo-
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
army
An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...
under the command of
Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Below are presented the military units which participated at this battle. On this page are listed only the troops who were close enough to the hostilities to be able to intervene. The Austrian V Corps, left behind as a strategic reserve, and the "Army of Inner Austria", whose elements from the
vanguard
The vanguard (also called the advance guard) is the leading part of an advancing military formation. It has a number of functions, including seeking out the enemy and securing ground in advance of the main force.
History
The vanguard derives fr ...
arrived close to the battlefield only in the afternoon of the 6th, too late to intervene, have been omitted from the article. Similarly, the French VIII Corps left outside the theater of hostilities; the Franco-Allied garrison and the batteries on the island of
Lobau
The Lobau () is a Vienna floodplain on the northern side of the Danube in Donaustadt and partly in Großenzersdorf, Lower Austria. It has been part of the Danube-Auen National Park since 1996 and has been a protected area since 1978. It is used ...
; the squadrons and the French regiments left on the right bank of the
Danube
The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , p ...
to protect the lines of communication, and most part of the Center Corps belonging to the Franco-Italian army, located in
Pressburg, have also been omitted from this article because they played no part in the battle.
The Austrian army was not reinforced during the second day. Archduke Charles commanded about 140,000-150,000 men, including 15,000 cavalrymen and over 400 artillery pieces.
![The Emperor Napoleon I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg)
During the first day of the fighting, Napoleon's army numbered about 155,000-160,000 men and around the noon of the second day it was reinforced up to 165,000-180,000 men, out of whom 27,000 were cavalrymen, and more than 400
cannon
A cannon is a large- caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder ...
s. This figure remains approximate, as it does not take into consideration the losses suffered during the first day of the battle, which are difficult to estimate. The losses of the army are only a global estimation, including the hostilities on both the 5th and the 6th of July. In addition, on the 6th, Napoleon basically could not rely on the
Saxon infantry from the Saxon IX Corps, which was completely disorganised and unfit for combat following the hard fighting during the first day. The French and Allied forces included two armies: the "Grand Army of Germany", which had taken part in the previous campaign in
Southern Germany
Southern Germany () is a region of Germany which has no exact boundary, but is generally taken to include the areas in which Upper German dialects are spoken, historically the stem duchies of Bavaria and Swabia or, in a modern context, Bavaria ...
and
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
(the main theater of the
War of the Fifth Coalition
The War of the Fifth Coalition was a European conflict in 1809 that was part of the Napoleonic Wars and the Coalition Wars. The main conflict took place in central Europe between the Austrian Empire of Francis I and Napoleon's French Empir ...
), and the "Army of Italy", of smaller dimensions, which arrived on the battlefield in stages and only with a part of its effectives, during the two days. The order of battle of the French Army was profoundly reorganised during June, and it was modified even during the battle, with some units being attached to different commanders, according to circumstances.
Abbreviations of military ranks and dignities
Comments
''*'' ''Maréchal d'Empire'', or Marshal, was not a "rank" within the French army, but a personal title granted to distinguished generals of division, along with higher pay and privileges. The highest "rank" in Napoleon's army was actually ''Général de Division''.
Opposing armies
Kaiserlich-königliche Armee
The Austrian army, called ''
Kaiserlich-königliche Armee'' (Imperial-Royal Army), was composed of multinational troops from across the
Empire
An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...
, including proper
Austrians
, pop = 8–8.5 million
, regions = 7,427,759
, region1 =
, pop1 = 684,184
, ref1 =
, region2 =
, pop2 = 345,620
, ref2 =
, region3 =
, pop3 = 197,990
, ref3 ...
,
Bohemians,
Moravians,
Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Urali ...
,
Romanians
The Romanians ( ro, români, ; dated exonym '' Vlachs'') are a Romance-speaking ethnic group. Sharing a common Romanian culture and ancestry, and speaking the Romanian language, they live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2011 Roman ...
,
Croatians
The Croats (; hr, Hrvati ) are a South Slavic ethnic group who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, history and language. They are also a recognized minority in a number of neighboring countries, namely Austria, the Czech Republic, ...
,
Poles
Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in C ...
and other
ethnic groups, with regiments speaking various languages. Another facet that showed the diverse nature of this army was that ''
Landwehr
''Landwehr'', or ''Landeswehr'', is a German language term used in referring to certain national armies, or militias found in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe. In different context it refers to large-scale, low-strength fortificatio ...
'' (
Militias
A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...
) units, some of which were quite poorly trained, were brigaded together with regular troops.
[Rothenberg 146-148.]
Following the Battle of Aspern-Essling, Charles massed whatever forces he could spare, recalling two-thirds of III Korps from
Linz
Linz ( , ; cs, Linec) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria. In the north of the country, it is on the Danube south of the Czech border. In 2018, the population was 204,846.
In 2009, it was a European Capital ...
, but, with war raging on secondary theatres, he was unable or unwilling to recall any additional forces. Archduke Charles did plan for the small "Army of Inner Austria" under
Archduke John of Austria to march out from
Pressburg, some 40 kilometers away, and participate in the battle, reckoning that the timely arrival of this force would reinforce his weak left.
[ Excluding the "Army of Inner Austria", the forces that Charles had available for the two days of battle were about 138,000 men, with 414 artillery pieces.][Rothenberg 254–259.]
Archduke Charles, aged 37 at the time of the battle, had under his direct command the ''Kaiserlich-königliche Hauptarmee'', the main Austrian army.[ He was seconded by 39-year-old Maximilian von Wimpffen, the army's Quartermaster General (Chief of Staff), a pugnacious and assertive character, who was well respected in the Austrian army for his knowledge of military strategy. The ]Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
army was divided into several Korps, as follows:
* Advance Guard: 14,000 men, 48 guns, under the command of 49-year-old ''Feldmarschall-Leutnant
Lieutenant field marshal, also frequently historically field marshal lieutenant (german: Feldmarschall-Leutnant, formerly , historically also and, in official Imperial and Royal Austrian army documents from 1867 always , abbreviated ''FML''), was ...
'' Armand von Nordmann
Joseph-Armand Ritter von Nordmann (31 August 1759 – 6 July 1809), was a French officer in the French Royal Army. He transferred his allegiance to Habsburg Austria during the French Revolution, like other French émigrés. In Austrian servic ...
, a French ''émigré'' and a competent general;
* I Korps: 23,000 men, 68 guns, under the command of 53-year-old ''General der Kavallerie'' Heinrich von Bellegarde
Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia (german: Heinrich Joseph Johannes, Graf von Bellegarde or sometimes ''Heinrich von Bellegarde''; 29 August 1756 – 22 July 1845), of a noble Savoyard family, was born in Saxony, joined the ...
, who had served under Archduke Charles several times in the past and was a sound, albeit unenterprising commander;
* II Korps: 27,000 men, 68 guns, under the command of 52-year-old ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' Friedrich Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, a Rhineland
The Rhineland (german: Rheinland; french: Rhénanie; nl, Rijnland; ksh, Rhingland; Latinised name: ''Rhenania'') is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
Term
Historically, the Rhinelands ...
Prince and a commander with an impeccable reputation;
* III Korps: 18,000 men, 58 guns under 61-year-old ''Feldzeugmeister
''Feldzeugmeister'' was a historical military rank in some German and the Austro-Hungarian armies, especially in use for the artillery. It was commonly used in the 16th or 17th century, but could even be found at the beginning of the 20th century i ...
'' Johann Karl von Kollowrat-Krakowsky, a Bohemian noble with a long-standing military record;
* IV Korps: 19,000 men, 60 guns, under the command of 47-year-old ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' Franz Seraph of Rosenberg-Orsini, a descendant of a great German noble family of Italian descent, who had fought against the French during the French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Prussia ...
and in 1805;
* VI Korps: 18,000 men, 64 guns, under the command of 51-year-old ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' Johann von Klenau
Johann Josef Cajetan Graf von Klenau, Freiherr von Janowitz ( cs, Jan hrabě z Klenové, svobodný pán z Janovic; 13 April 1758 – 6 October 1819) was a field marshal in the Habsburg army. Klenau, the son of a Bohemian noble, joined the Ha ...
, another Bohemian noble and a general who had won quite a remarkable reputation during the French Revolutionary Wars;
* I Reserve Korps: 18,000 men, 48 guns, under the command of 49-year-old ''General der Kavallerie'' Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein
Johann I Joseph (''Johann Baptist Josef Adam Johann Nepomuk Aloys Franz de Paula''; 26 June 1760 – 20 April 1836) was Prince of Liechtenstein between 1805 and 1806 and again from 1814 until 1836. He was the last Liechtenstein prince to rule unde ...
, an Austrian Prince, competent commander and a personal friend of Archduke Charles.[Castle 20-21.]
Although in the vicinity of the battlefield, the V Korps (12,000 men, 50 guns)[ under ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' Prince Heinrich XV Reuss of Plauen had been left behind on the Bisamberg heights as a strategic reserve, a position which meant that it was too far away to take part to any fighting on or around the Marchfeld, and were thus not a part of Charles' effective fighting force. This was due to Charles's desire to protect his communication lines towards Bohemia and ]Moravia
Moravia ( , also , ; cs, Morava ; german: link=yes, Mähren ; pl, Morawy ; szl, Morawa; la, Moravia) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.
The m ...
.[Rothenberg 148.]
Grande Armée
As opposed to his Austrian counterpart, Napoleon managed to muster two secondary armies for the upcoming battle. The first, called the Army of Italy, had marched from northern Italy to the main theatre of operations north of Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
and was led by Napoleon's stepson, the Viceroy of Italy, Prince Eugène de Beauharnais
Eugène Rose de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg (; 3 September 1781 – 21 February 1824) was a French nobleman, statesman, and military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
Through the second marr ...
. The second was the XI Corps 11 Corps, 11th Corps, Eleventh Corps, or XI Corps may refer to:
* 11th Army Corps (France)
* XI Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
* XI Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
* ...
, which formed the Army of Dalmatia, under General of Division Auguste de Marmont
Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont (20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French general and nobleman who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire and was awarded the title (french: duc de Raguse). In the Peninsular War Marmont succeede ...
. However, the Army of Dalmatia, as well as a part of the Army of Italy only arrived on the battlefield towards midday on 6 July, at about the same time as an additional force, a Bavarian division under general Karl Philipp von Wrede Karl may refer to:
People
* Karl (given name), including a list of people and characters with the name
* Karl der Große, commonly known in English as Charlemagne
* Karl Marx, German philosopher and political writer
* Karl of Austria, last Austri ...
.[Rothenberg 246–254.]
All these forces considered, Napoleon could muster an army of around 166,000 men, with 433 guns.[ He was seconded by ''Major Général'' (Chief of Staff), 56-year-old '' Maréchal d'Empire'' ]Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Louis-Alexandre Berthier (20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815), Prince of Neuchâtel and Valangin, Prince of Wagram, was a French Marshal of the Empire who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was twice Minis ...
, a seasoned officer, who had been serving as Napoleon's Chief of Staff since 1796. The army was organised in the usual French Corps system and the main army, ''Armée d'Allemagne'' ("Army of Germany") was divided as follows:
* The Imperial Guard
An imperial guard or palace guard is a special group of troops (or a member thereof) of an empire, typically closely associated directly with the Emperor or Empress. Usually these troops embody a more elite status than other imperial forces, i ...
: 10,500 men, 60 guns, under the direct command of Napoleon;
* II Corps: 27,000 men, 64 guns, under the command of 42-year-old ''Général de division'' Nicolas-Charles Oudinot
Nicolas Charles Oudinot, 1st Count Oudinot, 1st Duke of Reggio (25 April 1767 in Bar-le-Duc – 13 September 1847 in Paris), was a Marshal of the Empire. He is known to have been wounded 34 times in battle, being hit by artillery shells, sabers, ...
, a fearless commander, who had a reputation for leading from the front;
* III Corps: 38,000 men, 120 guns, under the command of 39-year-old ''Maréchal d'Empire'' Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis-Nicolas d'Avout (10 May 1770 – 1 June 1823), better known as Davout, 1st Duke of Auerstaedt, 1st Prince of Eckmühl, was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and th ...
, a stern disciplinarian and one of the best commanders in the French army;
* IV Corps: 28,000 men, 86 guns, under the command of 51-year-old ''Maréchal d'Empire'' André Masséna
André Masséna, Prince of Essling, Duke of Rivoli (born Andrea Massena; 6 May 1758 – 4 April 1817) was a French military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.Donald D. Horward, ed., trans, annotated, The Fre ...
, a general who had fought against the Austrians many times in the past and who had a reputation for exceptional military talent and cunning;
* VII Corps 7th Corps, Seventh Corps, or VII Corps may refer to:
* VII Corps (Grande Armée), a corps of the Imperial French army during the Napoleonic Wars
* VII Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army prior to and during World War I
* VII ...
: only one Bavarian division (6,600 men, 24 guns) was present, under 42-year-old General von Wrede;
* IX Corps 9 Corps, 9th Corps, Ninth Corps, or IX Corps may refer to:
France
* 9th Army Corps (France)
* IX Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
Germany
* IX Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial Germ ...
: 17,000 Saxons, 38 guns, under 46-year-old ''Maréchal d'Empire'' Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
sv, Karl Johan Baptist Julius
, spouse =
, issue = Oscar I of Sweden
, house = Bernadotte
, father = Henri Bernadotte
, mother = Jeanne de Saint-Jean
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Pau, ...
, a commander who had acquired some fame during the Wars of the Revolution, but who often had strained relations with Napoleon;
* XI Corps ("Army of Dalmatia"): 10,000 men, 28 guns, under 34-year-old ''Général de division'' Auguste de Marmont
Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont (20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French general and nobleman who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire and was awarded the title (french: duc de Raguse). In the Peninsular War Marmont succeede ...
, an up-and-coming commander and personal friend of the Emperor;
* The Reserve Cavalry Corps (three heavy cavalry
Heavy cavalry was a class of cavalry intended to deliver a battlefield charge and also to act as a tactical reserve; they are also often termed '' shock cavalry''. Although their equipment differed greatly depending on the region and histor ...
divisions): 8,000 men, 24 guns, under the command of 40-year-old ''Maréchal d'Empire'' Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Jean-Baptiste Bessières (; 6 August 1768 – 1 May 1813), 1st Duke of Istria (''Duc d'Istrie''), was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His younge ...
, a skilled cavalry commander and loyal supporter of the Emperor.[Castle 12-14.]
The "Army of Italy", under the command of 27-year-old Prince Eugène, the Viceroy of Italy and Napoleon's stepson. Eugène's army had a total of 44 guns and was made up of:
* the small Italian Royal Guard (1,700 men) under 33-year-old ''Général de division'' Achille Fontanelli
Achille Fontanelli (8 November 1775 – 22 July 1838) was an Italian nationalist and Napoleonic general. Born into a low-ranking noble family, he took service with a pro-French Italian military unit in 1797. He was captured in 1799 but was repat ...
;
* V Corps 5th Corps, Fifth Corps, or V Corps may refer to:
France
* 5th Army Corps (France)
* V Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
* V Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Ar ...
: 7,000 men, under 43-year-old ''Général de division'' Jacques MacDonald
Ancient and noble French family names, Jacques, Jacq, or James are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are over ...
, who had acquired considerable fame as a general of the Revolution but who had subsequently fallen out with Napoleon and was only just coming back into grace;
* VI Corps 6 Corps, 6th Corps, Sixth Corps, or VI Corps may refer to:
France
* VI Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry formation of the Imperial French army during the Napoleonic Wars
* VI Corps (Grande Armée), a formation of the Imperial French army du ...
: 12,000 men, under 41-year-old ''Général de division'' Paul Grenier, a seasoned commander.[
Napoleon also massed additional artillery on the island of Lobau – 28 18-pounders, 24 12-pounders, 17 28-centimetre heavy mortars, 10 howitzers and a number of small calibre guns (4 and 6-pounders). Also stationed on the island of Lobau during the battle were one regiment and 5 battalions defending the crucial communications with Vienna.][Rothenberg 137.] These troops would not see action at Wagram, although the batteries would open an artillery barrage when Austrians from Klenau's VI Corps came within range, on the second day of the battle. All the forces that remained on this island were placed under the command of general Aubry, later under the command of general Jean-Louis Reynier.[
Finally, the ]VIII Corps 8th Corps, Eighth Corps, or VIII Corps may refer to:
* VIII Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French army during the Napoleonic Wars
* VIII Army Corps (German Confederation)
* VIII Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Ar ...
, under General of Division Dominique Vandamme
General Dominique-Joseph René Vandamme, Count of Unseburg (5 November 1770, Cassel, Nord15 July 1830) was a French military officer, who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. He was a dedicated career soldier with a reputation as an excellent divisio ...
was left out of the battle and was left behind to cover Vienna and the southern bank of the Danube upstream from the Austrian capital.[Rothenberg 139.]
Franco-Allied Forces
Commander: Emperor Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
Grand Army of Germany
Commander: Emperor Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
Army Staff
* Chief of Staff: MdE Berthier
**Vice Chief of Staff: GD Dumas
***Deputy to the Vice Chief of Staff: GB Bailly de Monthion
*Artillery
Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...
commander: GD Lariboisière
**Deputy artillery commander: GD Foucher
*Chief of military engineer
Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics ...
s: GD Bertrand
Bertrand may refer to:
Places
* Bertrand, Missouri, US
* Bertrand, Nebraska, US
* Bertrand, New Brunswick, Canada
* Bertrand Township, Michigan, US
* Bertrand, Michigan
* Bertrand, Virginia, US
* Bertrand Creek, state of Washington
* Saint-Bertr ...
**Deputy chief of military engineers: Col Blein
French Imperial Guard
Comments
''*'' Some authors (Naulet, Hourtoulle) cite GD Walther as being the commander of the entire Guard
Guard or guards may refer to:
Professional occupations
* Bodyguard, who protects an individual from personal assault
* Crossing guard, who stops traffic so pedestrians can cross the street
* Lifeguard, who rescues people from drowning
* Prison ...
. General Walther had indeed commanded the Guard during the marches of this campaign. Rothenberg considers that Emperor Napoleon was the direct commander of the Guard, because he kept this unit under very strict control and it acted only at his command. Furthermore, Walther, although one of the most experienced generals on the battlefield, had previously commanded only cavalry. Thanks to his prestige among the ranks of this unit and the fact that he often commanded the Guard cavalry, MdE Bessières was naturally considered to have the authority to command this unit, although in this battle he was granted only the command of the Cavalry Reserve.
''**'' GB Curial had been promoted to the rank of GD after the battle of Aspern-Essling
In the Battle of Aspern-Essling (21–22 May 1809), Napoleon crossed the Danube near Vienna, but the French and their allies were attacked and forced back across the river by the Austrians under Archduke Charles. It was the first time Napoleon ...
and had been granted the command of the 1st Young Guard Division, but he nominally kept the command of the 1st Foot Chasseurs Regiment from the Old Guard as their deputy major general. The major general of the Foot Chasseurs (honorary appointment), MdE Soult
Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia, (; 29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804 and often called Marshal Soult. Soult was one of only six officers in Frenc ...
, was in Spain.
''***'' Pigeard (''La Garde Imperiale'') cites GD Walther as being the direct commander of the Horse Grenadiers. It is certain that this general spent much of the 6th of July by directly commanding this unit, as it was his favourite one.
II Corps (Oudinot)
Comments
''*'' GD Oudinot replaced MdE Lannes, mortally wounded at the battle of Aspern-Essling
In the Battle of Aspern-Essling (21–22 May 1809), Napoleon crossed the Danube near Vienna, but the French and their allies were attacked and forced back across the river by the Austrians under Archduke Charles. It was the first time Napoleon ...
, at the head of the II Corps.
''**'' The 1st and 2nd divisions of this Corps were formed only from the 4th battalion of several regiments, some present at Wagram in the composition of other Corps, others being in Spain with their other 3 battalions and their colonel. The 4th battalion of these regiments was usually made up from young recruits without experience, divided, according to the new French system, in 4 "center" companies. To fill up the ranks, according to the regulations, 2 more "élite" companies were added (one of grenadiers and one of voltigeurs for the line regiments, and one of foot carabiniers and one of voltigeurs for the light regiments), generally consisting of veterans.
''***'' After the battle of Aspern-Essling GD Frère Frère is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*Albert Frère (1926–2018), Belgian businessman
*Aubert Frère (1881–1944), French general, founder of '' Organisation de résistance de l'armée''
*Bernard-Georges-François ...
replaced GD Claparède at the head of the 2nd Division.
''****'' After the battle of Aspern-Essling GD Grandjean replaced GD Saint-Hilaire, mortally wounded on the 22nd of May, at the head of the 3rd Division.
III Corps (Davout)
IV Corps (Masséna)
VII Corps (von Wrede's Bavarian division)
IX Corps (Bernadotte)
XI Corps or the Army of Dalmatia (Marmont)
Cavalry Reserve (Bessières)
''Army of Italy'' (Eugène)
Under the overall command of Emperor Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
, king of Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
Commander: Prince Eugène
*First Adjutant: GB Charles Nicolas d'Anthouard de Vraincourt
Austrian army
Commander: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (german: link=no, Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 177130 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third s ...
*Chief of Staff: GM Maximilian von Wimpffen
Vanguard (von Nordmann)
I Corps (von Bellegarde)
II Corps (von Hohenzollern)
Comments
''*'' Some sources state FML Ulm's division was commanded by FML von Siegenthal.
III Corps (Kollowrat)
Comments
''*'' Some sources state GM Schneller's brigade was commanded by Ob Schmuttermayer.
IV Corps (von Rosenberg)
VI Corps (Klenau)
Strength: 13 742
1 st Division FML Vincent - Strength 3 750
1. Brigade GM Wallmoden
Grenzer Regiment B (1/2 Bat.)
Husaren-Regiment 7 Liechtenstein (8 Esc.)
2. Brigade GM Mariassy
Bat. 1 Volunt. Vienna
Bat. 2 Volunt. Vienna
Bat. Landwehr Colloredo
3. Brigade GM Vecsey †
Bat. Grenzer Saint-Georg
Husaren - Regiment 8 Kienmayer
2 nd Division FML Hohenfeld - Strength 6 331
1. Brigade GM Adler
Regiment 14 Ob Klebek (2 Bat.)
Regiment 59 Ob Jordis (2 Bat.)
Bat. 3 Landwehr din Mähren
Bat. 1 Landwehr
Bat. 3 Leg. Erzherzog Karl Carl
2. Brigade GM Hofmeister
Regiment 60 Ob Giulay (3 Bat.)
Regiment 36 Ob Kollowrat (3 Bat.)
3 rd Division FML Kottulinsky - Strength 3 661
1. Brigade GM Spleny
Regiment 51 Ob Spleny (3 Bat.)
Regiment 31 Ob Benjowsky (2 Bat.)
Bat. 3 Volunteer Vienna
Bat. 4 Volunteer Vienna
Bat. 1 Volunteer Mähren
Reservekorps (
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein (), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (german: link=no, Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a German-speaking microstate located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland. Liechtenstein is a semi-constitutional monarch ...
)
Strength: 17 954
1st Grenadier-Division FML d'Aspré † - Strength 3 960
1. Brigade GM Merville
Bat. Grenad. Ob Scharlach
Bat. de Grenad. Scovaud
Bat. de Grenad. Ob Buteany
Bat. de Grenad Ob Brzezinsky
2. Brigade GM Hammer
Bat. Grenad Ob Kirchenbetter
Bat. Grenad. Ob Bissingen
Bat. Grenad. Ob Oklopsia
Bat. Grenad. Ob Locher
2nd Grenadier-Division FML Prochaska - Strength 5 940
1. Brigade GM Murray
Bat. Grenad Ob Frisch
Bat. Grenad Ob Georgy
Bat. Grenad Ob Portner
Bat. Grenad Ob Leiningen
2.Brigade GM Steyrer
Bat. Grenad Ob Hahn
Bat. Grenad Ob Hromada
Bat. Grenad Ob Legrand
Bat. Grenad Ob Dumontant
Bat. Grenad Ob Berger
1 st Cavalry- Division FML Hessen-Homburg - Strength 3 134
1st Brigade GM Roussel
Kürass.-Regiment 3 Albert (6 Esc.)
Kürass.Regiment 2 Erzherzog Franz(6 Esc.)
2 nd Brigade GM Lederer
Kürass. Regiment 4 Erzherzog Ferdinand (6 Esc.)
Kürass.Regiment 8 Hohenzollern (6 esc.)
3. Brigade GM Kroyher
Kürassier Regiment 1 (4 Esc.)
Kürass.Regimentul 6 Liechtenstein (6 Esc.)
2 nd Cavalry –Division FML Schwarzenberg - Strength 1 800
1 st Brigade GM Teimern
Regiment 6 Chevaulegers Rosenberg (8 Esc.)
Dragoner-Regiment 3 Ob.Knesevitch (6 Esc.)
2. Brigade GM Kerekes
Husaren-Regimen ob Neutrauer (6 Esc.)
3 rd Cavalry Division FML Nostitz - Strength 3 120
1 st Brigade 1 GM Wartensleben
Regiment 3 Chevaulegers Ob. O'Reilly (6 Esc.)
Husaren Regiment 6 Ob. Blankenstein (10 Esc.)
2.nd Brigade GM Rothkirch
Dragoner-Regiment 1 Erzherzog Johann (6 Esc.)
Regiment 6 Dragon. Ob Riesch (6 Esc.)
References
{{reflist, 1
Napoleonic Wars orders of battle