w Storms In Our Eyes

W, or w, is the twenty-third and fourth-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. It represents a consonant, but in some languages it represents a vowel. Its name in English is ''double-u'',Pronounced in formal situations, but colloquially often , , or , with a silent ''l''. plural ''double-ues''.

History

The classical Latin alphabet, from which the modern European alphabets derived, did not have the "W' character. The "W" sounds were represented by the Latin letter " V" (at the time, not yet distinct from " U").

The sounds (spelled ) and (spelled ) of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative between vowels in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, no longer adequately represented the labial-velar approximant sound of Germanic phonology.

The Germanic phoneme was therefore written as or ( and becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period) by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German, in the 7th or 8th centuries. Gothic (not Latin-based), by contrast, had simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound in the 4th century. The digraph / was also used in Medieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones like Wamba.

It is from this digraph that the modern name "double U" derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German, but only in the earliest texts in Old English, where the sound soon came to be represented by borrowing the rune , adapted as the Latin letter wynn: . In early Middle English, following the 11th-century Norman Conquest, gained popularity again and by 1300 it had taken wynn's place in common use.

Scribal realisation of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle: both forms (separate and crossed) appear for instance in the "running text" (in Latin) of the Bayeux tapestry in proper names such as EDVVARDVS, VVILLELMVS, etc. (or the same with crossed Vs). Another realisation, common in roundhand, kurrent and blackletter, takes the form of an whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive (viz. $\mathfrak.$) It was used up to the nineteenth century in Britain and continues to be familiar in Germany.Writing manuals that include it include Edward Cocker's
The Pen's Triumph
' of 1658 and engravings of the roundhand calligraphy of Charles Snell and sometimes George Bickham. See als
Florian Hardwig's gallery
of images of its use in the German-speaking countries.

The shift from the digraph to the distinct ligature is thus gradual, and is only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that:

In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme became realized as ; this is why, today, the German represents that sound.

Pronunciation and use

English

English uses to represent . There are also a number of words beginning with a written that is silent in most dialects before a (pronounced) , remaining from usage in Old English in which the was pronounced: ''wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle'', etc. Certain dialects of Scottish English still distinguish this digraph. represents a vowel sound, , in the word pwn, and in the Welsh loanwords cwm and crwth it retains the Welsh pronunciation, . is also used in digraphs: , , , wherein it is usually an orthographic allograph of in final positions. It is the fifteenth most frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 2.56% in words.

Other languages

In Europe languages with in native words are in a central-western European zone between Cornwall and Poland: English, German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Walloon, Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Wymysorys, Resian and Scandinavian dialects. German, Polish, Wymysorys and Kashubian use it for the voiced labiodental fricative (with Polish, related Kashubian and Wymysorys using Ł for , except in conservative and some eastern Polish speech, where Ł still represents the dark L sound.), and Dutch uses it for . Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used in Welsh and Cornish to represent the vowel as well as the related approximant consonant .

The following languages historically used for in native words, but later replaced it by : Swedish, Finnish, Czech, Slovak, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Ukrainian Łatynka and Belarusian Łacinka. It is also used in modern systems of Romanization of Belarusian for the letter , for example in the BGN/PCGN system, in contrast to the letter , which is used in the Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script.

In Swedish and Finnish, traces of this old usage may still be found in proper names. In Hungarian remains in some aristocratic surnames, e.g. Wesselényi.

Modern German dialects generally have only or for West Germanic , but or is still heard allophonically for , especially in the clusters , , and . Some Bavarian dialects preserve a "light" initial , such as in ''wuoz'' (Standard German ''weiß'' ' know'). The Classical Latin is heard in the Southern German greeting ''Servus'' ('hello' or 'goodbye').

In Dutch, became a labiodental approximant (with the exception of words with -, which have , or other diphthongs containing -). In many Dutch-speaking areas, such as Flanders and Suriname, the pronunciation (or in some areas a pronunciation, e.g. Belgian-Dutch ''water'' "water", ''wit'' "white", ''eeuw'' "century", etc.) is used at all times.

In Finnish, is sometimes seen as a variant of and not a separate letter, but it is a part of official alphabet. It is, however, recognized and maintained in the spelling of some old names, reflecting an earlier German spelling standard, and in some modern loan words. In all cases, it is pronounced . The first edition of the '' Kalevala'' had its title spelled ''Kalewala''.

In Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, is named double-v and not double-u. In these languages, the letter only exists in old names, loanwords and foreign words. (Foreign words are distinguished from loanwords by having a significantly lower level of integration in the language.) It is usually pronounced , but in some words of English origin it may be pronounced . The letter was officially introduced in the Danish and Swedish alphabets as late as 1980 and 2006, respectively, despite having been in use for much longer. It had been recognized since the conception of modern Norwegian, with the earliest official orthography rules of 1907. was earlier seen as a variant of , and as a letter (double-v) is still commonly replaced by in speech (e.g. WC being pronounced as VC, www as VVV, WHO as VHO, etc.) The two letters were sorted as equals before was officially recognized, and that practice is still recommended when sorting names in Sweden. In modern slang, some native speakers may pronounce more closely to the origin of the loanword than the official pronunciation.

Multiple dialects of Swedish and Danish use the sound however. In Denmark notably in Jutland, where the northern half use it extensively in traditional dialect, and multiple places in Sweden. It is used in southern Swedish, for example in Halland where the words "wesp" (wisp) and "wann" (water) are traditionally used. In northern and western Sweden there are also dialects with . Elfdalian is a good example, which is one of many dialects where the Old Norse difference between v () and f ( or ) is preserved. Thus "warg" from Old Norse "vargr", but "åvå" from Old Norse "hafa".

In the alphabets of most modern Romance languages (excepting far northern French and Walloon), is used mostly in foreign names and words recently borrowed (''le week-end'', ''il watt'', ''el kiwi''). The digraph is used for in native French words; is or . In Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, is a non-syllabic variant of , spelled . In these languages, as in Scandinavian languages mentioned above, the letter is named "double v" (French , Spanish ) though in Walloon and Picard the name is also used.

In Indonesian, the letter "W" is called 'wé'. The letter names in Indonesian are always the same with the sounds they produce, especially the consonants.

The Japanese language uses "W", pronounced /''daburu''/, as an ideogram meaning "double". It is also used in internet slang to indicate laughter (like LOL), derived from the word ''warau'' (笑う, meaning "to laugh").

In Italian, while the letter is not considered part of the standard Italian alphabet, the character is often used in place of ''Viva'' (hooray for...), generally in the form in which the branches of the Vs cross in the middle, at least in handwriting (in fact it could be considered a monogram). The same symbol written upside down indicates ''abbasso'' (down with...)

In the Kokborok language, represents the open-mid back rounded vowel .

In Turkey the use of the w was banned between 1928 and 2013 which was a problem for the Kurdish population in Turkey as the w was a letter of the Kurdish alphabet. The use of the letter w in the word Newroz, the Kurdish new year was forbidden and names which included the letter were not able to be used. In 2008, a court in Gaziantep reasoned the use of the letter w would incite civil unrest. Nevertheless, the w was used in water closets throughout Turkey.

In Vietnamese, is called ', from the French '. It is not included in the standard Vietnamese alphabet, but it is often used as a substitute for ''qu-'' in literary dialect and very informal writing. It's also commonly used for abbreviating ''Ư'' in formal documents, for example ''Trung Ương'' is abbreviated as TW even in official documents and document ID number

"W" is the 24th letter in the Modern Filipino Alphabet and has its English name. However, in the old Filipino alphabet, Abakada, it was the 19th letter and had the name "wah".

In Washo, lower-case represents a typical sound, while upper-case represents a voiceless w sound, like the difference between English ''weather'' and ''whether'' for those who maintain the distinction.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, is used for the voiced labial-velar approximant.

Other uses

W is the symbol for the chemical element tungsten, after its German (and alternative English) name, . It is also the SI symbol for the watt, the standard unit of power. It is also often used as a variable in mathematics, especially to represent a complex number or a vector.

In recent years, the letters ''L'' and '' W'' have become an internet meme, respectively standing for ''loss'' and ''win.''

Name

Double-u, whose name reflects stages in the letter's evolution when it was considered two of the same letter, a double U, is the only modern English letter whose name has more than one syllable.However, "Izzard" was formerly a two-syllable pronunciation of the letter Z. It is also the only English letter whose name is not pronounced with any of the sounds that the letter typically makes in words, with the exception of H for some speakers.

Some speakers shorten the name "double u" into "dub-u" or just "dub"; for example, University of Wisconsin, University of Washington, University of Wyoming, University of Waterloo, University of the Western Cape and University of Western Australia are all known colloquially as "U Dub", and the automobile company Volkswagen, abbreviated "VW", is sometimes pronounced "V-Dub". The fact that many website URLs require a " www." prefix has been influential in promoting these shortened pronunciations.

In other Germanic languages, including German (but not Dutch, in which it is pronounced wé), its name is similar to that of English V. In many languages, its name literally means "double v": Portuguese ''duplo vê'',In Brazilian Portuguese, it is '' dáblio'', which is a loanword from the English ''double-u''. Spanish ''doble ve'' (though it can be spelled ''uve doble''),In Latin American Spanish, it is ''doble ve'', similar regional variations exist in other Spanish-speaking countries. French ''double vé'', Icelandic ''tvöfalt vaff'', Czech ''dvojité vé'', Estonian ''kaksisvee'', Finnish ''kaksois-vee'', etc.

Former U.S. president George W. Bush was given the nickname "Dubya" after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial in Texas, where he spent much of his childhood.

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

*𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
*U : Latin letter U
*V : Latin letter V
*Ⱳ ⱳ : W with hook
*Ꝡ ꝡ : Latin letter VY
*Ꟃ ꟃ : Anglicana W, used in medieval English and Cornish
* IPA-specific symbols related to W:
* Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to W: and
*ʷ : Modifier letter small w is used in Indo-European studies
*ꭩ : Modifier letter small turned w is used in linguistic transcriptions of Scots
*W with diacritics: Ẃ ẃ Ẁ ẁ Ŵ ŵ Ẅ ẅ Ẇ ẇ Ẉ ẉ ẘ
*װ (double vav): the Yiddish and Hebrew equivalent of W

Ligatures and abbreviations

*₩ : Won sign, capital letter W with double stroke

Computing codes

: ¹

Other representations

See also

* Digamma (Ϝ), the archaic Greek letter for /w/
* Voiced labio-velar approximant
* Wh (digraph)
* ''W'' stands for Work in physics
* W is the symbol for " watt" in the International System of Units (SI)

References

Informational notes

Citations

External links

{{Latin alphabet, W}

ISO basic Latin letters
Latin-script ligatures
Vowel letters