WCLV (90.3
FM) is a
non-commercial educational
A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was or ...
radio station
Radio broadcasting is transmission of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio ...
licensed to
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
, carrying a combined
fine art
In European academic traditions, fine art is developed primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing it from decorative art or applied art, which also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwork ...
/
classical music
Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical music, as the term "classical music" also ...
and
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...
format. Owned by
Ideastream Public Media, the station serves both
Greater Cleveland
The Cleveland metropolitan area, or Greater Cleveland as it is more commonly known, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census results, the five-county ...
and
Northeast Ohio
The region Northeast Ohio, in the US state of Ohio, in its most expansive usage contains six metropolitan areas ( Cleveland–Elyria, Akron, Canton–Massillon, Youngstown–Warren, Mansfield, and Weirton–Steubenville) along with eight m ...
as the home station for the
Cleveland Orchestra
The Cleveland Orchestra, based in Cleveland, is one of the five American orchestras informally referred to as the " Big Five". Founded in 1918 by the pianist and impresario Adella Prentiss Hughes, the orchestra plays most of its concerts at Sev ...
and an affiliate of the
BBC World Service
The BBC World Service is an international broadcasting, international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC, with funding from the Government of the United Kingdom, British Government through the Foreign Secretary, Foreign Secretary's o ...
.
This station traditionally has dated its start to September 8, 1984, when regular operations began under its current broadcast license. However, other accounts trace its history to the station it supplanted, WBOE. Under the auspices of the
Cleveland Board of Education
Cleveland Metropolitan School District, formerly the Cleveland Municipal School District, is a public school district in the U.S. state of Ohio that serves almost all of the city of Cleveland. The district covers 79 square miles. The Clevelan ...
, WBOE signed on in 1938 as the first formally recognized educational radio station in the United States on the
Apex
The apex is the highest point of something. The word may also refer to:
Arts and media Fictional entities
* Apex (comics), a teenaged super villainess in the Marvel Universe
* Ape-X, a super-intelligent ape in the Squadron Supreme universe
*Apex ...
band. In 1941, the station converted to the FM band, becoming not only the first educational FM station, but also the first licensed FM station in Cleveland and one of the first FM stations in Ohio. Featuring in-school instructional programming throughout the majority of its existence, WBOE joined
National Public Radio
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized in all lowercase) is an American privately and state funded nonprofit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It differs from other n ...
(NPR) in 1977 but shut down the following year due to extreme fiscal distress within the Cleveland Public Schools; this resulted in the absence of public radio in Cleveland proper until successor station WCPN's launch in 1984. Originally one of two NPR member stations in the Northeast Ohio region alongside
Kent
Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...
–licensed
WKSU
WKSU (89.7 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve Kent, Ohio, featuring a public radio format. Owned by Kent State University and operated by Ideastream Public Media, WKSU's primary signal encompasses the Akro ...
, this station assumed the format and calls of WCLV from
on March 28, 2022, following a programming merger between WCPN and WKSU.
WCLV's studios are located at
Playhouse Square
Playhouse Square is a theater district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is the largest performing arts center in the US outside of New York City (only Lincoln Center is larger). Constructed in a span of 19 months in the early 1920s, ...
in
Downtown Cleveland
Downtown Cleveland is the central business district of Cleveland, Ohio. The economic and symbolic center of the city and the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, it is Cleveland's oldest district, with its Public Square laid out b ...
with the transmitter residing in the Cleveland suburb of
Parma
Parma (; egl, Pärma, ) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, Giuseppe Verdi, music, art, prosciutto (ham), Parmigiano-Reggiano, cheese and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 ...
. In addition to a standard
analog transmission
Analog transmission is a transmission method of conveying information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that information. It could be the transfer of an analog signal, using an ana ...
, WCLV broadcasts over two
HD Radio
HD Radio (HDR) is a trademark for an in-band on-channel (IBOC) digital radio broadcast technology. It generally simulcasts an existing analog radio station in digital format with less noise and with additional text information. HD Radio is used ...
channels, is partially simulcast over WKSU's third HD
subchannel
In broadcasting, digital subchannels are a method of transmitting more than one independent program stream simultaneously from the same digital radio or television station on the same radio frequency channel. This is done by using data compressi ...
, relayed over
WVIZ
WVIZ (channel 25) is a PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the mo ...
's 25.8 audio-only subchannel, and is available online.
WBOE (1938–1978)
AM Apex establishment
![Students broadcasting over radio station WBOE, Cleveland, Ohio (1939)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Students_broadcasting_over_radio_station_WBOE%2C_Cleveland%2C_Ohio_%281939%29.jpg)
Organized radio broadcasting was introduced in the United States in the early 1920s, and by the mid-1930s, the standard
amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the wave is varied in proportion to ...
(AM) broadcast band was considered to be too full to allow any meaningful increase in the number of stations. Looking to expand the number of available frequencies, the
Federal Communications Commission
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction ...
(FCC) began to issue licenses to parties interested in testing the suitability of using higher transmitting frequencies between roughly 25 and 44
MHz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI), equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second. The hertz is an SI derived unit whose expression in terms of SI base units is s−1, meaning that one he ...
. These stations were informally known as
"Apex" stations, due to the tall height of their transmitter antennas, which were needed because coverage was primarily limited to local line-of-sight distances. These original Apex stations operated under experimental licenses, and like standard broadcasting stations, used AM transmissions.
Meanwhile, the
Cleveland Public School system in Cleveland, Ohio, had shown interest in utilizing radio broadcasts as an instructional aide as early as 1925, broadcasting a
music appreciation
Music appreciation is a division of musicology that is designed to teach students how to understand and describe the contexts and creative processes involved in music composition.
The concept of music appreciation is often taught as a subset o ...
class over
WTAM
WTAM (1100 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, and carries a news/ talk/sports format commonly known as "Newsradio WTAM 1100". Owned by iHeartMedia, WTAM serves Greater Cleveland and much of surrounding Northeast Oh ...
twice each week. Contracting with
WHK in 1929, the school system
purchased 15-minute blocks of airtime at reduced rates, focusing on specific subjects like
arithmetic
Arithmetic () is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers— addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th ...
, music and geography; two Cleveland schools were selected for this experiment, with their existing
public address system
A public address system (or PA system) is an electronic system comprising microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and related equipment. It increases the apparent volume (loudness) of a human voice, musical instrument, or other acoustic sound sou ...
connected to WHK's signal. By February 1932, the district moved their broadcasts back to WTAM, now
NBC
The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an Television in the United States, American English-language Commercial broadcasting, commercial television network, broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Enterta ...
-owned, which offered them a daily block of airtime. During the WTAM partnership, the school programs became more sophisticated, including a 43-part series on
literacy
Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, huma ...
, geared towards specific age groups from
elementary
Elementary may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Music
* ''Elementary'' (Cindy Morgan album), 2001
* ''Elementary'' (The End album), 2007
* ''Elementary'', a Melvin "Wah-Wah Watson" Ragin album, 1977
Other uses in arts, entertainment, an ...
to
high school
A secondary school describes an institution that provides secondary education and also usually includes the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both '' lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) and ''upper seconda ...
. It would be a
grant
Grant or Grants may refer to:
Places
*Grant County (disambiguation)
Australia
* Grant, Queensland, a locality in the Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia
United Kingdom
*Castle Grant
United States
* Grant, Alabama
*Grant, Inyo County, C ...
from the
Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The second-oldest major philanthropic institution in America, after the Carneg ...
's General Education Board in 1937,
coupled with the demands of accommodating commercial radio, that prompted the school system to enter broadcasting.
![Board of Education Building, 1962](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Board_of_Education_Building%2C_1962.jpg)
On July 22, 1937, the Cleveland Board of Education filed paperwork to establish an experimental radio station on
but the FCC reallocated the Apex frequencies after discovering
ionospheric
The ionosphere () is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about to above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays a ...
strengthening from high
solar activity
Solar phenomena are natural phenomena which occur within the atmosphere of the Sun. These phenomena take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, coronal heating and sunspots.
These phenomena are ...
resulted in
strong and undesirable skywave, with two existing stations being heard as far away as Australia. Announced in October 1937, the new allocations resulted in a dedicated band for Apex stations consisting of 75 channels with separations, and spanning from .
In addition, the band's first 25 channels, from , were reserved in January 1938 for
non-commercial educational station
A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was or ...
s. The school board's application was accordingly modified on January 31, 1938, from an experimental station to an educational station at with 500
watt
The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. The watt is named after James Wa ...
s. Assigned the WBOE
call sign
In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign (also known as a call name or call letters—and historically as a call signal—or abbreviated as a call) is a unique identifier for a transmitter station. A call sign can be formally assigne ...
, the station became fully licensed on November 21, 1938, as the first authorized educational broadcasting station
with facilities and transmitter located at Lafayette School on Abell Avenue. 150 custom-built
crystal radio
A crystal radio receiver, also called a crystal set, is a simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio. It uses only the power of the received radio signal to produce sound, needing no external power. It is named for its most impo ...
sets were purchased by the district and distributed to all the schools, tuned to pick up WBOE and the respective school's public address system. Because conventional radio sets could not pick up the Apex band, WBOE did not have any discernable audience otherwise; as educator Paul C. Reed summarized the station, "WBOE, as originally set up, could reach its schools but could not reach an adult audience at home."
At launch, WBOE only operated on school days for seven hours from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. with instructional material for students from kindergarten to high school. Because of the prior arrangements on WTAM and WHK, several divisions in the school district already boasted as much as eight years of broadcasting experience. Studios were constructed on the sixth floor of the Board of Education building in
Downtown Cleveland
Downtown Cleveland is the central business district of Cleveland, Ohio. The economic and symbolic center of the city and the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, it is Cleveland's oldest district, with its Public Square laid out b ...
, which radio supervisor William B. Levenson boasted as "one of the finest in the country". All but one of the high schools in the district launched radio workshops that originated educational programming for WBOE in a method likened to
affiliate stations
Affiliation or affiliate may refer to:
* Affiliate (commerce), a legal form of entity relationship used in Business Law
* Affiliation (family law), a legal form of family relationship
* Affiliate marketing
* Affiliate network or affiliation platfo ...
contributing to a
radio network
There are two types of radio network currently in use around the world: the one-to-many (simplex communication) broadcast network commonly used for public information and mass-media entertainment, and the two-way radio ( duplex communication) type ...
. In the spring of 1939, WBOE experimented with
facsimile
A facsimile (from Latin ''fac simile'', "to make alike") is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, Old master print, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from ...
transmissions sent outside of regular programming hours for distributing printed materials such as lesson instructions, announcements and maps; this was demonstrated during the
American Association of School Administrators
The American Association of School Administrators (AASA), founded in 1865, is the professional organization for more than 14,000 educational leaders across the United States. AASA's members are chief executive officers and senior-level administrato ...
' annual conference held in Cleveland.
Conversion to FM
![WBOE FM xltr](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/WBOE_FM_xltr.jpg)
At the same time the Apex band was established, the FCC noted that research would begin on the technical requirements of
frequency modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and Run-length limited#FM: .280. ...
as a possible alternative to the
ultra high frequency
Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequency, radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one ten ...
broadcasts that Apex utilitzed. FM experimentations soon revealed significant advantages to Apex, especially with sound quality and resistance to interference from static, including from lightning. The reassigned Apex band was also still prone to extreme skywave propagation, with WBOE receiving
reception reports throughout the
western
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town in the US
*Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western world, countries that id ...
and
southwestern U.S. and as far as England.
In May 1940, the FCC decided to authorize an FM broadcast band, effective January 1, 1941, operating on 40 channels spanning , with the first five channels reserved for educational stations. Apex stations were subsequently informed by the Commission that they needed to either go silent or convert to FM transmission, effectively eliminating the Apex band. WBOE was one of only three educational Apex stations to have ever signed on, the other two being
WNYE in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
and
WBKY in
Beattyville, Kentucky
Beattyville is a list of Kentucky cities, "home rule class" city in Lee County, Kentucky, Lee County, Kentucky, United States. The city was formally established by the Kentucky Assembly, state assembly as "Beatty" in 1851 and incorporated in 1872. ...
.
WBOE applied on August 5, 1940, to change to FM operation with 1,000 watts on and new FM radio receivers were purchased for placement in the participating schools. A transmitter and FM exciter were donated to the station by FM's inventor, Major
Edwin Howard Armstrong
Edwin Howard Armstrong (December 18, 1890 – February 1, 1954) was an American electrical engineer and inventor, who developed FM (frequency modulation) radio and the superheterodyne receiver system. He held 42 patents and received numerous aw ...
, who was impressed with the station's educational work during a tour of their facilities. On February 3, 1941, WBOE achieved several firsts: it became the first licensed non-commercial educational station on FM in the United States, the first licensed FM station in Cleveland and one of the first in the state of Ohio, still maintaining a schedule from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on school days.
The
National Association of Educational Broadcasters
The National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) was a US organization of broadcasters with aims to share or coordinate educational programmes. It was founded as the Association of college and University Broadcasting Stations (ACUBS) i ...
(NAEB) expressed hope WBOE's FM conversion and the coming availability of FM sets entering the marketplace could help the station find listeners outside of the classroom, a sentiment shared by
U.S. Commissioner of Education The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March ...
John W. Studebaker, who lobbied for the non-commercial allotment.
Four years later, the FCC announced that, due to interference concerns, it was reallocating the current FM "low band" frequencies to other services, and existing FM band stations would be relocated to (later expanded to ). Once again this meant that the transmitter had to be replaced, and the school radios upgraded for reception on the new band. In July 1946, the FCC directed that FM stations currently operating on would have to move to new frequencies by the end of the year, and WBOE was reassigned to . WBOE's initial assignment on the new FM "high" band was for , however a subsequent reallocation in the fall of 1947 moved the station to . During a transition period, the FCC allowed stations to simultaneously broadcast on both their old and new assignments, and in July 1948 the Board of Education requested permission to remain on "for as long as possible", and from September 1 to the end of the year WBOE was permitted to broadcast on both frequencies. On January 1, 1949, WBOE began broadcast solely on , increasing its transmitter power to 3,000 watts and an
effective radiated power
Effective radiated power (ERP), synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by a radio transmitter. It is the total power in watts that would hav ...
(ERP) of 10,000 watts; a power upgrade to 5,000 watts and an ERP of 15,000 watts took place on December 9, 1959.
"America's Pioneer School Station"
From its 1938 sign on and in the 39 years that followed, WBOE operated as an adjunct of the Cleveland Public Schools, with broadcasts limited to school days and going
dark
Darkness, the direct opposite of lightness, is defined as a lack of illumination, an absence of visible light, or a surface that absorbs light, such as black or brown.
Human vision is unable to distinguish colors in conditions of very low lu ...
during weekends, holidays and
summer vacation
Summer vacation or summer break is a school holiday, school break in summer between school years and the break in the school academic year. Students are off anywhere between three weeks to three months. Depending on the country and district, staff ...
s.
Additional "preview" programming was sometimes transmitted for teachers during after-school hours, introducing any forthcoming series and to familiarize themselves with course material and the presenters. By 1949, the school system employed eleven scriptwriters on a full-time basis, more than any of the 12 commercial radio stations in the city. Programs often had periods of silent intervals in order for teachers to present supplemental materials, and some programs incorporated the use of
lantern slides
The magic lantern, also known by its Latin name , is an early type of image projector that used pictures—paintings, prints, or photographs—on transparent plates (usually made of glass), one or more lenses, and a light source. Because a sin ...
in the classroom as a visual component.
Saul Carson, writing for ''
The New Republic
''The New Republic'' is an American magazine of commentary on politics, contemporary culture, and the arts. Founded in 1914 by several leaders of the progressive movement, it attempted to find a balance between "a liberalism centered in hum ...
'', called WBOE "a model for the country" and "the most exciting broadcasting job being done". Contemporary historian Carroll Atkinson, Ph.D. regarded the Cleveland schools as the "strongest exponent of the 'master teacher' ideal in the value of radio instruction" while William B. Levenson called WBOE "America's Pioneer School Station". The station would soon have an international influence when Levenson was a featured speaker at a March 1946 conference for the Canadian National Advisory Council on School Broadcasting, with
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (french: Société Radio-Canada), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is a Canadian public broadcaster for both radio and television. It is a federal Crown corporation that receives funding from the government. ...
executives in attendance. The "Cleveland Plan" became a
sobriquet
A sobriquet ( ), or soubriquet, is a nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another, that is descriptive. A sobriquet is distinct from a pseudonym, as it is typically a familiar name used in place of a real name, without the need of expla ...
to describe WBOE as a model for educational radio, but station director Edwin F. Helman downplayed this in 1949, writing, "we have the natural feeling that there is nothing different about our aims or programming—only the differences... from being a local and not a regional station." Edward L. Hoon of the
Ohio Education Association
The Ohio Education Association (OEA) is a teachers union which serves as the largest such organization for educators in the American state of Ohio. The organization represents teachers, educational support professionals, counselors, curriculum spe ...
cited WBOE as a way to effectively reach students who were sick, hospitalized or unable to physically attend classes.
![Elementary_classroom_with_WBOE_c_1941](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Elementary_classroom_with_WBOE_c_1941.jpg)
Even as WBOE was a non-commercial station, the Cleveland Public Schools made special arrangements with WTAM, WHK,
WGAR,
WCLE and
WJW to provide access to educational
sustaining program
A sustaining program is a radio or television program that, despite airing on a commercial broadcast station, does not have commercial sponsorship or advertising. This term, mostly used in the United States, was common in the early days of radio, b ...
s from the four major radio networks: NBC,
Blue
Blue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB (additive) colour model. It lies between violet and cyan on the spectrum of visible light. The eye perceives blue when obs ...
/
ABC
ABC are the first three letters of the Latin script known as the alphabet.
ABC or abc may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Broadcasting
* American Broadcasting Company, a commercial U.S. TV broadcaster
** Disney–ABC Television ...
,
CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...
and
Mutual. All stations supplied
private line
In telecommunication, a private line is typically a telephone company service that uses a dedicated, usually unswitched point-to-point circuit, but it may involve private switching arrangements, or predefined transmission physical or virtual path ...
s to WBOE's studios for the purpose of either directly broadcasting sustaining programs to a classroom or to record them for future rebroadcast, sometimes with added narration. Provided daily listings from all four networks, WBOE had the ability to broadcast live speeches or addresses from world leaders if any network carried it. Newscasts from all four networks were also rebroadcast, along with locally originated programs from the stations if they were of educational interest. Sustaining programs relayed over WBOE during the 1939–1940 school year included Mutual's ''Intercollegiate Debates'', NBC's ''Gallant American Women'' and ''Between the Bookends'', and CBS's ''
Young People's Concerts
The Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic are the longest-running series of family concerts of classical music in the world.
Genesis
They began in 1924 under the direction of "Uncle" Ernest Schelling. Earlier Family Matinees had ...
''. This arrangement was briefly imperiled in November 1945 when
American Federation of Musicians
The American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada (AFM/AFofM) is a 501(c)(5) labor union representing professional instrumental musicians in the United States and Canada. The AFM, which has its headquarters in New York City, ...
president
James Petrillo James Caesar Petrillo (March 16, 1892 – October 23, 1984) was the leader of the American Federation of Musicians, a trade union of professional musicians in the United States and Canada.
Biography
Petrillo was born in Chicago, Illinois, United ...
directed networks to ban the duplication of programs containing music on FM stations, preventing WBOE from accessing CBS's ''
The American School of the Air
''The American School of the Air'' was a half-hour educational radio program presented by CBS as a public affairs teaching supplement over an 18-year period during the 1930s and 1940s. CBS followed the lead of the first ''School of the Air'' w ...
'' via WGAR;
the AFM relaxed the ban for WBOE a few weeks later. WBOE also rebroadcast installments of ''The Ohio Story'', a regionally syndicated anthology series WTAM originated by arrangement of
Ohio Bell
The Ohio Bell Telephone Company, now doing business as AT&T Ohio, is the Bell Operating Company serving most of Ohio and parts of West Virginia. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T.
Its headquarters is the Ohio Bell Building at 750 Huron Roa ...
with all commercials excised.
As radio networks phased out sustaining programming,
WBOE began carrying shows through the NAEB Tape Network, which functioned through
mail order
Mail order is the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. The buyer places an order for the desired products with the merchant through some remote methods such as:
* Sending an order form in the mail
* Placing a telephone call
* Placing a ...
reel-to-reel tapes instead of dedicated phone lines.
WNYE had already been supplying recordings of their weekly ''Assignment: U.N.'' to WBOE, which was utilized for high school students. By 1954, WBOE was one of approximately 90 stations that participated in the service, and one of nine in the state. WBOE occasionally did broadcast outside of the school day: for a two-week period in January 1954, WBOE experimented with a five-hour evening program block aimed at adults; such fare already aired over WBOE during semester breaks.
When
WERE-FM (98.5) suspended broadcasting as part of an antenna upgrade, WBOE broadcast that station's evening programming commercial-free from late January 1958 until March 1958, with WERE-FM management sending a "sincere thank you" in return. WBOE and WERE-FM also collaborated for an experimental
stereophonic sound
Stereophonic sound, or more commonly stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that recreates a multi-directional, 3-dimensional audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two independent audio channels through a configuration ...
broadcast over two Sunday nights in April 1959. Starting in 1960 and running through 1967, the station aired ''Healthlines'', a weekly series aimed at
physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...
s by the Academy of Medicine of Cleveland & Northeast Ohio that WGAR originated. The NAEB Tape Network was reorganized into the
National Educational Radio Network
The National Educational Radio Network (NERN) was a means of distributing radio programs in the United States between 1961 and 1970. With funding from the Ford Foundation, the network began broadcasting on six radio stations on April 3, 1961.
A ...
in 1963, then sold to
National Public Radio
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized in all lowercase) is an American privately and state funded nonprofit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It differs from other n ...
(NPR) as part of that network's 1971 launch; the tape network affiliates (including WBOE) did not join NPR proper despite the changes, a distinction NPR emphasized.
Competition from television
![Dr](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Dr._William_B._Levenson.jpg)
The Cleveland school's emphasis on visual aides, including instructors and recorded music, to accentuate programs over WBOE led ''
Variety
Variety may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats
* Variety (radio)
* Variety show, in theater and television
Films
* ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont
* ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
'' to describe the radio station in their March 8, 1944, issue as "a close facsimile to actual television", suggesting that WBOE could be a forerunner to
educational television
Educational television or learning television is the use of television programs in the field of distance education. It may be in the form of individual television programs or dedicated specialty channels that is often associated with cable telev ...
. During a
keynote speech
A keynote in public speaking is a talk that establishes a main underlying theme. In corporate or commercial settings, greater importance is attached to the delivery of a keynote speech or keynote address. The keynote establishes the framework fo ...
at the NAEB's 1953 Lincoln Lodge Seminar, Levenson reflected on WBOE's effectiveness as a learning tool, seeing television as a step forward and a way for students to learn by being emotionally involved in the course material. Levenson also noted that television courses need to be presented not as supplementary to a course, but intrinsic to it, a process that had been successful at WBOE. While many teachers in the district were initially reluctant to work with the medium, a full generation of teachers had "grown up with radio" and thus saw the value and potential of
mass media
Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets.
Broadcast media transmit information ...
. Earlier in 1953, the Board of Education set aside $200,000 (equivalent to $ in ) for possible investment into a television station, committing to investigate the necessary costs.
It would not be until 1961 that area civic leaders, including Cleveland mayor
Anthony J. Celebrezze
Anthony Joseph Celebrezze Sr. (born Antonio Giuseppe Cilibrizzi, ; September 4, 1910 – October 29, 1998) was an American politician of the Democratic Party, who served as the 49th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, as a cabinet member in the Kennedy a ...
, agreed to a plan financing the construction of six educational UHF stations throughout Northeast Ohio, including one in Cleveland.
Similar to radio 30 years earlier, the Cleveland schools forged arrangements with the city's three existing television stations—
KYW-TV
KYW-TV (channel 3) is a television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, airing programming from the CBS network. It is owned and operated by the network's CBS News and Stations division alongside CW affiliate WPSG (channel 57 ...
,
WEWS-TV
WEWS-TV (channel 5) is a television station in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, affiliated with ABC. It has been owned by the E. W. Scripps Company since its inception in 1946, making it one of two stations that have been built and signed on by Sc ...
and
WJW-TV
WJW (channel 8) is a television station in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, WJW maintains studios on Dick Goddard Way (named for the station's late longtime weatherman—previously ...
—at the end of 1961, with each station providing a daily 15-minute block to air shows developed by WBOE staff; the schools were also furnished with up to $30,000 () worth of television sets.
Levenson had been elevated to Cleveland schools
superintendent
Superintendent may refer to:
*Superintendent (police), Superintendent of Police (SP), or Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP), a police rank
*Prison warden or Superintendent, a prison administrator
*Superintendent (ecclesiastical), a church exec ...
earlier in 1961
and held the position until resigning in 1964 amid demands to implement
desegregation busing
Race-integration busing in the United States (also known simply as busing, Integrated busing or by its critics as forced busing) was the practice of assigning and student transport, transporting students to schools within or outside their local s ...
with three predominantly white schools, but declined to cite that as the reason for his resignation.
WVIZ
WVIZ (channel 25) is a PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the mo ...
signed on as Cleveland's educational television outlet on February 7, 1965, owned by a consortium and based out of
Max S. Hayes High School. Like WBOE, WVIZ strictly carried in-school instructional fare during the school day and was aligned with school districts throughout the area.
Even with the competition from television, WBOE continued with educational fare.
Southern Illinois University
Southern Illinois University is a system of public universities in the southern region of the U.S. state of Illinois. Its headquarters is in Carbondale, Illinois.
Board of trustees
The university is governed by the nine member SIU Board of Tr ...
professor Richard Swerdlin considered educational radio in 1967 to be an inexpensive and overlooked alternative to television, citing WBOE as one of several "outstanding" stations in the field. In 1963,
Leetonia High School in
Leetonia, Ohio
Leetonia is a village in northern Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,833 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Salem micropolitan area, about south of Youngstown.
History
The Village of Leetonia was founded in 1869, ...
, began playing programs taped from both WBOE and
Kent State University
Kent State University (KSU) is a public research university in Kent, Ohio. The university also includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio and additional facilities in the region and internationally. Regional campuses are located in As ...
's
WKSU-FM
WKSU (89.7 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve Kent, Ohio, featuring a public radio format. Owned by Kent State University and operated by Ideastream Public Media, WKSU's primary signal encompasses the Akro ...
, showing tangible results among the student body.
One 1964 series directed toward junior high students centered around
communism
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
and life in
Soviet Russia
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
in both an economic and historical context. One of the station's highest-profile moments came when two students from
Glenville and
South High, respectively, interviewed
Louis Stokes
Louis Stokes (February 23, 1925 – August 18, 2015) was an American attorney, civil rights pioneer and politician. He served 15 terms in the United States House of Representatives – representing the east side of Cleveland – and was the firs ...
after his 1968 election to the
U.S. House
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...
, which WBOE later broadcast.
Ultimately, educational radio had a mixed legacy: even with WBOE's relative success, the concept failed to materialize on a national level. School districts that did not operate stations often did not have radio sets in their schools, while those that did either had issues with picking up stations, coordinating their classes with programs offered, or finding said programs to vary significantly in quality;
Catholic University of America
The Catholic University of America (CUA) is a private Roman Catholic research university in Washington, D.C. It is a pontifical university of the Catholic Church in the United States and the only institution of higher education founded by U.S. ...
professor Josh Sheppard would later explain, "if you talk to old practitioners in
public broadcasting
Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing ...
, they actually use 'educational radio' as a pejorative." Levenson's hope in 1941 of "a steady, if not rapid growth" in FM educational stations throughout the U.S. largely occurred by the early 1950s, but the FM band itself remained obscure overall; by 1958, WBOE was the only Cleveland FM station in operation that also had full coverage in neighboring Akron.
Existing educational stations eventually moved away from in-school programming and focused on educational fare for a general audience, seen as a developmental influence for public radio in the present day.
Public radio involvement
![National_Malleable_&_Steel_Castings_Co](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/National_Malleable_%26_Steel_Castings_Co.jpg)
Owing to educational radio's effectiveness being reduced by television, work slowly began in the early 1970s to revamp WBOE. The June 28, 1973, Cleveland Board of Education meeting authorized contracts to move WBOE's studios from the Board of Education Building to the Woodhill-Quincy Administration building on the city's east side originally built for the Midland-Ross, National Castings Company in 1921. The studio move was completed on December 16, 1974;
additionally, the station's transmitter was moved from Lafayette School to a new tower in Parma, Ohio, along with a power upgrade to 50,000 watts. A multimedia slideshow prepared by WBOE in early January 1975 touted the station's planned conversion into a public radio outlet and planned link with NPR but progress was slowed by both technical matters and a lack of willingness by school board officials to follow through. WBOE continued to operate solely from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on school days featuring in-school programming, with light entertainment, public service or
classical music
Classical music generally refers to the art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. It is sometimes distinguished as Western classical music, as the term "classical music" also ...
selections to conclude the broadcast day.
The delays also impacted the launch of the Cleveland Radio Reading Service (CRRS): originally intending to broadcast over a Subsidiary communications authority, Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA) subchannel of WBOE, the CRRS had to contract with WHLK, WXEN until WBOE's SCA subchannel was activated in July 1977.
Cleveland lawyer William Bradford "Brad" Norris founded Cleveland Public Radio (CPR) in 1976 with the intent to finally bring NPR programming to Cleveland, which at the time was the largest U.S. city without a local fulltime NPR station,
a situation the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) was also reportedly embarrassed by. Norris garnered attention acting as Cleveland's ''pro bono'' legal counsel during the city's antitrust litigation against Cleveland Electric Illuminating (CEI) and envisioned WBOE becoming a radio equivalent to WVIZ. Norris' initial proposal to the Board of Education had CPR assume control of WBOE and convert it to a public radio outlet with all in-school programming moved to a second SCA subchannel, but the board was not interested.
At the end of December 1976, WBOE added NPR's flagship program ''All Things Considered'' to the lineup, extending the broadcast day to 6:30 p.m; as 1977 started, WBOE operated for 18 hours daily, officially as an NPR member. WBOE's NPR addition was regarded as "half-hearted, poorly conceived and badly funded" as the station continued airing in-school educational programming during the weekday,
did not set up a local news department or conduct Pledge drive, pledge drives. With CPR unable to file for a non-commercial license of their own due to the Cleveland market being saturated with FM signals and the acquisition of a commercial license being cost-prohibitive, Norris again approached the Board of Education with the offer, along with endorsements from multiple Cleveland City Council, Cleveland city councilmen and area community organizations, but were rejected.
Production of in-school materials continued under coordinator Charles Siegel, with shows like ''Living today: Survival, It's your decision!'' and ''The The Plain Dealer, Plain Dealer Green Thumb Club'' among the offerings. Students in Glenville High's telecommunications program produced ''Music Connection'', a weekly show on music appreciation centered around rock and roll and Rhythm and blues, R&B that ran on WBOE over the summer of 1977. Several announcers joined the station as a result of the programming expansion, including onetime WERE, WJMO announcer Karl Johnson, who had already been working for the school district as public relations director. British Pianist, classical pianist Clive Lythgoe, who already had a nationally distributed television program originating from WVIZ, hosted similar radio shows over both WBOE and WFHM-FM, WCLV ().
John Basalla, involved with Baldwin Wallace University, Baldwin Wallace College's radio station WBWC since 1972, began working at WBOE as a part-timer in 1976 and also began archiving recordings and transcriptions used by the station throughout its history, many of which came from Twelve-inch single, twelve-inch discs, which he has continued to the present day.
Ethnic shows, traditionally a staple of commercial station WZAK, were added to the Saturday lineup, with WBOE joining WVSG (AM), WOSU, KQED-FM and WUSF (FM), WUSF among non-commercial educational stations that also broadcast ethnic fare. WBOE was one of several stations in the area that picked up NPR's ''Billy Taylor, Jazz Alive!'' along with featuring
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...
in assorted hours. Jay Robert Klein, involved with the school district since the end of World War II, became WBOE's final station manager in 1974 while junior high school programmer Tom Altenbernd was with WBOE from 1952 until retiring in 1977. WBOE's visibility in the market remained imperceptible, however, failing to attract more than one percent of listeners in area Arbitron ratings.
Financial calamity and suspension of operations
![Dr](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Dr._Paul_Briggs_and_Arnold_Pinkney.jpg)
While WBOE started to evolve into a public radio station, the Cleveland school district entered a cataclysmic period. The NAACP's Cleveland branch sued the district in what became ''Reed vs. Rhodes''
on December 12, 1973, alleging the fostering of Racial segregation, segregation and demanded the institution of desegregation busing.
Arnold R. Pinkney, the school board's Black president, expressed worry that the lawsuit would heighten racial tensions in the city;
the district later claimed fears of white flight precluded them from implementing a plan of their own volition. Presiding over the case, United States district court, U.S. District Judge Frank J. Battisti ruled on August 31, 1976, that both the local and Ohio Department of Education, state boards of education were guilty of deliberately inducing segregation practices,
issuing the first of what would become 4,000 court orders over the next six years. The school board was mandated to institute a busing plan, but needed to raise money to fund it; a Property tax, mill levy referendum failed on April 6, 1978, by a 2–1 margin almost entirely on racial lines, putting the district in debt of $30 million (equivalent to $ in ) and threatening an outright closure of the district.
Faculty, which had not been paid for nearly a month, appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio, Ohio Supreme Court after the levy failure for the schools to close so they could file for unemployment benefits. Battisti, who sought to keep the schools operational, twice found the school board in contempt of court for failing to comply with his orders but agreed to delay the busing plan until 1979.
As the school year began on September 12, 1978, Cleveland's List of education trade unions, teachers union went on Strike action, strike,
closing all school buildings and preventing in-school instructional programming from resuming over WBOE. The Ohio Board of Education provided a financial bailout plan that included a provision for the school board to suspend all operations at WBOE and sell off the station. The teachers union defied a back-to-work court order by Judge Harry A. Hanna on October 5, 1978, while the station's $280,000 annual budget (equivalent to $ in ) made the station expendable. WBOE ended regular programming at midnight on October 7, with station manager Jay Robert Klein and Cleveland journalist Dick Feagler providing a pre-recorded eulogy; in his syndicated newspaper column, Feagler wrote, "cause of death—a stroke of the pen".
The school board retained former NPR president Lee Frischknecht to help find ways to keep WBOE functional and had made inquires to both CPR and WVIZ as potential interim operators and had continued to study options when the station was ordered closed.
Further musing over WBOE's demise, Feagler wrote:
Cleveland's public radio vacancy (1978–1984)
![Cleveland Public Library 2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Cleveland_Public_Library_2.jpg)
WBOE's suspension resulted in the
Greater Cleveland
The Cleveland metropolitan area, or Greater Cleveland as it is more commonly known, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census results, the five-county ...
media market, radio market earning the dubious distinction as being the largest market in the United States, and the only major-market city, without a designated public radio outlet.
In WBOE's absence, WKSU-FM, which carried NPR programming starting in 1973,
became the ''de facto'' sole NPR member station in northeast Ohio. Despite this, the FCC mandated WKSU's signal had to be Directional antenna, directional aimed away from Cleveland to protect WBOE as both were third-adjacent signals; this resulted in WKSU having coverage issues throughout Cuyahoga County. WBOE's Carrier wave, carrier signal was still active and continued broadcasting the CRRS over their SCA subchannel but continuous dead air over conventional FM receivers; the reading service paid WBOE $73,000 annually to keep two engineers employed,
thus WBOE never filed an Special temporary authority, STA request to remain off-air. The CRRS broadcasts were suspended due to a lack of funding on May 1, 1982, with WBOE going silent completely.
Lee C. Howley, Jr., board president of the Cleveland Public Library (CPL), revealed at the end of 1978 that the system had been negotiating with the school board over the past several months to buy WBOE, prompting WVIZ to withdraw their interest in the station. A library operating a radio station was not without precedent, as WPLN-FM in Nashville, Tennessee, and WFPL in Louisville, Kentucky, were both established by their city's respective public libraries.
CPL's interest in WBOE was criticized as the Cleveland school board had appointed many of the library's trustees. The school board held an auction for the station's license, with the minimum bid set at $200,000, and a stipulation that the winner would be responsible for renewing the station's license. Cleveland Public Radio bid $234,360.87 () but this was rejected by the school board, which insisted that bids needed to be all-cash; CPR's bid was a mixture of a pledge from The George Gund Foundation and assumption of a United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health, Education and Welfare obligation and other outstanding debt. CPL held the winning bid of $205,000 () and intended to relaunch the station as WCPL by year's end with paperwork transferring the license filed with the FCC, but prior to consummation, WBOE's license was discovered to have expired
on October 1, 1979.
While the losing bidder in the auction, CPR contested WBOE's transfer to the library, filing a competing application for the frequency on October 17, 1979.
CPR chairman Brad Norris explained the filing was within the bounds of the FCC's 30-day period for public comment set aside for radio station transactions. Norris again offered a compromise and merger proposal with CPL by late 1979 that would create a new board with all 30 CPR trustees and all seven CPL trustees, giving CPR a 30–7 majority but also allowing for the WBOE license to be taken over as soon as possible and returned to air; Howley rejected this proposal, calling CPR's finances into question even with funding from the Gund Foundation. The Cleveland Board of Education filed to renew WBOE's license on July 11, 1979,
which the FCC turned down on June 16, 1981, designating for hearing CPR and CPL's applications as mutually exclusive.
Pleadings with an FCC-assigned administrative law judge had both groups spar over which would best "serve the public interest". CPR touted its desire to be a community based nonprofit with regional support, while CPL saw the radio station as a valuable addition to its existing role as an information service. Animosity between Howley and Norris worsened as Howley called CPR "a nothing organization" in an FCC filing, while Norris publicly criticized Howley's conduct. Compounding matters, Howley was also the son of CEI's lead counsel,
the utility Norris helped litigate against. Donald R. Waldrip, the court-appointed desegregation administrator for the Cleveland school board, filed a request with Judge Frank Battisti by late August 1981 to cancel the sale of WBOE to the library and instead sell the assets to CPR.
Earlier in the year, Waldrip's magnet school proposal for the district involved a provision to possibly reopen WBOE, which the district had the ability to do as it still held the license, albeit expired. The FCC deferred on making a decision between the two groups, owing to both being qualified and politically well-connected, with some accusing the commission of Confidence, timidity.
After a power increase on July 22, 1980,
WKSU added Cleveland to its primary coverage area with the city receiving a city-grade signal but the CPL contested an additional power upgrade even as the library's director was not opposed to it. Howley and Norris expressed disappointment over failing to find common ground while Norris considered it "regrettable" a station based ''outside'' of Cleveland brought back public radio ''to'' Cleveland. WKSU's incursion resulted in a feud with WCLV and station president Robert Conrad, who sought to carry NPR fare unavailable in Cleveland, including Star Wars (radio series), a radio adaptation of the first ''Star Wars'' film trilogy. After NPR's board denied this request, Conrad pulled the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, Milwaukee Symphony and New York Philharmonic broadcasts off WKSU and threatened to do the same for
Cleveland Orchestra
The Cleveland Orchestra, based in Cleveland, is one of the five American orchestras informally referred to as the " Big Five". Founded in 1918 by the pianist and impresario Adella Prentiss Hughes, the orchestra plays most of its concerts at Sev ...
broadcasts WCLV originated and syndicated.
In turn, WKSU general manager John Perry threatened to deny the winner for the license carriage rights for ''A Prairie Home Companion'' (syndicated by American Public Media, which unlike NPR, allowed affiliates to claim market exclusivity) as a bargaining chip against Conrad. The continued infighting between CPL and CPR prompted Edward Howard (public relations firm), Edward Howard chairman John T. Bailey to call the absence of NPR from Cleveland "an embarrassment and a disgrace" in a ''Plain Dealer'' op-ed, including mailing addresses for both Norris and Carl S. Asseff (Howley's successor as CPL chairman); Bailey stated, "it is time to halt this embarrassing and costly dispute. Cleveland needs public radio. We need it now."
A settlement was finally reached between CPL and CPR on June 24, 1982.
Brokered over a cod dinner Norris hosted, the deal was borne out of Asseff's wishes to end the dispute, federal funding reductions in public broadcasting and local changes to tax funding for the CPL. CPR offered to expand its board of directors from 24 to 31 members, adding three persons each from the CPL and Cuyahoga Community College, plus one from the Board of Education for the first 10 years of the new station's existence. In turn, the CPL agreed to have CPR take control of WBOE's assets and withdrew their license application. CPR also agreed to provide airtime for school board news and to provide vocational training for students, and would air programming provided by Cuyahoga Community College and the Cleveland school board would donate their old equipment. The school board approved the proposal on September 9, 1982, also allowing CPR to assume a 1972 CPB grant awarded to WBOE for any technical upgrades.
Due to the way this arrangement was handled, the FCC dismissed the Cleveland Board of Education's license renewal application on October 18, 1982, officially deleting WBOE's license and concurrently issued Cleveland Public Radio a Planning permission, construction permit for WBOE's replacement. This new license was assigned the WCPN call letters on June 20, 1983, standing for "Cleveland Public Network". Former WJMO, WERE operations manager Leonard Will was hired as general manager, promising extensive local news coverage to augment NPR offerings.
CPR initially planned for WCPN to sign on by the summer of 1983, but multiple issues, including securing studio facilities, interference from the AT&T Huron Road Building, Ohio Bell Building
and NPR facing a financial crisis all delayed the relaunch until the spring of 1984, with both the Gund Foundation and The Cleveland Foundation, Cleveland Foundation providing financial support. Transmissions resumed on May 7, 1984, again with a silent carrier after the CRRS successfully secured funding to reactivate the station's SCA subchannel.
The Woodhill-Quincy Administration building remained under Cleveland Metropolitan School District ownership after WBOE's closure and dissolution, but gradually fell into disuse and neglect.
The district agreed to demolish the building in 2010 as part of a larger slate of 25 demolitions throughout the city.
WCPN (1984–2022)
News and jazz revival
WCPN decided to adopt a jazz music format after studies commissioned by the board of trustees found that no station in the market programmed contemporary jazz,
along with a need for increased local news coverage after the ''Cleveland Press'' folded in 1982. WHKW, WGAR (), by then a country music, country outlet, donated its entire jazz record collection to the station.
A kick-off party/fundraiser billed "Cleveland's Big Turn-On" with 1,200 people in attendance was held on September 8, 1984, at WCPN's new studios in the Cleveland Centre building. This event included a live show featuring vocalist Mel Tormé at the Cleveland Masonic Auditorium, followed by WCPN making its formal debut at 10 p.m. that evening. Among the attendees were NPR president Douglas J. Bennet, ''Morning Edition'' host Bob Edwards, Dick Feagler and WCCR (AM), WBBG/WMJI owner Larry Robinson.
The original format was "45% jazz and 55% news and public affairs",
and the station expanded to 24-hour service on January 1, 1985.
WCPN's sign-on came not only amidst a significant financial crisis for NPR over the past fiscal year, but also with WKSU having been Greater Cleveland's lone public radio outlet for nearly six years with significant signal overlap. WKSU general manager John Perry noted that during a recent pledge drive, $85,000 out of the $105,000 raised came outside of NPR's offerings, speaking to WKSU's health and strength; Perry was optimistic of both stations co-existing as WCPN focused more on ethnic programming and jazz.
Perry also estimated that one-third of WKSU's listener support now came from Cleveland proper. In 1987, WKSU relied on listener support for 60% of their annual budget, compared to WCPN relying on support for 40% of their budget.
WKSU and WCPN notably teamed up to help co-sponsor a live appearance of Garrison Keillor as both stations carried Keillor's ''A Prairie Home Companion''; Perry acknowledged that it was the only way Keillor's Akron broadcast could be booked.
WCPN additionally became a sponsor for Cuyahoga Community College's annual ''JazzFest'' starting in 1985.
Local air personalities during the jazz programming included Jennifer Stephens, Harvey Zay and Dan Polletta; Polletta also did part-time work for WKSU hosting a blues program. Dick Feagler co-hosted a bi-weekly interview program at launch. WCPN added an evening news program ''Evening Edition'', hosted by reporter Zina Vishnevsky, in November 1986 and mid-morning news program ''After Nine'' the following October.
As a likely reflection of WCPN's growth, WMJI began airing a Sunday evening jazz program of their own in 1986, while Akron's WONE-FM started a daily late-morning segment playing a different jazz song every day.
Ethnic and financial contentions
One particular contentious point with WCPN was the inclusion of ethnic programming on the schedule, which included Hungarian language, Hungarian, Slovene language, Slovenian, Ukrainian, German, Slovak language, Slovak, Czech Republic, Czech, Lithuanian language, Lithuanian, British, Serbian language, Serbian, Spanish, Italian and Jewish programs.
A schedule realignment to accommodate the premiere of ''Weekend Edition'' in the fall of 1987 saw the programs consolidated into a 12-hour block on Sundays, eliciting anger among the newly established "American Nationalities Movement of Ohio" which attempted a takeover of WCPN's board.
That attempt was unsuccessful with all existing board members retained.
WCPN would cancel all ethnic programming outright on July 15, 1988, replacing the shows with jazz music. General manager Kathryn P. (Kit) Jensen, who joined the station in 1987, stated that the shows only attracted 5,800 listeners in ratings surveys, compared to 48,000 listeners the rest of the week.
Cleveland mayor George Voinovich expressed outrage over the cancellations and called on an investigation by the FCC
while United States Senate, Senator Howard Metzenbaum delayed passage of a budget bill for NPR unless WCPN restored the ethnic fare, but Jensen vowed not to reverse course and received moral support from management at other public radio stations.
By June 1989, WCPN reached a settlement between the ethnic show producers and the Cleveland Roundtable that restored much of the ethnic fare except for the Spanish, Italian and Jewish programs; a Polish language, Polish program was also added. This settlement included a funding proposal of $185,000 in grant money for WCPN—including $90,000 from The Cleveland Foundation
—as well as the establishment of a five-member advisory board and producer to work with the ethnic hosts.
Community leaders also pledged to help raise funds to retire WCPN's $225,000 deficit and find a university affiliation for the station. An unidentified radio executive in remarks to ''The Plain Dealer'' considered the settlement "a bribe" and that WCPN "has now been usurped by an outside agency" that damaged the station's reputation. WCPN chairman Charles Marcoux tacitly confirmed this by saying, "we made a compromise, and no one has pretended it's anything other than a compromise".
![WCPN logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/WCPN_logo.png)
The settlement came weeks after Cleveland Public Radio saw three longstanding leaders depart during the station's annual board meeting: chairman emeritus Brad Norris, vice president H. Andrew Johnson III and trustee Ben Shouse. Financial statements disclosed during that meeting revealed that WCPN, despite increasing Underwriting, corporate underwriters and listener support, was experiencing deficits after declines in unrestricted Foundation (nonprofit), foundation grants.
The station's news department was affected the most, with news director Vivian Goodman leaving to join WERE
and a resulting three-person staff that primarily worked on ''After Nine'' and news inserts on ''Morning Edition''; by comparison, WKSU featured local newscasts throughout the day and oriented coverage to include Cleveland. The Ohio General Assembly, Ohio State Legislature drafted their 1989 state budget with no funding towards WCPN but to Cleveland State University, which was to direct the funds to the station via a partnership; this was arranged to prevent a "free-for-all" with other Ohio public broadcasters. This, in turn, led WCPN to rely significantly more on membership donations via pledge drives, boasting a base of 8,000 supporters by 1993.
Additional underwriting support began to emerge. Progressive Corporation, Progressive Insurance donated $48,000 earmarked for news coverage on urban-related issues and pledged an additional $10,000 if WCPN met a pledge drive goal of 248 additional supporters. WCLV itself became an underwriter of ''All Things Considered'' on WCPN starting in February 1990; in turn, WCPN was given commercial spots over WCLV to promote future specials and pledge drives.
A donation from the Reinberger Foundation in 1994 allowed WCPN to purchase a Remote recording, remote truck for live broadcasts. Another substantial change came when WKSU dropped all blues-related programming in July 1990 to focus on classical and folk on the weekends, donating their blues library to WCPN.
Jensen published an op-ed to ''The Plain Dealer'' in response to proposed funding cuts to the CPB by the 104th United States Congress, 104th U.S. Congress, calling the CPB "...an appropriate and needed expenditure for the public good... an investment, as it were, in something that the country needs but that would not come about through market forces alone." As WCPN marked its tenth anniversary, Jensen reflected on WBOE's demise from outside forces as proof that WCPN's future could never be fully guaranteed.
Creating ideastream
![Playhouse Square Chandelier (25889709683) (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Playhouse_Square_Chandelier_%2825889709683%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
In 1993, Jerrold Wareham was named as WVIZ's general manager, succeeding station co-founder Betty Cope; shortly after his appointment, Kit Jensen first proposed the idea of both entities forming a partnership. Both stations collaborated for ''My Land, Your Land'', a December 1997 WVIZ documentary on urban sprawl narrated by NPR's Ray Suarez that WCPN simulcast the audio of; despite multiple logistical issues in production, it was positively received among both station's respective audiences.
WVIZ was negotiating with Cleveland State University in February 2000 for new studio space in downtown Cleveland to comply with a May 1, 2003, federal deadline for television stations to have High-definition television in the United States, high-definition equipment and publicly suggested long-ranging partnerships with Playhouse Square and WCPN.
On October 13, 2000, the license holders for WCPN and WVIZ agreed to a Mergers and acquisitions, merger of equals, with Wareham becoming chief executive officer and Jensen becoming chief operating officer for the combined entity, ideastream.
WNET president William F. Baker (television), William F. Baker called the merger "wonderful news and the right direction for public broadcasting to be moving in... everyone winds up winning, especially the people of Cleveland." Most notably, both stations were almost entirely debt-free, a rarity among mergers in the industry following the Telecommunications Act of 1996. WVIZ's proposed facilities were realized with the ''Idea Center'' in Playhouse Square with both stations moving there in the fall of 2005.
WCLV's successor station WCPN, at , which was launched in 2001, moved to the ''Idea Center'' in 2010
and was donated to ideastream in 2011.
Despite WCPN's separate history, one visible reminder of WBOE's past is in display at the ''Idea Center'': a large Works Progress Administration (WPA) mural painted for the Cleveland Board of Education by Louis Grebenak (husband of Dorothy Grebenak), one of several WPA murals commissioned by the city in the 1930s that was restored by the Intermuseum Conservation Association, a non-profit Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage, art conservation group. The WBOE mural was donated to Ideastream and publicly unveiled in the front lobby of the ''Idea Center'' in 2014 as part of WCPN's 30th anniversary.
News evolution
![DSC08617 (8102975028)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/DSC08617_%288102975028%29.jpg)
WCPN had been substantially evolving prior to the merger. In early 1997, the station had dropped most jazz programming during the midday hours in favor of news-oriented fare including ''The Diane Rehm Show''
and ''The World (radio program), The World''. The changes also called for another attempt at a reduction in hours to the Sunday ethnic lineup,
but met opposition from Ohio governor George Voinovich, Cleveland mayor Michael R. White (politician), Michael R. White and ''Plain Dealer'' publisher Alex Machaskee. After the Ohio State Legislature inserted language into the state budget mandating the ethnic shows remain as-is in exchange for state funding said changes were rescinded. ''InfOhio'', an early-afternoon program with an emphasis on statewide news was moved to late mornings as ''InfOhio After Nine'' while incumbent midday jazz host Dee Perry began hosting a daily arts-oriented newsmagazine, ''Around Noon''. Following the merger, Perry also began hosting ''Applause'', a similarly focused weekly program over WVIZ; ''Around Noon'' was renamed ''The Sound of Applause'' in 2013, tying it closer to the TV program.
By 2005, WCPN experienced some staff turnover attributed to the merger, with news director Dave Pignanelli leaving for WKSU in the same capacity and the news department shrinking from 18 staffers to nine; WCPN only employed four news staffers when Pignanelli joined in 1996. ''90.3 at 9'' (the former ''InfOhio After Nine'') host Cindi Deutschman-Ruiz also left the station, with the show renamed ''The Sound of Ideas'' under succeeding hosts Dan Moulthrop and ''Plain Dealer'' columnist Regina Brett. An additional schedule realignment in 2006 saw a further de-emphasizing from jazz with the moving of ''Jazz from the Lincoln Center'' to Friday overnights, the cancellation of ''Jazz After Hours'' and locally produced ''Jazz Tracks with Bobby Jackson'' and the addition of
BBC World Service
The BBC World Service is an international broadcasting, international broadcaster owned and operated by the BBC, with funding from the Government of the United Kingdom, British Government through the Foreign Secretary, Foreign Secretary's o ...
programming overnights.
Sentiment among former personnel was critical toward ideastream placing an emphasis on television over radio; Kit Jensen disputed this, saying that the station's audience and listener support base had both grown substantially, and that issues to secure funding were preventing staff vacancies from being filled. In a 2006 interview, Jensen explained the changes were "...to disrupt ourselves... to break down our own walls in order to partner effectively and... accept that we could not do this on our own... we had to subsume our own organizational ego..." WKSU's format adjustment in July 2013 placing a greater emphasis on news programming resulted in both it and WCPN now largely mirroring each other, carrying much of the same nationally produced shows.
WCPN added NPR's ''Here and Now (Boston), Here and Now'' for early middays in the same time slot as WKSU, within weeks of WKSU's lineup changes.
Dee Perry retired from the station on August 26, 2016, ending a 40-year career in broadcasting, with all local inserts during weekday NPR programming subsequently rebranded ''The Sound of Applause''. Former WNYC-FM personality Amy Eddings, who had been that station's local host for ''All Things Considered'' until 2015, joined WCPN as local host for ''Morning Edition'' in March 2017. A native of Brunswick, Ohio, Brunswick,
Eddings also began involvement with ''The Downtowner'', a weekly WCPN-produced podcast devoted to downtown Cleveland's revival. ''Plain Dealer'' reporter Michael McIntrye joined WCPN as host of ''The Sound of Ideas'', sharing the duties with staffer Rick Jackson. Originally with WCPN as morning anchor, Jackson was moved to WVIZ to host the weekly panel discussion program ''Ideas'' and the children's-oriented newsmagazine ''NewsDepth''. Meanwhile, WCPN was successful in reducing the allotted airtime for the weekend ethnic fare in January 2015 after the hosts of the Lithuanian and Serbian programs retired; the resulting schedule changes allowed WCPN to finally add the Sunday edition of ''All Things Considered''.
By the end of 2021, only three ethnic programs remained on the lineup.
On June 15, 2021, WCPN rebranded as "Ideastream Public Media WCPN" as part of a group-wide effort to celebrate the entity's 20th anniversary.
WCLV (2022–present)
![DSC08620 (8102980032)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/DSC08620_%288102980032%29.jpg)
Kent State University's board of trustees and Ideastream Public Media entered into a Local marketing agreement, public service operating agreement with the university's WKSU on September 15, 2021.
As part of the agreement, Ideastream took over the day-to-day operations of WKSU and all its respective translators and repeaters on October 1, 2021, retaining all of WKSU's employees.
This agreement had its genesis in a $100,000 CPB grant
jointly awarded to WKSU and Ideastream on September 1, 2020, to help expand public media service in Northeast Ohio and encourage collaboration between both entities.
With this arrangement, a realignment of formats, stations and call signs took place on March 28, 2022.
On that date, WCPN changed their call letters to WCLV and format to classical music, which was reported as WCLV "moving" to the facility in WCPN's place. The former WCPN's format was "merged" into WKSU, which became Northeast Ohio's lead NPR station employing the off- and on-air staffs from both stations.
Amy Eddings was reassigned to WKSU as that station's morning host and ''The Sound of Ideas'' and the City Club of Cleveland's ''Friday Forum'' were also moved to WKSU.
Two of WCPN's three remaining ethnic programs—''The Hungarian Program'' and ''The Polish Program''—were retained and moved to WKSU's HD4 subchannel. Concurrently, WCLV's former facility changed their calls to WCPN and became a WKSU repeater for Lorain County, Ohio, Lorain County and the western portion of Greater Cleveland.
The "new" WCLV at also inherited WCPN's jazz programming for overnights, while WKSU dropped all remaining classical programming from their lineup.
Ideastream general manager Jenny Northern, WCLV air host Bill O'Connell and station president/co-founder Robert Conrad each expressed hope the frequency change would bring back longtime listeners adversely affected following WCLV's 2001 move to the facility. At , WCLV's potential audience was estimated to have increased by as many as one million people, particularly in Akron and Cleveland's eastern suburbs. Conrad's involvement with WCLV since WFHM-FM, the original WCLV's 1962 establishment is recognized as one of the longest such tenures in the format
and his announcing duties for the Cleveland Orchestra broadcasts, uninterrupted since 1965, is also regarded as a record in American radio.
Ideastream celebrated WCLV's "60th anniversary", recognizing the date WDGO () changed their call letters to WCLV, on November 1, 2022.
Programming
Local personalities heard on WCLV include Jacqueline Gerber, Mark Satola, Rob Greer, Bill O'Connell and John Mills. Overnights feature Jazz, jazz music locally hosted with Dan Polletta and John Simna. Simna also hosts ''Symphony at Seven'', broadcast continuously over WCLV since 1964 with KeyBank as the sole Underwriting, underwriter throughout the program's entire history. Weekend and seasonal programming includes Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts, ''Performance Today'', ''From the Top'' and ''Pipedreams'' with J. Michael Barone; the City Club of Cleveland's ''Friday Forum'', which originates over WKSU on Friday afternoons, is rebroadcast over WCLV on Sunday nights.
WCLV syndicates the
Cleveland Orchestra
The Cleveland Orchestra, based in Cleveland, is one of the five American orchestras informally referred to as the " Big Five". Founded in 1918 by the pianist and impresario Adella Prentiss Hughes, the orchestra plays most of its concerts at Sev ...
's radio broadcasts, comedy show ''Weekend Radio'' and musical theatre show ''Footlight Parade'', the latter produced by The Musical Theater Project.
WCLV's HD2 digital subchannel rebroadcasts the analog signal of WKSU. WCLV is simulcast on the HD3 signals of WKSU and its full-power repeater network, but with ''Classical 24'' programming in overnights in place of WCLV's jazz programming.
WVIZ
WVIZ (channel 25) is a PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the mo ...
's 25.8 subchannel rebroadcasts WCLV in an audio-only format.
See also
* WNYE (FM), former radio station of the New York City Department of Education
* WUKY, radio station of the University of Kentucky
* KALW, radio station of the San Francisco Unified School District
* KSIV-FM, formerly KSLH, radio station of the St. Louis Public Schools
* WRCJ-FM, formerly WDTR, radio station of the Detroit Public Schools Community District, Detroit Public Schools
* WFBE, former radio station of the Flint Community Schools, Flint School District
Notes
References
Bibliography
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*Cleveland Board of Education's annual "Proceedings of the Board of Education".
External links
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{{Authority control
1984 establishments in Ohio
Classical music radio stations in the United States
Jazz radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1984
Radio stations in Cleveland, CLV
NPR member stations