A virucide (alternatively spelled viricide or named biocidal agent or known as

microbicides An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals ar ...

or biocides) is any physical or chemical agent that deactivates or destroys viruses. The substances are not only virucidal but can be also bactericidal,

fungicidal Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. A fungistatic inhibits their growth. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality, ...

sporicidal An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals ar ...

tuberculocidal A tuberculocide is a substance or a process which disables or destroys the spore which causes tuberculosis, ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. History In 1955, Bergsmann studied dairin as a tuberculocide. In 1976, Sachse studied peracetic acid as a ...

. Virucides are to be used outside the human body, and as such fall into the category of

disinfectant A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than st ...

s (applied not to the human body) and

antiseptic An antiseptic (from Greek ἀντί ''anti'', "against" and σηπτικός ''sēptikos'', "putrefactive") is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putre ...

s (applied to the surface of skin) for those safe enough. Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an

antiviral drug Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do n ...

such as

Aciclovir Aciclovir (ACV), also known as acyclovir, is an antiviral medication. It is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles. Other uses include prevention of cytomegalovirus infections following tran ...

, which inhibits the proliferation of the virus inside the body. CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of ''Chemical Disinfectants'' mentions and discusses substances such as: Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine compounds, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodophors, Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid, Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent ''microbicidal activity''. Other inactivating agents such as UV, Metals, Ozone, etc. exist.

Definitions

According to the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgi ...

(CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective." According to a definition by

Robert Koch Institute The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is a German federal government agency and research institute responsible for disease control and prevention. It is located in Berlin and Wernigerode. As an upper federal agency, it is subordinate to the Federal ...

Germany and further institutions, virucide means effective against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Due to the complexity of the subject, in Germany, Robert-Koch-Institute introduced sub-definitions such as "limited virucidal" or "limited virucidal plus" (translated from German) to differentiate its meaning further. Note that the meaning of Virus inactivation or Viral clearance is specific for the medical process industry, i. e. to remove HIV from blood.

Functioning

Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as: * Alteration of the viral envelope * Structural alteration * Alteration of viral markers or * Alteration of the viral genome The exact mechanisms, for example of Iodine (PVP-I) are still not clear, but it is targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.

Registration

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administers a regulatory framework for disinfectants and sterilants. To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.

Regulations

* Europe: Biocide products regulation EN 528/2012

Testing

* EN 14476:2019 (suspensions test) * EN 16777:2018 (surfaces test) * EN 1500 (hand rub test) * ISO 18184:2019 (textile products) * ISO 21702:2019 (plastics and non-porous surfaces)

Other related tests

A specific protocol for hand-hygiene testing has been researched and established by microbiologist Prof.

Graham Ayliffe Graham Arthur John Ayliffe (2 March 192622 May 2017) was a British medical microbiologist and Emeritus Professor in Medical Microbiology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. He was instrumental in founding the International Federa ...

Safety

Virucides are not intended for use inside the body, and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body. Most substances are toxic. None of the listed substances replaces

vaccination Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating ...

s, if available. Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use. The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important. Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (''Quaternary ammonium compounds'') exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems." Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load, however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane". According to

Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft The ''Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft e.V.'' (DDG, German Dermatological Society; "''e.V.''" meaning "registered association") is a scientific specialized society for dermatology in Germany. It is a member of the Association of Scientific M ...

, medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the

skin barrier The innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates. The innate immune system is an older evolutionary defense strategy, relatively speaking, and is the ...

. Skin care does not reduce the antiseptic effect of the alcoholic disinfectants. The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has led the CDC to monitor substances in adults. On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by ''White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials'' mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces. This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread." The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that "Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces." CDC provides a Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities.

Microbicidal activity

Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i. e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example,

Poliovirus A poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species ''Enterovirus C'', in the family of ''Picornaviridae''. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3. Poliovirus is composed of an ...

is resistant to H₂O₂, even after a contact time of 10 minutes however 7.5% H₂O₂ takes 30 minutes to inactivate 99.9% of Poliovirus. Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as gaseous. Another example is

Povidone-iodine Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), also known as iodopovidone, is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after surgery. It may be used both to disinfect the hands of healthcare providers and the skin of the person they are caring for. It may a ...

(PVP-I), which is found to be effective against

herpes simplex virus Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known by their taxonomical names ''Human alphaherpesvirus 1'' and '' Human alphaherpesvirus 2'', are two members of the human ''Herpesviridae'' family, a set of viruses that produce viral inf ...

or SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses, but

coxsackievirus Coxsackieviruses are a few related enteroviruses that belong to the ''Picornaviridae'' family of viral envelope, nonenveloped, linear, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, as well as its genus ''Enterovirus'', which also includes poliovi ...

and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, former US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals. In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body or on surface of body. With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 e. g. on surfaces, as mouth-washes, hand-washing, etc. A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1%

sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite (commonly known in a dilute solution as bleach) is an Inorganic chemistry, inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula NaOCl (or NaClO), comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may ...

is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute. A 2020

systematic review A systematic review is a Literature review, scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic. A systematic review extracts and interprets data from publ ...

on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised." Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going. Various information and overview of light-based strategies (

UV-C Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation i ...

and other types of light sources; see also

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (ultraviolet C or UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unabl ...

) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available. As systematic review of 16 studies by

Cochrane Cochrane may refer to: Places Australia *Cochrane railway station, Sydney, a railway station on the closed Ropes Creek railway line Canada * Cochrane, Alberta * Cochrane Lake, Alberta * Cochrane District, Ontario ** Cochrane, Ontario, a town wit ...

on Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays."

SARS-CoV

Treatment of

SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1; or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV) is a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for t ...

for 2 min with Isodine ( PVP-I) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.

Research

The

International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations". International may also refer to: Music Albums * ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011 * ''International'' (New Order album), 2002 * ''International'' (The T ...

(IASC) is one of the major umbrella organizations for education, research and development in the area of therapy of infections. Its members are national organizations, currently 86 and over 50,000 individual members.

List of virucides

Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy. A specific test-protocol is applied. The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists. Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.

EPA The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent executive agency of the United States federal government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it be ...

is providing a public listing called "List N"

General substance listing of active component or compound

1-Docosanol 1-Docosanol, also known as behenyl alcohol, is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics. In July 2000, docosanol was approved for medical use in the Unite ...

* Alcohols: **

Ethanol Ethanol (abbr. EtOH; also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound. It is an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol with the chemical formula . Its formula can be also written as or (an ethyl ...

Isopropyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (chemical formula ) it is the simple ...

** ''n''-propanol *

Benzalkonium chloride Benzalkonium chloride (BZK, BKC, BAK, BAC), also known as alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC) and by the trade name Zephiran, is a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt classified as a quaternary ammonium compound. ADBACs hav ...

s, e.g. ** Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-16) ** Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14 60%, C16 30%, C12 5%, C18 5%) ** Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-14) ** Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-18) *

Bleach Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove color (whitening) from a fabric or fiber or to clean or to remove stains in a process called bleaching. It often refers specifically, to ...

(

Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite (commonly known in a dilute solution as bleach) is an Inorganic chemistry, inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula NaOCl (or NaClO), comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may ...

) **

Sodium hypochlorite washes Sodium hypochlorite washes are skin cleansers formulated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and surfactants. These cleansing liquids or gels are lathered onto wet skin and rinsed off. They are recommended for inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, at ...

Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound used as antiseptic/disinfectant. It causes the disruption of intermolecular interactions and the dissociation of lipid bilayers. The bacteriostatic (prevent growth) or bac ...

Hand washing Hand washing (or handwashing), also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning one's hands with soap, soap or handwash and water to remove viruses/bacteria/microorganisms, dirt, grease, or other harmful and unwanted substances stuck to the ...

(see also Surfactants) ** Hand washing is a mechanical process of removing germs and viruses, and chemicals. ** Hand washing with e. g. ethanol added to a hand disinfectant shows virucidal effects, but caution is given (small children) and it is not recommended over "proper hand washing". ** Hand gels are often found to not comply with EN 1500 standards to meet antimicrobial efficacy. ** Prof.

's hand-cleaning and disinfection technique is promoted nowadays by the WHO. *

Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula . In its pure form, it is a very pale blue liquid that is slightly more viscous than water. It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic, usually as a dilute solution (3%� ...

* Oral rinse (see Cochrane systematic review in case of SARS-CoV-2) **

Chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine (CHX) (commonly known by the salt forms chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) or chlorhexidine acetate) is a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surg ...

(CHX) - mainly against ''enveloped'' viruses. **

Dequalinium Dequalinium is a quaternary ammonium cation and bolaamphiphile commonly available as the dichloride salt. The bromide, iodide, acetate, and undecenoate salts are known as well. Dequalinium chloride is the active ingredient of several medications: ...

(Isodine, PVP-I), ** High potency for virucidal activity has been observed against viruses of significant global concern, including hepatitis A and influenza, as well as the Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome and Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses. ** Application types and names: Isodine, Scrub, Isodine Nodo Fresh *

Surfactant Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming ...

s **

Soap Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and lubricating products. In a domestic setting, soaps are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are use ...

Triton X-100 Triton X-100 (''n'') is a nonionic surfactant that has a hydrophilic polyethylene oxide chain (on average it has 9.5 ethylene oxide units) and an aromatic hydrocarbon lipophilic or hydrophobic group. The hydrocarbon group is a 4-( 1,1,3,3-tetramet ...

Example products

* Betadine products and medical variants by Avrio Health (part of

Purdue Pharma Purdue Pharma L.P., formerly the Purdue Frederick Company, is an American privately held pharmaceutical company founded by John Purdue Gray. It was owned principally by members of the Sackler family as descendants of Mortimer and Raymond Sackler ...

) ** Ingredients: Povidon-iodine etc. ** As of June 2021, not recommended by manufacturer to "kill" coronaviruses. * Bleach products: **

Clorox The Clorox Company (formerly Clorox Chemical Company) is an American global manufacturer and marketer of consumer and professional products. As of 2020 the Oakland, California based company had approximately 8,800 employees worldwide. Net sales ...

** Cyosan ** Zonrox Bleach *

Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, commonly known as Henkel, is a German multinational chemical and consumer goods company headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany. It is active in both the consumer and industrial sectors. Founded in 1876, the DAX company is organi ...

products: ** biff Hygiene Total *** Ingredients:

and

Formic acid Formic acid (), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure . It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Es ...

*** Tested against SARS-CoV-2 according to producer statement on website. ** Bref Power Bakterien & Schimmel **

Purex PUREX (plutonium uranium reduction extraction) is a chemical method used to purify fuel for nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. PUREX is the ''de facto'' standard aqueous nuclear reprocessing method for the recovery of uranium and plutonium fr ...

* Heitmann Hygiene & Care products: ** Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5 *** Ingredients:

** Hygiene Spray *** Ingredients: Ethanol, 2-propanol *** According to manufacturer is effective against SARS-CoV-2 *

Listerine Listerine is an American brand of antiseptic mouthwash that is promoted with the slogan "Kills Microorganism, germs that cause bad breath", Named after Joseph Lister, who pioneered antiseptic surgery at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in Scotland, L ...

** Ingredients: Alcohol, sodium fluoride, essential oils (specifically in case of management of inflammatory

periodontal disease Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main caus ...

s) ** Unknown or limited virucidal activity *

Lysol Lysol (; spelled Lizol in India) is a brand of American cleaning and disinfecting products distributed by Reckitt, which markets the similar Dettol or Sagrotan in other markets. The line includes liquid solutions for hard and soft surfaces, ai ...

** Ingredient:

** Some of the products having been tested against SARS-CoV-2. * Sterillium ** Ingredients:

1-Propanol Propan-1-ol (also propanol, n-propyl alcohol) is a primary alcohol with the formula and sometimes represented as PrOH or ''n''-PrOH. It is a colorless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many ferme ...

2-Propanol Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (chemical formula ) it is the sim ...

and Mecetronium ethylsulfate ** By former Bode Chemie, now Hartmann AG, one of Germany's major health-care brands available in 50 countries, and according to website "the world's most scientifically researched hand disinfectant with approximately 60 scientific publications in trade journals in 2015."

Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics

Antimicrobial peptides Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for a ...

* Auriclosene (NVC-422) - ''see also

Keratoconjunctivitis Keratoconjunctivitis is inflammation ("-itis") of the cornea and conjunctiva. When only the cornea is inflamed, it is called ''keratitis''; when only the conjunctiva is inflamed, it is called ''conjunctivitis''. Causes There are several potentia ...

'' *

Bacteriocin Bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s). They are similar to yeast and paramecium killing factors, and are structurally, functionally, and ec ...

Chlorine dioxide Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C. It is usually ...

Copper alloys Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of th ...

* CLR01 (

Molecular tweezers Molecular tweezers, and molecular clips, are host molecules with open cavities capable of binding guest molecules. The open cavity of the molecular tweezers may bind guests using non-covalent bonding which includes hydrogen bonding, metal coor ...

) found to inhibit Ebola, Zika or possibly SARS-CoV-2 * Cyanovirin-N * General so called "

Drug repurposing Drug repositioning (also called drug repurposing) involves the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes. Repurposing achievements A number of successes have been achieved, the foremost including sildenafil (Viagra) for ere ...

" for example in case of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 *

Griffithsin Griffithsin is a protein isolated from the red algae ''Griffithsia''. It has a 121-amino acid sequence which exhibits a Jacalin-like lectin domain, Jacalin-like lectin fold. Several structures of this protein have been solved by X-ray crystallogra ...

Interferon Interferons (IFNs, ) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten the ...

Nanomedicine Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and BioBrick, biological devices, to Nanoelectronics, nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applicatio ...

s * "Novel Anti-Infectives" research by Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research *

Peracetic acid Peracetic acid (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This peroxy acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid. It can be highly corrosive. Peracetic a ...

Scytovirin Scytovirin is a 95-amino acid antiviral protein isolated from the cyanobacteria ''Scytonema varium''. It has been cultured in ''Escherichia coli, E. coli'' and its structure investigated in detail. Scytovirin is thought to be produced by the bacter ...

Urumin Urumin is a natural product, naturally occurring 27-amino acid virucide, virucidal host defense peptide against the human influenza A virus. It was discovered and isolated from the skin of ''Hydrophylax bahuvistara'', a species of frog found in So ...

Agricultural, veterinary

* V-Bind *

Virkon Virkon is a multi-purpose disinfectant. It contains potassium peroxymonosulfate (an oxidizing agent), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (a detergent), sulfamic acid (a cleaning agent), and inorganic buffers. It is typically used for cleaning up haza ...

* Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TuYV) resistant products, such as

Bayer AG Bayer AG (, commonly pronounced ; ) is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include pharmaceutica ...

's DK Excited