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The Victoria Memorial is a large marble building on the Maidan (Kolkata), Maidan in Central Kolkata, built between 1906 and 1921. It is dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria, Emperor of India, Empress of India from 1876 to 1901.
The largest monument to a monarch anywhere in the world, it stands in 64 acres of gardens and is now a museum under the control of the Ministry of Culture (India), Ministry of Culture.
Following the death of Queen Victoria in January 1901, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, suggested that a fitting memorial to the late Queen-Empress should be created in Kolkata, Calcutta, now called Kolkata, then the capital of British India. He proposed the construction of a grand building with a museum and gardens.
Curzon said,
The government officials, princes, politicians, and people of India responded generously to Lord Curzon's appeal for funds, and the total cost of construction of the monument, amounting to one crore, five lakhs of Rupee, Rupees (₹), was entirely derived from their voluntary subscriptions.
The site chosen was near the present-day Raj Bhavan, Kolkata, Raj Bhavan, known at the time as Government House. The construction of the Victoria Memorial was delayed by Curzon's departure from India in 1905, with a subsequent loss of local enthusiasm for the project. There was also some uncertainty about the strength of the foundations, and tests on them were carried out. On 4 January 1906, the George V, new Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone.
The work of construction was entrusted to Martin Burn, Messrs. Martin & Co. of Calcutta, and work on the superstructure began in 1910.
In 1912, before construction was finished, George V, King George V announced the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Thus, the Victoria Memorial came to stand in what would be a major provincial city, rather than a capital.
The Victoria Memorial was completed and formally opened to the public in 1921.Sharma A
"Famous monuments of India."
Pinnacle Technology, 2011. After 1947, some additions were made to the Memorial. A smaller Victoria memorial was also constructed in the Hardoi District, which has since been converted into a city club for recreation. Mahatma Gandhi addressed meetings at Hardoi in the 1930s.
The architect of the Victoria Memorial was William Emerson (British architect), William Emerson (1843–1924). The design is in the Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, Indo-Saracenic revivalist style which uses a mixture of British and Mughal architecture, Mughal elements with Venetian Gothic architecture, Venetian, Ancient Egyptian architecture, Egyptian, Deccan Plateau, Deccani architectural influences. The building is and rises to a height of . It is constructed of white Makrana marble.Hermann M
"Architecture in India."
GRIN Verlag, 2011. , 9783640929771. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013. The gardens of the Victoria Memorial were designed by Lord Redesdale and David Prain. Emerson's assistant, Vincent Jerome Esch, designed the bridge of the north aspect and the garden gates. In 1902, Emerson engaged Esch to sketch his original design for the Victoria Memorial. On top of the central dome of the Memorial is the figure of Nike (mythology), the Angel of Victory. Surrounding the dome are allegorical sculptures including ''Art'', ''Architecture'', ''Justice'', and ''Charity'' and above the North Porch are ''Motherhood'', ''Prudence'' and ''Learning''. The Victoria Memorial is built of white Makrana marble. In design it echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal-domed chattris, high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers.
''www.victoriamemorial-cal.org''. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
File:Victoria Memorial Kolkata at night.jpg, Victoria Memorial with St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata, in the foreground.
File:Victoria Memorial Night 5.jpg, Victoria Memorial illuminated at night.
File:Victoria Memorial Illuminated at Night.jpg, Victoria Memorial Illuminated at night
File:Sunset-at-victoria-memorial.jpg, Summer sunset
File:Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.jpg, Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata
File:Lakes of victoria.jpg, Lakes of victoria
File:Kolkata3.JPG, The moon and Angel of Victory at Victoria Memorial
File:Kolkata Victoria Memorial South side.JPG, South side
File:India - Kolkata Victorian museum - 4258.jpg, King Edward VII Arch in the Victoria Memorial Gardens.
File:Victoria Memorial Kolkata (37610124104).jpg, Queen Victoria
File:Lion statue at Victoria Memorial, Kolkata 01.jpg, Lion statue at Victoria Memorial
File:Victoria Memorial Pano 5.jpg, Victoria Memorial and The 42 (Kolkata), The 42.
File:Mother and Child sculpture on the Victoria Memorial.jpg, A sculpture of a Mother holding a child in one hand and a sword in the other hand
File:Ketan donate5.jpg, Statue of ''Motherhood''
File:The Apotheosis - C381 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg, Gallery under the dome with scenes from the life of Queen Victoria: 1. The Apotheosis
File:The Jubilee service at Westminister Abbey - C382 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg, 2. Jubilee Service at Westminster Abbey
File:The Diamond Jubilee Service at St Pauls - C383 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg, 3. Diamond Jubilee Service at St Paul's Cathedral
File:The Lying in State - C384 - Victoria Memorial (cropped).jpg, 4. Lying in State
"360 degree spherical panoramas of Victoria Memorial."
India Tourism. {{authority control 1921 establishments in India Art museums and galleries in Kolkata Buildings and structures completed in 1921 City museums Gardens in India 20th century in Kolkata Marble buildings Monuments and memorials to Queen Victoria Monuments and memorials in Kolkata Museums established in 1921 Museums in Kolkata Tourist attractions in Kolkata Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture National museums of India
History
Following the death of Queen Victoria in January 1901, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, suggested that a fitting memorial to the late Queen-Empress should be created in Kolkata, Calcutta, now called Kolkata, then the capital of British India. He proposed the construction of a grand building with a museum and gardens.
Curzon said,
The government officials, princes, politicians, and people of India responded generously to Lord Curzon's appeal for funds, and the total cost of construction of the monument, amounting to one crore, five lakhs of Rupee, Rupees (₹), was entirely derived from their voluntary subscriptions.
The site chosen was near the present-day Raj Bhavan, Kolkata, Raj Bhavan, known at the time as Government House. The construction of the Victoria Memorial was delayed by Curzon's departure from India in 1905, with a subsequent loss of local enthusiasm for the project. There was also some uncertainty about the strength of the foundations, and tests on them were carried out. On 4 January 1906, the George V, new Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone.
The work of construction was entrusted to Martin Burn, Messrs. Martin & Co. of Calcutta, and work on the superstructure began in 1910.
In 1912, before construction was finished, George V, King George V announced the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi. Thus, the Victoria Memorial came to stand in what would be a major provincial city, rather than a capital.
The Victoria Memorial was completed and formally opened to the public in 1921.Sharma A"Famous monuments of India."
Pinnacle Technology, 2011. After 1947, some additions were made to the Memorial. A smaller Victoria memorial was also constructed in the Hardoi District, which has since been converted into a city club for recreation. Mahatma Gandhi addressed meetings at Hardoi in the 1930s.
Design and architecture
The architect of the Victoria Memorial was William Emerson (British architect), William Emerson (1843–1924). The design is in the Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, Indo-Saracenic revivalist style which uses a mixture of British and Mughal architecture, Mughal elements with Venetian Gothic architecture, Venetian, Ancient Egyptian architecture, Egyptian, Deccan Plateau, Deccani architectural influences. The building is and rises to a height of . It is constructed of white Makrana marble.Hermann M"Architecture in India."
GRIN Verlag, 2011. , 9783640929771. Accessed at Google Books, 13 December 2013. The gardens of the Victoria Memorial were designed by Lord Redesdale and David Prain. Emerson's assistant, Vincent Jerome Esch, designed the bridge of the north aspect and the garden gates. In 1902, Emerson engaged Esch to sketch his original design for the Victoria Memorial. On top of the central dome of the Memorial is the figure of Nike (mythology), the Angel of Victory. Surrounding the dome are allegorical sculptures including ''Art'', ''Architecture'', ''Justice'', and ''Charity'' and above the North Porch are ''Motherhood'', ''Prudence'' and ''Learning''. The Victoria Memorial is built of white Makrana marble. In design it echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal-domed chattris, high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers.
Museum
The Victoria Memorial has 25 galleries. These include the royal gallery, the national leader's gallery, the portrait gallery, central hall, the sculpture gallery, the arms and armory gallery, and the newer, Kolkata gallery. The Victoria Memorial has the largest single collection of the works of Thomas Daniell (1749–1840) and his nephew, William Daniell (1769–1837). It also has a collection of rare and antiquarian books such as the illustrated works of William Shakespeare, the ''Arabian Nights'' and the ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat'' by Omar Khayyam as well as books about kathak dance and thumri music by Wajid Ali Shah, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. However, the galleries and their exhibitions, the programmatic elements of the memorial do not compete with the purely architectural spaces or voids.
Victoria Gallery
The Victoria Gallery displays several portraits of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort, Prince Albert, and paintings illustrating their lives, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Winterhalter, Frank O. Salisbury, Frank Salisbury, and William Powell Frith, W. P. Frith. These are copies of works of art in England. They include Victoria receiving the sacrament at her coronation in Westminster Abbey in June 1838; Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Victoria's wedding to Prince Albert in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace in 1840; the christening of the Edward VII, Prince of Wales in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1842; the wedding of the Prince of Wales to Alexandra of Denmark in 1863; and paintings of Victoria at the service for her Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, Golden Jubilee at Westminster Abbey in 1887 and her Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, Diamond Jubilee service at St Paul's Cathedral in June 1897. Queen Victoria's childhood rosewood pianoforte and her correspondence desk from Windsor Castle stand in the center of the room, having been presented to the Victoria Memorial by her son Edward VII. On the south wall hangs the oil painting by Vasily Vereshchagin of the state entry of the Prince of Wales into Jaipur in 1876."The Royal gallery."''www.victoriamemorial-cal.org''. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
Kolkata gallery
In the mid-1970s, the matter of a new gallery devoted to the visual history of Kolkata was promoted by Saiyid Nurul Hasan, the minister for education. In 1986, Hasan became the governor of West Bengal and chairman of the Victoria Memorial board of trustees. In November 1988, Hasan hosted an international seminar on the ''Historical perspectives for the Kolkata tercentenary''. The Kolkata gallery concept was agreed and a design was developed leading to the opening of the gallery in 1992. The Kolkata gallery houses a visual display of the history and development of Kolkata when the capital of India was transferred to New Delhi. The gallery also has a life-size diorama of Chitpur road in the late 1800s.Gardens
The gardens at the Victoria memorial cover and are maintained by a team of 21 gardeners. They were designed by Redesdale and David Prain. On Esch's bridge, between narrative panels by Goscombe John, there is a bronze statue of Victoria, by George Frampton. Empress Victoria is seated on her throne. In the paved quadrangles and elsewhere around the building, other statues commemorate Hastings, Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, Robert Clive, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, and James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie. To the south of the Victoria, Memorial building is the Edward VII memorial arch. The arch has a bronze equestrian statue of Edward VII by Bertram Mackennal and a marble statue of Curzon by F. W. Pomeroy. The garden also contains statues of Lord William Bentinck, governor-general of India (1833–1835), George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, governor-general of India (1880–84), and Rajendra Nath Mookerjee, a pioneer industrialist of Bengal. Following an order of the West Bengal High Court in 2004, an entry fee was imposed for the gardens, a decision welcomed by the general public except for few voices of dissent.Gallery
References
External links
*"360 degree spherical panoramas of Victoria Memorial."
India Tourism. {{authority control 1921 establishments in India Art museums and galleries in Kolkata Buildings and structures completed in 1921 City museums Gardens in India 20th century in Kolkata Marble buildings Monuments and memorials to Queen Victoria Monuments and memorials in Kolkata Museums established in 1921 Museums in Kolkata Tourist attractions in Kolkata Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture National museums of India