Victor Conrad (1876-1962) was an Austrian- American physicist, seismologist, and meteorologist. He was the first director of the Austrian seismological service and a reputed academician of international accomplishment. He was politically victimized twice, in 1919 for his ethnicity and in 1934 as a socialist. He emigrated to the United States in 1938, continuing his academic career in New York, California, and Cambridge. Conrad's scientific work is documented in more than 240 papers concerning meteorology, climatology and seismology. In 1944, he published "Methods in Climatology" (Harvard University Press). Later editions, starting in 1950, listed
Leo W. Pollak
Leo Wenzel Pollak (September 23, 1888 in Prague – November 24, 1964 in Dublin) was a geophysicist, meteorologist and pioneer in scientific data processing.continental crust transition structure which is now named the Conrad discontinuity.
Studies and early seismology work in Vienna
Victor Conrad was born on August 25, 1876 in Hütteldorf, Lower Austria (then a suburb and now part of Vienna). His father, an industrialist, was also an amateur painter of landscapes. He was of Jewish descent.
Conrad attended the University of Vienna where he initially studied biology. In 1896, when he started working on his degree Conrad's teacher, the physiologist Sigmund Exner, realized his pupil's talent for experimental work, and encouraged Conrad to take up the study of physics. Following a suggestion of
Franz S. Exner
Franz Serafin Exner (24 March 1849 – 15 October 1926) was an Austrian physicist.
Life
Exner came from one of the most important university families of the Austrian-Hungarian empire. The same Exner family included , , Sigmund Exner, and . Exn ...
he began to work on problems concerning atmospheric electricity and obtained his doctorate in 1900. Conrad became a University assistant at the "K.K. Centralanstalt für Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus" (the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics) in 1901, mostly working at the
Sonnblick high-altitude observatory A number of mountains are called Sonnblick:
* Sonnblick–Böseck Group, a subdivision of the Goldberg Group
** Hoher Sonnblick, or Rauriser Sonnblick
* Großer Sonnblick or Malteiner Sonnblick, in the Ankogel Group
** Mittlerer Sonnblick, a sub-p ...
for the next three years. In 1904, when the Seismological Service of Austria was established, Conrad was appointed head of the new department and became responsible for the seismic monitoring on Austrian territory. Among his first programs was a microseismic survey in 1905.
Professor at Czernowitz and Vienna
In 1910 Conrad accepted a newly created chair for "cosmic physics" at the University of Czernowitz (now
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi ( uk, Чернівці́}, ; ro, Cernăuți, ; see also other names) is a city in the historical region of Bukovina, which is now divided along the borders of Romania and Ukraine, including this city, which is situated on the upp ...
in Ukraine) which at this time belonged to Austria-Hungary's
Bukovina
Bukovinagerman: Bukowina or ; hu, Bukovina; pl, Bukowina; ro, Bucovina; uk, Буковина, ; see also other languages. is a historical region, variously described as part of either Central or Eastern Europe (or both).Klaus Peter BergerT ...
region, and had native German speakers accounting for more than half of its students.Rosner, R. Scientists and mathematicians in Czernowitz University. Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS (Cracow, Poland). Online PDF Accessed: 2009-05-30 Archived /ref>
From 1916 to 1918, during World War I, he was a director of Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory in Belgrade, Serbia.
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy at the end of World War I the university was rumanized and Conrad was forced to leave Czernowitz at the end of July 1919, losing not only his professorship but also his private assets. He returned to his former position at the Central Meteorological Institute and later as a full professor at Vienna. During his analyses of two earthquakes that occurred in Austria in 1923 and 1927 he discovered what is today known as the Conrad discontinuity, considered to be the border between the upper and the lower continental crust.
Emigration and further career
As a member of Austria's socialist party, Conrad faced political discrimination after the brief and decisive
Austrian Civil War
The Austrian Civil War (german: Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg), also known as the February Uprising (german: Februarkämpfe), was a few days of skirmishes between Austrian government and socialist forces between 12 and 16 February 1934, in Aust ...
When Victor Conrad died at Cambridge in 1962, his widow Ida bequeathed the majority of the couple's assets to the Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, on the condition that the funds be used to establish a research institution bearing her late husband's name. This took place in the form of the Conrad Observatory for Seismology, situated about 50 km from Vienna near Gutenstein. Its module for seismology and gravimetry, became operational in 2002; the final module, for geomagnetic research, was inaugurated in 2014.
Biographies
* Steinhauser H, Toperczer M. "Obituarium: Victor Conrad". ''Arch. Met. Geophys. Biokl'' 1962; 13, 283–289.