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''Vicia'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of over 240
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...
of
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...
s that are part of the
legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock for ...
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
(
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other
genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
of their
subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classifica ...
Faboideae The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family. This subfamily is widely ...
also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings (''
Lathyrus ''Lathyrus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae, and contains approximately 160 species. Commonly known as peavines or vetchlings, they are native to temperate areas, with a breakdown of 52 species in Europe, 30 spec ...
'') or the milk-vetches ('' Astragalus''). The broad bean (''
Vicia faba ''Vicia faba'', commonly known as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Varieti ...
'') is sometimes separated in a
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...
genus ''Faba''; although not often used today, it is of historical importance in
plant taxonomy Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things). Plant taxonomy is closely alli ...
as the namesake of the
order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
Fabales The Fabales are an order of flowering plants included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (including ...
, the Fabaceae and the Faboideae. The
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confl ...
Vicieae in which the vetches are placed is named after the genus' current name. Among the closest living relatives of vetches are the lentils (''
Lens A lens is a transmissive optical device which focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (''elements ...
'') and the true peas ('' Pisum'').


Use by humans

Bitter vetch ('' V. ervilia'') was one of the first domesticated crops. It was grown in the
Near East The ''Near East''; he, המזרח הקרוב; arc, ܕܢܚܐ ܩܪܒ; fa, خاور نزدیک, Xāvar-e nazdik; tr, Yakın Doğu is a geographical term which roughly encompasses a transcontinental region in Western Asia, that was once the hist ...
about 9,500 years ago, starting perhaps even one or two millennia earlier during the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to years ago, that is, 10,000–8,800 BCE. Archaeological remains are located in the Levantine and ...
. By the time of the
Central Europe Central Europe is an area of Europe between Western Europe and Eastern Europe, based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) between Catholicism and Protestantism significantly shaped the a ...
an
Linear Pottery culture The Linear Pottery culture (LBK) is a major archaeological horizon of the European Neolithic period, flourishing . Derived from the German ''Linearbandkeramik'', it is also known as the Linear Band Ware, Linear Ware, Linear Ceramics or Inc ...
– about 7,000 years ago – broad bean ('' V. faba'') had also been domesticated. Vetch has been found at Neolithic and Eneolithic sites in Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia. And at the same time, at the opposite end of
Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...
, the
Hoabinhian Hoabinhian is a lithic techno-complex of archaeological sites associated with assemblages in Southeast Asia from late Pleistocene to Holocene, dated to c.10,000–2000 BCE. It is attributed to hunter-gatherer societies of the region and their ...
people also utilized the broad bean in their path towards
agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people ...
, as shown by the seeds found in
Spirit Cave, Thailand Spirit Cave ( th, ถ้ำผีแมน, ''Tham Phii Man'') is an archaeological site in Pang Mapha district, Mae Hong Son Province, northwestern Thailand. It was occupied 12,000 to 7,000 uncalibrated radiocarbon years ago by prehistoric hum ...
.
Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux, O. Cist. ( la, Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templars, and a major leader in the reformation of the Benedictine Order through t ...
shared a bread-of-vetch meal with his monks during the famine of 1124 to 1126, as an emblem of humility. However, Bitter Vetch largely was dropped from human use over time. It was only used to save as a crop of last resort in times of starvation: vetches "featured in the frugal diet of the poor until the eighteenth century, and even reappeared on the black market in the South of France during the Second World War", Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, of Marseillais background, has remarked. However, broad beans remained prominent. In the Near East the seeds are mentioned in Hittite and Ancient Egyptian sources dating from more than 3,000 years ago as well as in the
Christian Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
, and in the large
Celtic Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to: Language and ethnicity *pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia **Celts (modern) *Celtic languages **Proto-Celtic language *Celtic music *Celtic nations Sports Foo ...
Oppidum of Manching from the
La Tène culture The La Tène culture (; ) was a European Iron Age culture. It developed and flourished during the late Iron Age (from about 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC), succeeding the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture without any defi ...
in Europe some 2,200 years ago. Dishes resembling ful medames are attested in the
Jerusalem Talmud The Jerusalem Talmud ( he, תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי, translit=Talmud Yerushalmi, often for short), also known as the Palestinian Talmud or Talmud of the Land of Israel, is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century ...
which was compiled before 400 AD. In our time, the common vetch ('' V. sativa'') has also risen to prominence. Together with broad bean
cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
s such as horse bean or field bean, the FAO includes it among the 11 most important
pulses In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the cardiac cycle (heartbeat) by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the nec ...
in the world. The main usage of the common vetch is as
forage Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also use ...
for ruminant animals, both as
fodder Fodder (), also called provender (), is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to the animals (includ ...
and
legume A legume () is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant. When used as a dry grain, the seed is also called a pulse. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, for livestock for ...
, but there are other uses, as tufted vetch, '' V. cracca'' is grown as a mid-summer
pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...
source for
honeybee A honey bee (also spelled honeybee) is a eusocial flying insect within the genus ''Apis'' of the bee clade, all native to Afro-Eurasia. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and Eurasia, humans became responsible for the current cosm ...
s. In 2017, global production of vetches was 920,537
tonnes The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton (United States c ...
. That year, 560,077 acreas were devoted to the cultivation of vetches in the world. Over 54% of that output came from Europe alone. Africa (17.8% of world total), Asia (15.6% of world total), Americas (10.6% of world total) and Oceania (1.8% of world total). [14
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/nowiki>/sup> The_bitter_vetch,_too,_is_grown_extensively_for_forage_and_fodder,_as_are_hairy_vetch_('' [14
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/nowiki>/sup> The_bitter_vetch,_too,_is_grown_extensively_for_forage_and_fodder,_as_are_hairy_vetch_(''Vicia_villosa">V. villosa'',_also_called_fodder_vetch),_bard_vetch_('' [14
/nowiki>">4">[14
/nowiki>/sup> The_bitter_vetch,_too,_is_grown_extensively_for_forage_and_fodder,_as_are_hairy_vetch_(''Vicia_villosa">V. villosa'',_also_called_fodder_vetch),_bard_vetch_(''Vicia_articulata">V. articulata''),_French_vetch_(''[ [14
/nowiki>">4">[14
/nowiki>/sup> The_bitter_vetch,_too,_is_grown_extensively_for_forage_and_fodder,_as_are_hairy_vetch_(''Vicia_villosa">V. villosa'',_also_called_fodder_vetch),_bard_vetch_(''Vicia_articulata">V. articulata''),_French_vetch_(''Vicia_serratifolia">V. serratifolia'')_and_Narbon_bean_('' [14
/nowiki>">4">[14
/nowiki>/sup> The_bitter_vetch,_too,_is_grown_extensively_for_forage_and_fodder,_as_are_hairy_vetch_(''Vicia_villosa">V. villosa'',_also_called_fodder_vetch),_bard_vetch_(''Vicia_articulata">V. articulata''),_French_vetch_(''Vicia_serratifolia">V. serratifolia'')_and_Narbon_bean_(''Vicia_narbonensis">V. narbonensis'')._''[ [14
/nowiki>">4">[14
/nowiki>/sup> The_bitter_vetch,_too,_is_grown_extensively_for_forage_and_fodder,_as_are_hairy_vetch_(''Vicia_villosa">V. villosa'',_also_called_fodder_vetch),_bard_vetch_(''Vicia_articulata">V. articulata''),_French_vetch_(''Vicia_serratifolia">V. serratifolia'')_and_Narbon_bean_(''Vicia_narbonensis">V. narbonensis'')._''Vicia_benghalensis">V. benghalensis''_and_Hungarian_vetch_(''Vicia_pannonica.html" ;"title="icia_benghalensis.html" ;"title="Vicia_narbonensis.html" ;"title="icia_serratifolia.html" ;"title="Vicia_articulata.html" ;"title="Vicia_villosa.html" ;"title="4
/nowiki>.html" ;"title="4">[14
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/nowiki>/sup> The bitter vetch, too, is grown extensively for forage and fodder, as are hairy vetch (''Vicia villosa">V. villosa'', also called fodder vetch), bard vetch (''Vicia articulata">V. articulata''), French vetch (''Vicia serratifolia">V. serratifolia'') and Narbon bean (''Vicia narbonensis">V. narbonensis''). ''Vicia benghalensis">V. benghalensis'' and Hungarian vetch (''Vicia pannonica">V. pannonica'') are cultivated for forage and green manure. The vetches also have a broad variety of other purposes. The Hairy Vetch has well-established uses as a green manure and as an
allelopathic Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have ben ...
cover crop In agriculture, cover crops are plants that are planted to cover the soil rather than for the purpose of being harvested. Cover crops manage soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlife in ...
. As regards the broad bean, it is known to accumulate
aluminum Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It ha ...
in its tissue; in polluted soils it may be useful in phytoremediation, but with one
per mil Per mille (from Latin , "in each thousand") is an expression that means parts per thousand. Other recognised spellings include per mil, per mill, permil, permill, or permille. The associated sign is written , which looks like a percent si ...
of aluminum in the dry plant (possibly more in the seeds), it might not be edible anymore. The robust plants are useful as a
beetle bank A beetle bank, in agriculture and horticulture, is a form of biological pest control. It is a strip, preferably raised, planted with grasses (bunch grasses) and/or perennial plants, within a crop field or a garden, that fosters and provides habita ...
to provide
habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...
and shelter for
carnivorous A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other ...
beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...
s and other
arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chiti ...
s to keep down pest invertebrates. When the
root nodule Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known a ...
s of broad bean are inoculated with the rhodospirillacean bacterium '' Azospirillum brasilense'' and the glomeracean fungus ''
Glomus clarum Glomus ( Latin for 'ball of thread or yarn') can refer to: * ''Glomus'' (fungus) * Glomus tumor * Coccygeal glomus * Carotid glomus, another name for the carotid body * Glomus cell Glomus cells are the cell type mainly located in the carotid bo ...
'', the species can also be productively grown in salty soils. In the 1980s, the
auxin Auxins (plural of auxin ) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essenti ...
4-Cl-IAA 4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA) is an organic compound that functions as a plant hormone. Synopsis It is a member of the class of compounds known as auxins and a chlorinated analogue of the more common indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) auxin. 4 ...
was studied in '' V. amurensis'' and the broad bean, and since 1990, the
antibacterial An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention ...
γ-thionins fabatin-1 and -2 have been isolated from the latter species. Despite a small chromosome count of ''n''=6, the broad bean has a high DNA content, making it easy for a
micronucleus test A micronucleus test is a test used in toxicological screening for potential genotoxic compounds. The assay is now recognized as one of the most successful and reliable assays for genotoxic carcinogens, i.e., carcinogens that act by causing genetic ...
of its root tips to recognize
genotoxic Genotoxicity is the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, but some genotoxic s ...
compounds. A lectin from '' V. graminea'' is used to test for the medically significant N blood group.


Toxicity

The vetches grown as forage are generally toxic to non-ruminants (such as humans), at least if eaten in quantity. Cattle and horses have been poisoned by ''V. villosa'' and ''V. benghalensis'', two species that contain canavanine in their seeds.
Canavanine L-(+)-(''S'')-Canavanine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain leguminous plants. It is structurally related to the proteinogenic α-amino acid L-arginine Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H ...
, a toxic analogue of the amino acid
arginine Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. The molecule features a guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework. At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) and both the am ...
, has been identified in Hairy Vetch as an
appetite suppressant An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic. The term is (from the Greek ''ἀν-'' (an-) = "without" ...
for monogastric animals, while Narbon bean contains the quicker-acting but weaker γ-glutamyl-S- ethenylcysteine. In common vetch, γ-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine has been found. The active part of this molecule is β-cyanoalanine. It inhibits the conversion of the sulfur amino acid
methionine Methionine (symbol Met or M) () is an essential amino acid in humans. As the precursor of other amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine plays a critical ...
to
cysteine Cysteine (symbol Cys or C; ) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula . The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. When present as a deprotonated catalytic residue, some ...
. Cystathionine, an intermediary product of this biochemical pathway, is secreted in urine. This process can effectively lead to the depletion of vital protective reserves of the sulfur amino acid cysteine and thereby making ''Vicia sativa'' seed a dangerous component in mixture with other toxin sources. The Spanish pulse mix ' contains common vetch and bitter vetch in addition to vetchling (''
Lathyrus cicera ''Lathyrus cicera'' is a species of wild pea known by the common names red pea, red vetchling and flatpod peavine. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, and it is known from other places as an introduced species. This is a h ...
'') seeds; it can be fed in small quantities to ruminants, but its use as a staple food will cause
lathyrism Lathyrism is a condition caused by eating certain legumes of the genus ''Lathyrus''. There are three types of lathyrism: '' neurolathyrism'', '' osteolathyrism'', and '' angiolathyrism'', all of which are incurable, differing in their symptoms ...
even in these animals. Moreover, common vetch as well as broad bean – and probably other species of ''Vicia'' too – contain
oxidant An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or " accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the , , or ). In other words, an oxi ...
s like convicine, isouramil, divicine and vicine in quantities sufficient to lower
glutathione Glutathione (GSH, ) is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by sources such as reactive oxygen species, free radicals, pe ...
levels in G6PD-deficient persons to cause favism disease. At least broad beans also contain the
lectin Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar groups that are part of other molecules, so cause agglutination of particular cells or precipitation of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Lectins have a role in rec ...
phytohemagglutinin and are somewhat poisonous if eaten raw. Split common vetch seeds resemble split
red lentil The lentil (''Lens culinaris'' or ''Lens esculenta'') is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. As a food crop, the largest produ ...
s (''Lens culinaris''), and has been occasionally mislabelled as such by exporters or importers to be sold for human consumption. In some countries where lentils are highly popular – e.g.,
Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mo ...
,
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
and
Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
– import bans on suspect produce have been established to prevent these potentially harmful scams.


Ecology

Vetches have cylindrical
root nodule Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known a ...
s of the indeterminate type and are thus nitrogen-fixing plants. Their flowers usually have white to
purple Purple is any of a variety of colors with hue between red and blue. In the RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purples are produced by mixing red and blue light. In the RYB color model historically used by painters ...
or blue hues, but may be red or yellow; they are pollinated by
bumblebee A bumblebee (or bumble bee, bumble-bee, or humble-bee) is any of over 250 species in the genus ''Bombus'', part of Apidae, one of the bee families. This genus is the only Extant taxon, extant group in the tribe Bombini, though a few extinct r ...
s,
honey bee A honey bee (also spelled honeybee) is a eusocial flying insect within the genus ''Apis'' of the bee clade, all native to Afro-Eurasia. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and Eurasia, humans became responsible for the current cosm ...
s,
solitary bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfami ...
s and other
insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pa ...
s. ''Vicia'' species are used as food plants by the
caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sy ...
s of some
butterflies Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises ...
and
moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
s, such as: *''
Coleophora cracella ''Coleophora cracella'' is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in southern France and Spain and from Slovakia and Hungary to Bulgaria and southern Russia. The larvae feed on ''Vicia cracca ''Vicia cracca'' (tufted vetch, co ...
'' – only found on ''Vicia'' species *''
Coleophora fuscicornis ''Coleophora fuscicornis'' is a moth of the family Coleophoridae __NOTOC__ The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, th ...
'' – only found on smooth tare ('' V. tetrasperma'') *''
Paratalanta pandalis ''Paratalanta pandalis'' is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in the Palearctic including Europe. The wingspan is 25–29 mm. The forewings are whitish-yellowish, towards costa suffused with pale grey; lines grey, fi ...
'' – recorded on bush vetch ('' V. sepium'') *''
Chionodes lugubrella ''Chionodes lugubrella'' is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. The geographical distribution of this species extends throughout Europe (species not found in Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, Slovakia ...
'' – recorded on tufted vetch ('' V. cracca'') * Lime-speck pug (''Eupithecia centaureata'') – recorded on tufted vetch (''V. cracca'') *
Double-striped pug The double-striped pug (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata'') is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a widespread and common species, being found throughout the Palearctic region, including the Near East and North Africa. This is a variable speci ...
(''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata'') – recorded on broad bean ('' V. faba'') * Provençal short-tailed blue (''Everes alcetas'') *
Amanda's blue ''Polyommatus amandus'', the Amanda's blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm. Description With a wingspan of , Amanda's blue is noticeably larger than most of the "blue" butterflies, which is particu ...
(''Polyommatus amandus'') – only found on ''Vicia'' species * The flame (''Axylia putris'') *Blackneck (''
Lygephila pastinum ''Lygephila pastinum'', the blackneck, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1826. It is found in Europe and across the Palearctic Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan and China ...
'') – recorded on tufted vetch (''V. cracca'') * Angle shades (''Phlogophora meticulosa'') *'' Colias'' species, e.g.,
Clouded sulphur ''Colias philodice'', the common sulphur or clouded sulphur, is a North American butterfly in the family Pieridae, subfamily Coliadinae. Description This species is a typical member of the genus. Both genders typically have pale yellow wings a ...
(''C. philodice'') * Wood white (''Leptidea sinapis'') * Pea moth (''Cydia nigricana'') Most other
parasite Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson h ...
s and
plant pathogen Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomy ...
s affecting vetches have been recorded on the broad bean, the most widely cultivated and economically significant species. They include the
mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear e ...
''
Balaustium vignae ''Balaustium vignae'' is a species of mite belonging to the family Erythraeidae. This moderately hairy orange mite is around 1 mm in length with one pair of eyes set well back on the body. It can be distinguished from similar species by th ...
'' whose adults are found on broad bean, the
potexvirus ''Potexvirus'' is a genus of pathogenic viruses in the order ''Tymovirales'', in the family ''Alphaflexiviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 48 species in this genus, three of which are assigned to a subgenus. Diseases associated ...
es ''Alternanthera'' mosaic virus,
clover yellow mosaic virus ''Clover yellow mosaic virus'' (ClYMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus ''Potexvirus'' and the virus family ''Alphaflexiviridae''. Its flexous rod-shaped particles measure about 539 nm in length. Like other members of the Potexvi ...
and
white clover mosaic virus White clover mosaic virus (WClMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus ''Potexvirus'' and the family '' Alphaflexiviridae''. WClMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 480 nm in length and 13 nm wide. The virus is a monopartite strand ...
, and several other virus species such as ''Bidens'' mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, ''Vicia'' cryptic virus and ''Vicia faba'' endornavirus.


Selected species

*''
Vicia americana ''Vicia americana'' is a species of legume in the vetch genus known by the common names American vetch and purple vetch. It includes a subspecies known as mat vetch. Description It is a climbing perennial forb that grows from both taproot and ...
'' – American vetch, purple vetch, mat vetch *''
Vicia amoena ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' *''
Vicia amurensis ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Oett. (=''V. japonica'' ''sensu auct non'' A.Gray) *''
Vicia andicola ''Vicia andicola'' is a species of herb in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Andes from Venezuela to northern Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the ...
'' Kunth *''
Vicia articulata ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Hornem. – bard vetch *''
Vicia bakeri ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Ali (=''V. sylvatica'' Benth.) *''
Vicia basaltica ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Plitmann *''
Vicia benghalensis ''Vicia benghalensis'' is a species of vetch known by the common names purple vetch and reddish tufted vetch. It is native to southern Europe, North Africa, and nearby islands, and it is utilized elsewhere in agriculture and may be present in th ...
'' L. *''
Vicia biennis ''Vicia biennis'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. Its native range is Hungary to Western Siberia and Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly c ...
'' L. *''
Vicia bithynica ''Vicia bithynica'' C. A. Stace, ''New Flora of the British Isles'', 4th edition 2019. . known as Bithynian vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus, initially as ''Lathyrus bithy ...
'' (L.) L. – Bithynian vetch *''
Vicia bungei ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other ...
'' Ohwi *''
Vicia canescens ''Vicia canescens'' is a species of legume in the vetch genus that is endemic to Lebanon. Description An attractive and sturdy perennial plant, it grows to tall with 8 to 10 pairs of erect or ascending, densely hairy, subcanescent to seric ...
'' Labill. *''
Vicia cappadocica ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Boiss. & Balansa *''
Vicia caroliniana ''Vicia caroliniana'' (common name Carolina vetch, or Carolina wood vetch), is a plant found in North America. Uses The Cherokee use this plant for a variety of medicinal purposes. It is used for back pains, local pains, to toughen muscles, ...
'' Walter – Carolina wood vetch *''
Vicia cassubica ''Vicia cassubica'', called Kashubian vetch and Danzig vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Vicia'', native to most of Europe, Turkey, the Levant, the Caucasus and Iran. Found in thermophilous oak forests, it also does well in ...
'' L.
Kashubian vetch ''Vicia cassubica'', called Kashubian vetch and Danzig vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Vicia'', native to most of Europe, Turkey, the Levant, the Caucasus and Iran. Found in thermophilous oak forests, it also does well in ...
*''
Vicia cracca ''Vicia cracca'' (tufted vetch, cow vetch, bird vetch, blue vetch, boreal vetch), is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia. It occurs on other continents as an introduced species, includ ...
'' – tufted vetch *''
Vicia cuspidata ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Boiss. *''
Vicia cusnae ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' *''
Vicia cypria ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other ...
'' Unger & Kotschy *''
Vicia disperma ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' DC. (=''V. parviflora'' Loisel.) *''
Vicia dumetorum ''Vicia dumetorum'' is a species of legume in the vetch genus. Description ''Vicia dumetorum'' can reach a height of . This herbaceous perennial, erect plant is quite rare and variable. Leaves are pinnate, with 3-5 pairs of ovate leaflets, l ...
'' L. *'' Vicia ervilia'' – bitter vetch *''
Vicia esdraelonensis ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Warb. & Eig *''
Vicia faba ''Vicia faba'', commonly known as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Varieti ...
'' – fava bean, broad bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, bell bean, tic bean *''
Vicia galeata ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Boiss. *''
Vicia galilaea ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Plitmann & Zohary *''
Vicia gigantea ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Bunge *''
Vicia graminea ''Vicia graminea'' is a species of flowering plant in the vetch genus ''Vicia'', family Fabaceae. It is native to South America, where it has a meandering distribution in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, northeast Argentina, southern Brazil, ...
'' Sm. *''
Vicia grandiflora ''Vicia grandiflora'', commonly known as large yellow vetch and bigflower vetch, as well as large-flowered vetch, is a common herbaceous plant species in the family Fabaceae, which occurs as a native plant species in Europe and Asia, as well as ...
'' Scop. (=''V. kitaibeliana'') *''
Vicia hassei ''Vicia hassei'' is a species of vetch known by the common names Hasse's vetch and slender vetch. It is native to the west coast of North America from Oregon through California to Baja California, where it occurs in many types of coastal and in ...
'' S.Watson *'' Vicia hirsuta'' – hairy tare *''
Vicia hololasia ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Woronow *''
Vicia hulensis ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other ...
'' Plitmann *''
Vicia hybrida ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' L. *''
Vicia japonica ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' A.Gray *''
Vicia lathyroides ''Vicia lathyroides'' (spring vetch) is a plant species in the bean family Fabaceae.Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press. It is native to Europe and western Asia, and it is known on other continents ...
'' – spring vetch *''
Vicia lilacina ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Ledeb. *''
Vicia linearifolia ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Hook. & Arn. (=''V. parviflora'' Hook. & Arn.) *''
Vicia loiseleurii ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' (M.Bieb.) Litv. (=''V. pubescens'' ''sensu auct. fl. Cauc.'') *''
Vicia lutea ''Vicia lutea'' (yellow vetch, smooth yellow vetch) is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. Distribution It is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and it is known on other continents as an introduced spec ...
'' – yellow vetch *''
Vicia menziesii ''Vicia menziesii'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Hawaiian vetch. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Hawaii. It is threatened by habitat loss and exotic plan ...
'' Spreng. – Hawaiian vetch *''
Vicia minutiflora ''Vicia minutiflora'', commonly known as pygmyflower vetch or smallflower vetch, is a species of plant in the legume family. It is native to the Southeastern United States, where it is most often found in dry, open woodlands. It produces small ...
'' F.G. Dietr. – pygmyflower vetch *''
Vicia monantha ''Vicia monantha'', the barn vetch, is a species of annual herb in the family Fabaceae. They are climbers and have compound, broad leaves. Sources References {{Taxonbar, from=Q12200684 monantha Flora of Malta ...
'' Retz. – single-flowered vetch *''
Vicia nana ''Vicia nana'' is a flowering plant species in the genus '' Vicia'' found in South America. References External links * nana Nana, Nanna, Na Na or NANA may refer to: People and fictional characters * Nana (given name), including a li ...
'' Vogel *''
Vicia narbonensis ''Vicia narbonensis'', called Narbon bean, Narbon vetch, Narbonne vetch and moor's pea, is a widely distributed species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Madeira and the Mediterranean countries through to Central Asia an ...
'' L. – Narbon bean, moor's pea (=''V. serratifolia'' ''sensu auct. non'' Jacq.) *''
Vicia nigricans ''Vicia nigricans'' is a species of vetch known by the common name black vetch. It has a disjunct distribution, its two subspecies divided by thousands of miles in range. The northern subspecies, ssp. ''gigantea'' (giant vetch), is native to we ...
'' – black vetch **''Vicia nigricans'' ssp. ''gigantea'' (=''V. gigantea'' Hook.) – giant vetch *''
Vicia onobrychioides ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' L. *''
Vicia oroboides ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Wulfen *'' Vicia orobus'' DC. – upright vetch, wood bitter-vetch *''
Vicia palaestina ''Vicia palaestina'', the Palestine vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the eastern Mediterranean region; Greece, the Aegean Islands, Turkey, Cyprus, the Levant, Sinai, and Iraq. Carbonized remains of i ...
'' Boiss. *''
Vicia pannonica ''Vicia pannonica'' is a species of vetch known by the common name Hungarian vetch. It is native to southern, central Europe and western Asia, and it is sometimes cultivated as an agricultural crop for use as hay and fodder Fodder (), also ...
'' – Hungarian vetch *''
Vicia parviflora ''Vicia parviflora'', the slender vetch, is a species of annual herb in the family Fabaceae. They are climbers and have compound, broad leaves. Individuals can grow to 0.24 m. Sources References {{Taxonbar, from=Q50878051 parviflora
'' Cav. – slender vetch, slender tare (=''V. tenuissima'') *''
Vicia peregrina ''Vicia peregrina'', the wandering vetch, is a species of annual herb in the family Fabaceae. They are climbers and have compound, broad leaves. Individuals can grow to 0.32 m. Sources References {{Taxonbar, from=Q12200665 peregrina F ...
'' L. *''
Vicia pisiformis ''Vicia pisiformis'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Fabaceae. Its native range is Europe to Western Siberia Western Siberia or West Siberia (russian: Западная Сибирь, Zapadnaya Sibir'; kk, Батыс ...
'' L. – pea-flowered vetch *''
Vicia pseudo-orobus ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Fisch. & C. A. Mey. *''
Vicia pubescens ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other ...
'' (DC.) Link *''
Vicia pyrenaica ''Vicia pyrenaica'', known as Pyrenean vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia sativa'' – common vetch, narrow-leaved vetch, tare *''
Vicia sepium ''Vicia sepium'' or bush vetch is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. A nitrogen-fixing, perennial, leguminous climbing plant that grows in hedgerows, grasslands, the edges of woodland, roadsides and rough gro ...
'' – bush vetch *''
Vicia sericocarpa ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Fenzl *''
Vicia serratifolia ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Jacq. – French vetch (formerly in ''V. narbonensis'') *''
Vicia sylvatica ''Vicia sylvatica'' (syn. ''Ervilia sylvatica''), C. A. Stace, ''New Flora of the British Isles'', 4th edition 2019, p 171: ''Ervilia sylvatica''. . known as wood vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It was descr ...
'' L. – wood vetch *''
Vicia tenuifolia ''Vicia tenuifolia'', the fine-leaved vetch and cow vetch, as well as fodder vetch and bramble vetch, is a herbaceous perennial plant species in the family Fabaceae. This species grows widespread in Europe and some parts of both Asia and Africa ...
'' Roth. – fine-leaved vetch **''Vicia tenuifolia'' ssp. ''dalmatica'' (A.Kern.) Greuter (=''V. dalmatica'', ''V. tenuifolia'' ''sensu auct. non'' Roth.) *''
Vicia tetrasperma ''Vicia tetrasperma'' (syn. ''Ervum tetraspermum'') the smooth tare, smooth vetch, lentil vetch or sparrow vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae. It can be invasive. Description ''Vicia tetrasperma'' is an annual pl ...
'' – smooth tare, smooth vetch *''
Vicia tsydenii ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family ( Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some o ...
'' Malyschev *''
Vicia unijuga ''Vicia unijuga'', commonly called two-leaf vetch, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family. It is native to eastern Asia, where it is widespread, its range extending through China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan and Russia. It is very comm ...
'' A.Br. *'' Vicia villosa'' – hairy vetch, fodder vetch, winter vetch Plants formerly placed in ''Vicia'' include: *''
Lens nigricans A lens is a transmissive optical device which focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (''elements''), ...
'' (as ''V. nigricans'' (M.Bieb.) Janka)


Etymology

''Vicia'' means 'binder' in
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
; this was the name used by Pliny for vetch.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 401 The vetch is also referenced by
Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus (; 8 December 65 – 27 November 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace (), was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his ' ...
in his account of 'The town mouse and country mouse' as '' ervum.''Satires II.6, 117
/ref> This is said to be a source of comfort for the country mouse after a disturbing insight into urban life.


Notes


References

*


External links and further reading

*
''Vicia'' plant profiles
United States Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of comme ...

Mansfeld's database for cultivated plants
(search for ''Vicia'', 17 cultivated taxa listed) *FAO's Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspectiv

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q147337 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Fabaceae genera Forages