Vaiśeṣika Sūtra

''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' (Sanskrit: वैशेषिक सूत्र), also called ''Kanada sutra'', is an ancient Sanskrit text at the foundation of the Vaisheshika school of Hindu philosophy. The sutra was authored by the Hindu sage Kanada, also known as Kashyapa. According to some scholars, he flourished before the advent of Buddhism because the ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' makes no mention of Buddhism or Buddhist doctrines; however, the details of Kanada's life are uncertain, and the ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' was likely compiled sometime between 6th and 2nd century BCE, and finalized in the currently existing version before the start of the common era.

A number of scholars have commented on it since the beginning of common era; the earliest commentary known is the ''Padartha Dharma Sangraha'' of Prashastapada. Another important secondary work on ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' is Maticandra's ''Dasha padartha sastra'' which exists both in Sanskrit and its Chinese translation in 648 CE by Yuanzhuang.

The ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' is written in aphoristic sutras style, and presents its theories on the creation and existence of the universe using naturalistic atomism, applying logic and realism, and is one of the earliest known systematic realist ontology in human history. The text discusses motions of different kind and laws that govern it, the meaning of dharma, a theory of epistemology, the basis of Atman (self, soul), and the nature of yoga and moksha. The explicit mention of motion as the cause of all phenomena in the world and several propositions about it make it one of the earliest texts on physics.

Etymology

The name ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' (Sanskrit: वैशेषिक सूत्र) is derived from ''viśeṣa'', विशेष, which means "particularity", that is to be contrasted from "universality". The classes particularity and universality belong to different categories of experience.

Manuscripts

Till the 1950s, only one manuscript of ''Vaiseshika sutra'' was known and this manuscript was part of a bhasya by the 15th century Sankaramisra. Scholars had doubted its authenticity, given the inconsistencies in this manuscript and the quotes in other Hindu, Jaina and Buddhist literature claiming to be from the ''Vaisheshika Sutra''. In the 1950s and early 1960s, new manuscripts of ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' were discovered in distant parts of India, which were later identified as this Sutra. These newer manuscripts are quite different, more consistent with the historical literature, and suggests that, like other major texts and scriptures of Hinduism, ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' too suffered interpolations, errors in transmission and distortion over time. A critical edition of the ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' is now available.

Date

The ''Vaisheshika Sutras'' mention the doctrines of competing schools of Indian philosophy such as Samkhya and Mimamsa, but make no mention of Buddhism, which has led scholars in more recent publications to posit estimates of 6th to 2nd century BCE.

The critical edition studies of ''Vaisheshika Sutras'' manuscripts discovered after 1950, suggest that the text attributed to Kanada existed in a finalized form sometime between 200 BCE and the start of the common era, with the possibility that its key doctrines are much older. Multiple Hindu texts dated to the 1st and 2nd century CE, such as the ''Mahavibhasa'' and ''Jnanaprasthana'' from the Kushan Empire, quote and comment on Kanada's doctrines. Although the ''Vaisheshika Sutras'' makes no mention of the doctrines of Jainism and Buddhism, their ancient texts mention ''Vaisheshika Sutras'' doctrines and use its terminology, particularly Buddhism's Sarvastivada tradition, as well as the works of Nagarjuna.

Physics and philosophy

Physics is central to Kaṇāda's assertion that all that is knowable is based on motion. His ascribing centrality to physics in the understanding of the universe also follows from his invariance principles. For example, he says that the atom must be spherical since it should be the same in all dimensions. He asserts that all substances are composed of atoms, two of which have mass and two are massless.

The philosophy in ''Vaiseshika sutra'' is atomistic pluralism, states Jayatilleke. Its ideas are known for its contributions to "inductive inference", and often coupled with the "deductive logic" of the sister school of Hinduism called the Nyaya

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