Sebastiaen Vrancx, Sebastiaan Vrancx or Sebastian Vranckx (; 22 January 1573 – 19 May 1647) was a Flemish

Baroque painter Baroque painting is the painting associated with the Baroque cultural movement. The movement is often identified with Absolutism, the Counter Reformation and Catholic Revival, He was a gifted figure painter who was regularly invited to paint the

staffage In painting, staffage () are the human and animal figures depicted in a scene, especially a landscape, that are not the primary subject matter of the work. Typically they are small, and there to add an indication of scale and add interest. Before ...

in compositions of fellow painters. As an active member of a local

chamber of rhetoric Chambers of rhetoric ( nl, rederijkerskamers) were dramatic societies in the Low Countries. Their members were called Rederijkers (singular Rederijker), from the French word 'rhétoricien', and during the 15th and 16th centuries were mainly inte ...

, he wrote comedies and a number of poems. He was further captain of the Antwerp civil militia (schutterij).Frans Jozef Peter Van den Branden, ''Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche schilderschool'', Antwerpen, 1883, p. 469-474

Life

Sebastiaen Vrancx was baptized on 22 January 1573 in the St James Church in Antwerp. His father Jan was a merchant. His mother was Barbara Coutereau. Sorpresa de un convoy, por Sebastiaan Vrancx

Sorpresa de un convoy, por Sebastiaan Vrancx

He was an apprentice in the workshop of Adam van Noort, who was also the master of other prominent Antwerp painters such as

Peter Paul Rubens Sir Peter Paul Rubens (; ; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium). He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque traditio ...

Jacob Jordaens Jacob (Jacques) Jordaens (19 May 1593 – 18 October 1678) was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and tapestry designer known for his history paintings, genre scenes and portraits. After Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, he was the leading Fle ...

and

Hendrick van Balen Hendrick van Balen or Hendrick van Balen I (c. 1573–1575 in Antwerp – 17 July 1632 in Antwerp) was a Flemish Baroque painter and stained glass designer. Hendrick van Balen specialised in small cabinet pictures often painted on a copper ...

. It is believed that after finishing his apprenticeship, the artist visited Italy as he only became a master of the Antwerp

Guild of Saint Luke The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city guild for painters and other artists in early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries. They were named in honor of the Evangelist Luke, the patron saint of artists, who was ide ...

in 1600. He commenced his career in Antwerp and gained the recognition of his fellow artists. He was particularly esteemed as a painter of battle scenes and Peter Paul Rubens is known to have owned a battle scene by the artist. Sebastiaen Vrancx - Outdoor banquet

In 1610 he was invited to join the elite Confrerie of Romanists, a society of Antwerp

humanists Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. The meaning of the term "humani ...

and

artist An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse refers to a practitioner in the visual arts only. However, th ...

s. A condition of admission was that the member had travelled to Rome. The diversity and high positions held by the Confrerie's membership offered him a good opportunity to meet with potential patrons.Bert Timmermans. ''Patronen van patronage in het zeventiende-eeuwse Antwerpen: een elite als actor binnen een kunstwereld'', Amsterdam University Press, Antwerp, 2008, pp. 243–245 He was elected the dean of the painter's chamber of the Guild in 1611. Vrancx was a member and district head of the local civil militia from 1613 onwards and was in 1626 asked by the Antwerp mayor to serve a five-year term as the captain of the militia in return for a complete exemption from taxes and municipal services. The position entitled Vrancx to carry a sword. It was in a vigorous pose with a sword on his side that he was portrayed by

Anthony van Dyck Sir Anthony van Dyck (, many variant spellings; 22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Brabantian Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England after success in the Southern Netherlands and Italy. The seventh c ...

. Vrancx was a member of the

the

Violieren The Violieren (wallflower or gillyflower) was a chamber of rhetoric that dates back to the 15th century in Antwerp, when it was a social drama society with close links to the Guild of Saint Luke.A. A. Keersmaekers, ''Geschiedenis van de Antwerpse R ...

, which was linked to the Guild of Saint Luke. He was very active in the chamber of rhetoric and when he served as its ''factor'' he wrote about 13 comedies and a number of poems. Vrancx collaborated with

Jan Brueghel the Younger Jan Brueghel (also Bruegel or Breughel) the Younger (, ; ; 13 September 1601 – 1 September 1678) was a Flemish Baroque painter. He was the son of Jan Brueghel the Elder, and grandson of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, both prominent painters who c ...

and

Frans Francken II Frans is an Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish given name, sometimes as a short form of ''François''. One cognate of Frans in English is '' Francis''. Given name * Frans van Aarssens (1572–1641), Dutch diplo ...

on an ''emblem for the Violieren'' for which the Violieren obtained a first prize in 1618. Het Kranenhoofd aan de Schelde te Antwerpen Rijksmuseum SK-A-1699

Het Kranenhoofd aan de Schelde te Antwerpen Rijksmuseum SK-A-1699

Vrancx met with personal tragedy when his wife and sole child Barbara died a few months from each other in 1639. He himself died on 19 May 1647 in Antwerp. The pupils of Vrancx included

Peter Snayers Peter Snayers or Pieter Snayers (1592–1667) was a Flemish painter known for his panoramic battle scenes, depictions of cavalry skirmishes, attacks on villages, coaches and convoys and hunting scenes. (p. 241-243, v.1; plate 92, v.2)Hans V ...

who became a leading battle painter and Balthasar Courtois, whose work is virtually unknown.Sebastiaan Vrancx
at the

Netherlands Institute for Art History The Netherlands Institute for Art History or RKD (Dutch: RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis), previously Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie (RKD), is located in The Hague and is home to the largest art history center i ...

There is no clear view of the size of Vrancx' studio. In a letter of 1634,

wrote to his business partner in Seville that: 'Vrancx has plenty to do but refuses to employ studio assistants, which means that work takes a long time. He does not allow copies to be put into circulation'.Sebastian Vrancx, ''The Four Seasons''
at Christie's

Work

Sebastiaen Vrancx is now mainly known for his battle scenes, this was possibly inspired by him being a member of the citizens guard and the fencers guild since 1613. His subject matter was, however, much wider than solely battle scenes. He painted landscapes with mythological and religious scenes, allegories of the seasons and months, city views, banquet scenes, village scenes,

genre Genre () is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other for ...

scenes, Brueghelian scenes and even architectural paintings. He is also known for a series of drawings depicting scenes from Virgil's Aeneid.Louisa Wood Ruby, ''Sebastiaen Vrancx as Illustrator of Virgil's "Aeneid", in: Master Drawings, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 54–73 He also produced designs for the Antwerp printmakers and publishers.

War artist

Sebastiaen Vrancx was probably the first artist in the Northern or Southern Netherlands who created depictions of battle scenes. His experience as an officer and captain of the Antwerp civil militia may have played a role in his interest in developing this genre. Approximately half of his known works are devoted to military scenes. His first-hand experience in military matters likely inspired his treatment of the subject and supported his skill in the depiction of cavalry engagements and battles of the

Eighty Years' War The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt ( nl, Nederlandse Opstand) ( c.1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Refo ...

. Vrancx became a very influential figure in the development of this subject matter.Sebastiaen Vrancx, ''Soldiers on horseback plundering a village''
at Christie's Sebastiaan Vrancx - Battle of Vimpfen on 6 May 1622

Sebastiaan Vrancx - Battle of Vimpfen on 6 May 1622

From the period 1611–25, his style had developed so that his landscapes and the figures in them showed the clear-cut and determined handling of form characteristic of his mature style. He achieved greater control of the representation of space and of large and more complex groups of figures. In his mature later period from the 1630s onwards his compositions were characterized by more attenuated and pearly tonalities and a less compact but more dynamic execution of the trees. Vrancx's mature style further features complex figure groups engaging within vast landscapes. Sebastiaan Vrancx - The battle of Leckerbeetje

Sebastiaan Vrancx - The battle of Leckerbeetje

One of the subjects to which he returned regularly was that of the ''Battle between Lekkerbeetje and de Bréauté on the Heath of Vught''. The subject took its inspiration from an event that occurred on 5 February 1600 when an overly-confident young French commander by the name of Pierre de Bréauté was challenged to a duel by Spanish Cavalry Lieutenant Gerard van Houwelingen, known by his knickname Lekkerbeetje, after he supposedly claimed his own horsemen better than the Spaniard’s. The battle was fought on the Heath of Vught, a small wooded area near the town of Vught, between the town gallows and the mill. Each side had 21 horsemen armed with swords and pistols. Lekkerbeetje was killed at the start of the engagement with a single pistol shot. During the skirmish the French suffered a total of 19 fatalities. Pierre de Bréauté was caught and then killed by his opponents. The subject of this battle became so popular at the time because it celebrated the by then essentially defunct chivalric practice of duelling.Sebastiaen Vrancx. ''The Battle between Gerard Abramsz. van Houwelingen (known as ‘Lekkerbeetje’) and Pierre de Bréauté on the heath of Vaught''
at Philip Mould A subject matter closely related to the military scenes are his scenes of assaults by robbers on travelers and of soldiers plundering villages. An example is the ''Attack of Robbers'' (the

Hermitage Museum The State Hermitage Museum ( rus, Государственный Эрмитаж, r=Gosudarstvennyj Ermitaž, p=ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj ɪrmʲɪˈtaʂ, links=no) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is the list of ...

). The picture narrates a scene of travellers on horses attempting to ward off an attack of robbers. Many of his scenes of ambushes reflect the helplessness of the civilian victims.Sebastian Vrancx, ''A Landscape with a Convoy on a Wooded Track under Attack''
at Sphinx Fine Art Vrancx had various followers in the southern Netherlands including

Pieter Meulener Pieter Meulener or Peter Meulenaer ( Antwerp, baptised 18 February 1602 – Antwerp, 27 November 1654), Antwerp), was one of the leading Flemish painters of battle scenes in the mid-17th century. He also painted landscapes with genre scenes.< ...

, Jacques van der Wijen and

Adam Frans van der Meulen Adam Frans van der Meulen or Adam-François van der MeulenAdam Frans van der Meulen
at the

(a pupil of Vrancx) and later moved to France. In the northern Netherlands Vrancx’s influence can be seen clearly in the work of

Esaias van de Velde Esaias van de Velde (17 May 1587 (baptized) – 18 November 1630 (buried) ) was a Dutch landscape painter. Biography He was born in Amsterdam, where his Flemish father Hans had fled as a Protestant in 1585. He probably studied under his fath ...

and

Pauwels van Hillegaert Pauwels van Hillegaert (1596–1640) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of landscapes and military scenes. Biography Pauwels was christened on 29 July 1596 in Amsterdam. His parents were Francois van Hillegaert and Janneke Spierinx. He married Anne ...

. Vrancx’s cavalry scenes remained conservative, comparable with those by

Antonio Tempesta Antonio Tempesta, also called il Tempestino (1555 – 5 August 1630), was an Italian painter and engraver, whose art acted as a point of connection between Baroque Rome and the culture of Antwerp. Much of his work depicts major battles and his ...

The four seasons

Vrancx created various series of paintings representing the Four Seasons or the Months of the Year. In these allegorical pictures each month or season is characterized by the varying phases of the landscape and the associated human activities. These paintings were very popular in Flemish painting in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.Sebastiaen Vrancx, ''Allegories of the Seasons''
at Sotheby's

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder (, ; ; – 9 September 1569) was the most significant artist of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so-called genr ...

founded the genre as an independent category of painting with his influential cycle of the Months painted for the home of his patron Nicolaes Jongelinck. Series of twelve panels of individual months, of six panels each representing two months, as well as sets of the four seasons were produced by a number of artists. In a set of the ''Four Seasons'' (auctioned at Christie's on 9 July 2015, London, lot 28) Sebastiaen Vrancx incorporated a number of stock motifs and charming details into the landscapes to represent the seasons. ''Spring'' shows an elegant boating party engaged in courtly love and peasants tending gardens, herding sheep and bleaching cloth. ''Summer'' offers a panoramic view of labourers at work, picnicking and bathing in a nearby pond during the harvest. ''Autumn'' is set in a farm courtyard where workers are busy picking apples and delivering bags full of harvested grapes to be pressed. ''Winter'' is set in a snow-blanketed hamlet on the outskirts of a walled city, with carnival revellers and ice skaters on a frozen moat.

Genre paintings

Sebastiaen Vrancx - A view of Antwerp by night with elegant figures on their way to a masquerade

Sebastiaen Vrancx started his career in Italy by painting

Mannerist Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, ...

cabinet-sized Biblical scenes that are reminiscent of

Paul Bril Paul Bril (1554 – 7 October 1626) was a Flemish painter and printmaker principally known for his landscapes.Nicola Courtright. "Paul Bril." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 26 September 2016 He spent most of ...

and

Jan Brueghel the Elder Jan Brueghel (also Bruegel or Breughel) the Elder (, ; ; 1568 – 13 January 1625) was a Flemish painter and draughtsman. He was the son of the eminent Flemish Renaissance painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder. A close friend and frequent collabora ...

. After returning to his home country he turned to

subjects. He created a number of village and city scenes. Some scenes depicted masked persons and may have been based on his experience as a writer for, and actor in, plays produced by the chamber of rhetoric. An example is ''A view of Antwerp by night with elegant figures on their way to a masquerade'' (at Christie's on 23–24 June 2015, Amsterdam lot 45). In this night scene Vrancx was able to capture the effects of moonlight and torchlight. The nocturnal ambiance is made palpable with naturalistic and keenly observed scenes such as the two cats in the centre shown as mere silhouettes and about to attack each other. The composition demonstrates his attention for the attire of the figures, an interest also reflected in Vrancx' designs for a series of prints by

Pieter de Jode I Petrus, or Pieter de Jode I or Pieter de Jode the Elder (1570 – 9 August 1634), was a Flemish printmaker, draughtsman, publisher and painter active principally active in Antwerp. He was active as a reproductive artist who created many prints a ...

, which depict the dresses of various countries known as the ''Variarum Gentium Ornatus''.Sebastiaan Vrancx, ''A view of Antwerp by night with elegant figures on their way to a masquerade''
at Christie's He also painted the composition ''Uniformed monkeys and cats'' which falls into the genre of the

singerie ''Singerie'' is the name given to a visual arts genre depicting monkeys imitating human behavior, often fashionably attired, intended as a diverting sight, always with a gentle cast of mild satire. The term is derived from the French word for "Mo ...

, which shows representations of monkeys engaging in human activities. In this genre the monkeys were often dressed in costumes which added comedy to the 'aping' by the monkeys of a specific human action (often vices) or occupation.

Architectural painting

Sebastiaen Vrancx - The interior of the Sint-Jacobskerk, Antwerp

Vrancx collaborated with the architectural painter

Pieter Neefs the Elder Pieter Neefs the Elder or Pieter Neeffs the Elder (c. 1578 in Antwerp – after 1656 before 1661 in Antwerp) was a Flemish painter who specialized in architectural interiors of churches. Active in Antwerp, he was influenced by the works of the D ...

. He added staffage to Neefs' church interiors. An example is the ''Interior of the Jesuit church of Antwerp'' (

Kunsthistorisches Museum The Kunsthistorisches Museum ( "Museum of Art History", often referred to as the "Museum of Fine Arts") is an art museum in Vienna, Austria. Housed in its festive palatial building on the Vienna Ring Road, it is crowned with an octagonal do ...

, Vienna). Neefs is considered to be a representative of the Antwerp school of architectural painting. Typical for the style was the use of a rigid linear perspective which offered a view directly down the nave of the church. Vrancx produced himself architectural paintings of church interiors. An example is the ''Interior of the Saint James Church in Antwerp'' (at Christie's on 14 April 2016, New York lot 108). Vrancx' composition depicts the lofty, light-filled interior of the Saint James Church in Antwerp, where a priest is giving a sermon to the masses while elegantly dressed onlookers walk around the aisle. He used a predominantly neutral palette to which he added carefully placed touches of cardinal red to bold effect, from the case of the hourglass perched on the priest's pulpit to the brilliant cape and stockings of the gentleman in the central foreground who serves as the painting's visual anchor. At the right a man holding a plumed hat and in lavender attire is leaning against the base of a column at right. He is gazing directly at the viewer with bemused confidence. The figure may be a self-portrait as he bears a strong resemblance to

's portrait of the artist.Sebastiaen Vrancx, ''The interior of the Sint-Jacobskerk, Antwerp''
at Sotheby's This composition does not use the rigid linear perspective view directly down the nave of the church, which was common in the works of the church painters of the Antwerp school.

Collaborations

Jan Brueghel (I) and Sebastian Vrancx - Assault on a Convoy

He worked with a number of other painters in Antwerp, such as

David Vinckboons David Vinckboons (baptized 13 August 1576 – c.1632 ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter born in Mechelen, Southern Netherlands. Vinckboons, whose name is often spelled as Vingboons, Vinghboons, Vinckebonis or Vinckboom, had at least ten chil ...

, Rubens,

Frans Francken the Younger Frans Francken the Younger (1581 in Antwerp, 1581 – 6 May 1642, in Antwerp) was a Flemish painter who created altarpieces and furniture panels and gained his reputation chiefly through his small and delicate cabinet pictures with historical, m ...

, van Balen,

Frans Snyders Frans Snyders or Frans Snijders (11 November 1579, Antwerp – 19 August 1657, Antwerp) was a Flemish painter of animals, hunting scenes, market scenes and still lifes. He was one of the earliest specialist animaliers and he is credited with ...

and Joos de Momper the Younger. An example of a collaboration with Jan Brueghel the Elder is ''Assault on a Convoy'' (

) in which Vrancx painted the figures in the landscape created by Brueghel.

Drawings

A series of 65 drawings recounting incidents in the Aeneid have been attributed to Sebastiaen Vrancx. Of these, 59 were part of a private collection until they were auctioned off at Drouot, Paris on 9 October 1981. Some of these drawings are now in the collection of major museums, including the

Plantin-Moretus Museum The Plantin-Moretus Museum ( nl, Plantin-Moretusmuseum) is a printing museum in Antwerp, Belgium which focuses on the work of the 16th-century printers Christophe Plantin and Jan Moretus. It is located in their former residence and printing esta ...

, the

Fogg Art Museum The Harvard Art Museums are part of Harvard University and comprise three museums: the Fogg Museum (established in 1895), the Busch-Reisinger Museum (established in 1903), and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum (established in 1985), and four research ...

, the

Yale University Art Gallery The Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG) is the oldest university art museum in the Western Hemisphere. It houses a major encyclopedic collection of art in several interconnected buildings on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. ...

, the

Morgan Library & Museum The Morgan Library & Museum, formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library, is a museum and research library in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is situated at 225 Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th S ...

, the

Metropolitan Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

and the

Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...

Sebastiaen Vrancx - Fame Announces the Union of Dido and Aeneas

The drawings are dated to around 1615, or possibly a later date, about 1625–1630. Most of the scenes represented occupy the upper half of the sheet, the lower half being reserved for the text from the Aeneid. The upper part has been cut off in some drawings leaving only the illustration. Whatever the case, the different compositions present a similar size. The handwritten narration is a Dutch translation of Virgil. It is not known if the translation was made by Vrancx himself. The translation was probably meant to be published and the illustrations engraved, but the project was apparently never carried out.The Musée Plantin-Moretus Acquires Ten Drawings by Vrancx
at the Art Tribune In the Aeneid cycle drawings, Vrancx did not individualise the facial features. It is only through the actions in which the figures are involved that it is possible to identify them. Vrancx used short, angular strokes to outline the main elements in each scene.

Notes

Pieter de Jode I after Sebastian Vrancx - Variarum Gentium Ornatus - Flemish fashion

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Vrancx, Sebastiaen Flemish Baroque painters Flemish landscape painters Flemish war artists Flemish genre painters 17th-century war artists Painters from Antwerp 1573 births 1647 deaths