''Vorwärts!'' (, ''Forward!'') was a biweekly newspaper published in Paris from January to December 1844. The journal was seen as "the most radical" in contemporary Europe. The newspaper circulation was about a thousand copies. It had a subtitle ''Pariser Signale aus Kunst, Wissenschaft, Theater, Musik, Literatur und geselligem Leben'' (Paris signals from the arts, science, theater, music, literature and social life). From 3 July 1844 the title changed to ''Vorwärts. Pariser Deutsche Zeitschrift'' (Forward. Paris German journal). The journal was sponsored by the composer

Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Meyer Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart and Richard Wa ...

and edited by Karl Ludwig Bernays. The publisher of the journal was Heinrich Börnstein (Henry Boernstein). It was the only uncensored radical paper in the German language published in contemporary Europe. The journal published many polemicists, such as

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; ; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was an outstanding poet, writer, and literary criticism, literary critic of 19th-century German Romanticism. He is best known outside Germany for his ...

, Georg Herwegh,

Mikhail Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin. Sometimes anglicized to Michael Bakunin. ( ; – 1 July 1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist. He is among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major figure in the revolutionary socialist, s ...

and

Arnold Ruge Arnold Ruge (; 13 September 1802 – 31 December 1880) was a German philosopher and political writer. He was the older brother of Ludwig Ruge. Studies in university and prison Born in Bergen auf Rügen, he studied at Halle, Jena and Heidelberg. ...

, many of them German political emigres to France,. Collaborators also included

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ;"Engels"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.Georg Weerth and Georg Weber. One of those who wrote for it was

Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet '' The Communist Manifesto'' (written with Friedrich Engels) ...

; he would have an increasingly important role in editing the journal, particularly from the summer of 1844. Marx and many others joined Vorwärts! after the closure of '' Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher''. Many of the activists associated with the paper were also related to the German revolutionary socialist group known as the Communist League. One of Heine's well-known works, "

The Silesian Weavers "The Silesian Weavers" (also: Weaver-song) is a poem by Heinrich Heine written in 1844. It is exemplary of the political poetry of the Vormärz movement. It is about the misery of the Silesian weavers, who in 1844 ventured an uprising against e ...

", premiered in ''Vorwärts!''. The newspaper was critical of the situation in

Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...

and was closed in January 1845 after the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, protested at the "outrageous insults and libels" published in the newspaper to the French king,

Louis Philippe Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his throne ...

. Marx was expelled from France as part of the resulting commotion, Bernays was imprisoned for two months, and Boernstein made a deal with the authorities.

References

;Footnotes

External links

Articles by Marx and Engels in ''Vorwärts!''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vorwarts! 1844 establishments in France 1844 disestablishments in France Defunct newspapers published in France Defunct German-language newspapers published in Europe Newspapers published in Paris Newspapers established in 1844 Publications disestablished in 1844 Socialist newspapers Defunct biweekly newspapers Daily newspapers published in France