''Vorwärts!'' (, ''Forward!'') was a biweekly newspaper published in Paris from January to December 1844. The journal was seen as "the most radical" in contemporary Europe. The newspaper circulation was about a thousand copies. It had a subtitle ''Pariser Signale aus Kunst, Wissenschaft, Theater, Musik, Literatur und geselligem Leben'' (Paris signals from the arts, science, theater, music, literature and social life). From 3 July 1844 the title changed to ''Vorwärts. Pariser Deutsche Zeitschrift'' (Forward. Paris German journal). The journal was sponsored by the composer

Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner". With his 1831 opera ''Robert le di ...

and edited by

Karl Ludwig Bernays Karl Ludwig Bernays (November 21, 1815 – June 22, 1876), baptized Ferdinand Cölestin Bernays and also known as Charles Louis Bernays, was a German journalist and associate of Karl Marx. Emigrating to the United States in the late 1840s, he ...

. The publisher of the journal was

Heinrich Börnstein Henry Boernstein n Europe, Heinrich Börnstein(November 4, 1805 – September 10, 1892) was a German revolutionary who served as the publisher of the ''Anzeiger des Westens'' in St. Louis, Missouri, the oldest German newspaper west of the M ...

(Henry Boernstein). It was the only uncensored radical paper in the German language published in contemporary Europe. The journal published many polemicists, such as

Heinrich Heine Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; born Harry Heine; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) was a German poet, writer and literary critic. He is best known outside Germany for his early lyric poetry, which was set to music in the form of '' Lied ...

Georg Herwegh Georg Friedrich Rudolph Theodor Herwegh (31 May 1817 – 7 April 1875) was a German poet,Herwegh, Georg, The Columbia Encyclopedia (2008) who is considered part of the Young Germany movement. Biography He was born in Stuttgart on 31 May 1817, th ...

Mikhail Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (; 1814–1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary ...

and

Arnold Ruge Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 – 31 December 1880) was a German philosopher and political writer. He was the older brother of Ludwig Ruge. Studies in university and prison Born in Bergen auf Rügen, he studied in Halle, Jena and Heidelberg. ...

, many of them German political emigres to France,. Collaborators also included

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' Georg Weerth Georg Ludwig Weerth (17 February 1822 – 30 July 1856) was a German writer and poet. Weerth's poems celebrated the solidarity of the working class in its fight for liberation from exploitation and oppression. He was a friend and companio ...

and Georg Weber. One of those who wrote for it was

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

; he would have an increasingly important role in editing the journal, particularly from the summer of 1844. Marx and many others joined Vorwärts! after the closure of '' Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher''. Many of the activists associated with the paper were also related to the German revolutionary socialist group known as the

Communist League The Communist League (German: ''Bund der Kommunisten)'' was an international political party established on 1 June 1847 in London, England. The organisation was formed through the merger of the League of the Just, headed by Karl Schapper, and the ...

. One of Heine's well-known works, "

The Silesian Weavers "The Silesian Weavers" (also: Weaver-song) is a poem by Heinrich Heine written in 1844. It is exemplary of the political poetry of the Vormärz movement. It is about the misery of the Silesian weavers, who in 1844 ventured an uprising against expl ...

", premiered in ''Vorwärts!''. The newspaper was critical of the situation in

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...

and was closed in January 1845 after the Prussian king,

Friedrich Wilhelm IV Frederick William IV (german: Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 October 17952 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 7 June 1840 to his death on 2 January 1861. Also referred to ...

, protested at the "outrageous insults and libels" published in the newspaper to the French king,

Louis Philippe Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...

. Marx was expelled from France as part of the resulting commotion, Bernays was imprisoned for two months, and Boernstein made a deal with the authorities.

References

;Footnotes

External links

Articles by Marx and Engels in ''Vorwärts!''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vorwarts! 1844 establishments in France 1844 disestablishments in France Defunct newspapers published in France German-language newspapers published in Europe Newspapers published in Paris Publications established in 1844 Publications disestablished in 1844 Socialist newspapers Biweekly newspapers Daily newspapers published in France