Volksjäger

The Heinkel He 162 ''Volksjäger'' (German, "People's Fighter") was a German single-engine, jet-powered fighter aircraft fielded by the Luftwaffe in World War II. Developed under the Emergency Fighter Program, it was designed and built quickly and made primarily of wood as metals were in very short supply and prioritised for other aircraft. ''Volksjäger'' was the Reich Air Ministry's official name for the government design program competition won by the He 162 design. Other names given to the plane include ''Salamander'', which was the codename of its wing-construction program, and ''Spatz'' ("Sparrow"), which was the name given to the plane by the Heinkel aviation firm.

The aircraft was notable for its small size; although almost the same length as a Bf 109, its wing was much shorter at vs. for the 109. Most distinctive was its top-mounted engine, which combined with the aircraft's ground-hugging landing gear allowed the engine to be easily accessed for maintenance. This made bailing out of the aircraft without hitting the engine difficult, and the He 162 is thus also notable as the first single-engine aircraft to mount an ejection seat in an operational setting. The small size left little room for fuel, which combined with the inefficient engine resulted in very low endurance on the order of 20 minutes, and it only had room to mount two autocannons, making it quite underarmed for the era.

A series of fatal accidents during testing required a series of refinements that delayed the program, but the aircraft eventually emerged in January 1945 as an excellent light fighter. Although production lines were set up and deliveries began, the state of Germany by that time made the effort pointless. Of just less than 1,000 examples on the assembly lines, only about 120 were delivered to the airfields and most of those never flew, usually due to shortages of parts, fuel, and pilots. Small numbers were used in development squadrons and these ultimately saw combat in a few cases during April 1945, yet the He 162 also proved to be quite dangerous to its own pilots as its tiny fuel load led to a number of aircraft crashing off field, while additional losses were attributed to structural failure.

Production was still ongoing when the conflict ended in May 1945. Numerous aircraft were captured by the Allied forces along with ample supplies of parts from the production lines. Eric Brown flew one just after the war and considered it a first-rate aircraft with few vices. Several He 162s have been preserved in museum collections around the world.

Development

State of the Luftwaffe fighter arm

Through 1943 the U.S. 8th Air Force and German ''Luftwaffe'' entered a period of rapid evolution as both forces attempted to gain an advantage. Having lost too many fighters to the bombers' defensive guns, the Germans invested in a series of heavy weapons that allowed them to attack from outside the American guns' effective range. The addition of heavy cannons like the 30mm calibre MK 108, and even heavier ''Bordkanone'' autoloading weapons in 37mm and 50mm calibres on their ''Zerstörer'' heavy fighters, and the spring-1943 adoption of the '' Werfer-Granate 21'' unguided rockets, gave the German single and twin-engined defensive fighters a degree of firepower never seen previously by Allied fliers. Meanwhile, the single-engine aircraft like specially equipped Fw 190As added armor to protect their pilots from Allied bombers' defensive fire, allowing them to approach to distances where their heavy weapons could be used with some chance of hitting the bombers. All of this added greatly to the weight being carried by both the single and twin-engine fighters, seriously affecting their performance.

When the 8th Air Force re-opened its bombing campaign in early 1944 with the Big Week offensive, the bombers returned to the skies with the long-range P-51 Mustang in escort. Unencumbered with the heavy weapons needed to down a bomber, the Mustangs (and longer-ranged versions of other aircraft) were able to fend off the ''Luftwaffe'' with relative ease. The ''Luftwaffe'' responded by changing tactics, forming in front of the bombers and making a single pass through the formations, giving the defense little time to react. The 8th Air Force responded with a change of its own; after Major General Jimmy Doolittle ordered the fighters to enter German airspace far ahead of the bomber formations and roam freely over Germany to hit the Luftwaffe's defensive fighters wherever they could be found.

This change in tactics resulted in a sudden increase in the rate of irreplaceable losses to the Luftwaffe day fighter force, as their heavily laden aircraft were "bounced" long before reaching the bombers. Within weeks, many of their aces were dead, along with hundreds of other pilots, and the training program could not replace their casualties quickly enough. The Luftwaffe put up little fight during the summer of 1944, allowing the Allied landings in France to go almost unopposed from the air. With few planes coming up to fight, Allied fighters were let loose on the German airbases, railways and truck traffic. Logistics soon became a serious problem for the Luftwaffe, as maintaining aircraft in fighting condition became almost impossible. Getting enough fuel was even more difficult because of a devastating campaign against German petroleum industry targets.

Origins

Addressing this posed a considerable problem for the Luftwaffe. Two camps quickly developed, both demanding the immediate introduction of large numbers of jet fighter aircraft. One group, led by General Adolf Galland, the Inspector of Fighters, reasoned that superior numbers had to be countered with superior technology, and demanded that all possible effort be put into increasing the production of the Messerschmitt Me 262 in its A-1a fighter version, even if that meant reducing production of other aircraft in the meantime.

The second group pointed out that this would likely do little to address the problem; the Me 262 had notoriously unreliable powerplants and landing gear, and the existing logistics problems would mean there would merely be more of them on the ground waiting for parts that would never arrive, or for fuel that was not available.Forsyth 2016, p. 8. Instead, they suggested that a new design be built – one so inexpensive that if a machine was damaged or worn out, it could simply be discarded and replaced with a fresh plane straight off the assembly line.Forsyth 2016, p. 7. Thus was born the concept of the "throwaway fighter".

Galland and several other Luftwaffe senior officers expressed their vehement opposition to the light fighter concept,Dorr 2013, p. 153. while ''Reichsmarschall'' Hermann Göring and Armaments Minister Albert Speer fully supported the idea. Göring and Speer got their way; accordingly, a contract tender to supply a single-engine jet fighter that was suited for cheap and rapid mass production was established under the name ''Volksjäger'' ("People's Fighter").

Volksjäger

The official RLM ''Volksjäger'' design competition parameters specified a single-seat fighter, powered by a single BMW 003,Christopher 2013, p. 145.LePage 2009, p. 38. a slightly lower-thrust engine not in demand for either the Me 262 or the Ar 234, already in service. The main structure of the ''Volksjäger'' competing airframe designs would use cheap and unsophisticated parts made of wood and other non-strategic materials and, more importantly, could be assembled by semi- and non-skilled labor, including slave labor.Dorr 2013, p. 152.

The specification stipulated various performance requirements, including a maximum weight of , a maximum speed of 750 km/h (470 mph) at sea level, an operational endurance at least a half hour, while the takeoff distance was to be no greater than 500 m (1,640 ft).Forsyth 2016, pp. 8-9. Provisions for armour plating in areas such as the fuel tanks and around the pilot were also to be made, however, manufacturers were also asked to provide detail on the aircraft's performance both with and without armour installed. The armament was specified as either a pair of MG 151/20 cannons with 100 rounds each, or two MK 108 cannons with 50 rounds each.Forsyth 2016, p. 10.

Furthermore, the ''Volksjäger'' needed to be easy to fly. Some officials, such as Artur Axmann and Karl Saur, suggested even glider or student pilots should be able to fly the jet effectively in combat and, had the ''Volksjäger'' achieved widespread use, this would have been a likely occurrence.Forsyth 2016, pp. 17-18. After the war, Ernst Heinkel would say, " heunrealistic notion that this plane should be a 'people's fighter,' in which the Hitler Youth, after a short training regimen with clipped-wing two-seater gliders like the DFS ''Stummel-Habicht'', could fly for the defense of Germany, displayed the unbalanced fanaticism of those days."Heath 2022, p. 223. The clipped-wingspan DFS Habicht models had varying wingspans of both or , and were used to prepare more experienced ''Luftwaffe'' pilots for the dangerous Me 163B ''Komet'' rocket fighter – the same sort of training approach would also be used for the Hitler Youth aviators chosen to fly the ''Volksjäger''.Forsyth 2016, pp. 7-8.

On 8 September 1944, the requirement was issued to industry;LePage 2009, p. 244.Dorr 2013, p. 151. bidders were required to submit their basic designs within ten days while quantity production of the aircraft was to commence by 1 January 1945.Forsyth 2016, p. 9. Because the winner of the new lightweight fighter design competition would be building huge numbers of the planes, nearly every German aircraft manufacturer expressed interest in the project, such as Blohm & Voss, and Focke-Wulf, whose Focke-Wulf Volksjäger 1 design contender, likewise meant for BMW 003 turbojet power bore a resemblance to their slightly later Ta 183 ''Huckebein'' jet fighter design. However, Heinkel had already been working on a series of "paper projects" for light single-engine fighters over the last year under the designation P.1073, with most design work being completed by Professor Benz, and had gone so far as to build and test several models and conduct some wind tunnel testing.Forsyth 2016, pp. 9-10.

As Heinkel had a head start on its design, some officials believed that the outcome was a largely foregone conclusion.Forsyth 2016, p. 10. Nevertheless, many companies opted to produce responses; some of these competing designs were technically superior (in particular to the Blohm & Voss P 211 proposal). Messerschmitt did not submit any design, the company's founder, Willy Messerschmitt, dismissed the ''Volksjäger'' concept to be a delusional failure.Forsyth 2016, p. 11. During October 1944, the competition's results were announced, only three weeks following the requirement being issued; to little surprise, Heinkel's submission was selected for production.Forsyth 2016, p. 15. In order to confuse Allied intelligence, the RLM chose to reuse the 8-162 airframe designation (formerly that of a Messerschmitt fast bomber);Sharp 2020, p. 16. Heinkel had reportedly requested another designation, ''He 500'', for the aircraft.Sharp 2020, p. 178.Forsyth 2016, p. 22.

Design

Heinkel had carried out some design work of a new twin-engine fighter with one engine placed on top of the aircraft and another under the nose, the highest point on the bottom of the fuselage. For the single-engine development, he removed the lower engine and repositioned the remaining upper engine just aft of the cockpit and centered directly over the wing's center section.Sharp 2020, pp. 177–178. This arrangement simplified the overall balance of the aircraft, while also placing the engine in a convenient point for removal as it could be removed upward with a small crane. The need for a crane to be present at every airfield that the aircraft would operate from was a point of contention of the aircraft from Heinkel's rivals.Forsyth 2016, p. 14.

One consequence of the aircraft's basic configuration was that the jet exhaust would pass directly over the upper rear fuselage and the tail area. For this reason, the tail was constructed with two small vertical stabilizers positioned to either side of the exhaust's path, and the horizontal elevator mounted below it. The horizontal section had considerable dihedral at 14º, raising the vertical stabilizers inline with the wing.

The aircraft's relatively compact wing was mounted relatively high on the fuselage and was attached using four bolts. The leading edge was straight while the trailing edge had a significant forward sweep. It was not possible to remove the wing without first removing the engine, an arrangement that would have hindered routine maintenance of the aircraft. The combination of the engine being directly above the pilot and the wings on either side would make a conventional bailout very risky, so the aircraft was designed from the start to feature an ejection seat akin to the one used in the Heinkel He 219 night fighter.

The main landing gear retracted into the fuselage below the wing and were of the tricycle layout.Dorr 2013, p. 150. Heinkel had significant previous experience with this layout on earlier designs including the Heinkel He 280,Christopher 2013, p. 58.Sharp 2020, p. 72. however, this was the first of their designs to use this layout from the start. A small window in the lower cockpit between the rudder pedals allowed the pilot to visually check whether the gear was down. Partly due to the late-war period it was designed within, some of the He 162's landing gear components were "recycled" existing landing gear components from a contemporary German military aircraft to save development time: the main landing gear's oleo struts and wheel/brake units came from the Messerschmitt Bf 109K, as well as the double-acting hydraulic cylinders, one per side, used to raise and lower each maingear leg.

Prototypes

The He 162 V1 first prototype flew within an astoundingly short period of time: the design was chosen on 25 September 1944 and first flew on 6 December,Forsyth 2016, pp. 24-25. less than 90 days later. This was despite the fact that the factory in Wuppertal making Tego film plywood glue â€” used in a substantial number of late-war German aviation designs whose airframes and/or major airframe components were meant to be constructed mostly from wood â€” had been bombed by the Royal Air Force and a replacement had to be quickly substituted, without realizing that the replacement adhesive was highly acidic and would disintegrate the wooden parts it was intended to be fastening.Dorr 2013, p. 156.

The first flight of the He 162 V1, by ''Flugkapitän'' Gotthold Peter – the first German jet fighter aircraft design to be jet-powered from its maiden flight onward – was fairly successful, but during a high-speed run at 840 km/h (520 mph), the highly acidic replacement glue attaching the nose gear strut door failed and the pilot was forced to land. Other problems were noted as well, notably a pitch instability and problems with sideslip due to the rudder design.Forsyth 2016, pp. 25-29. None were considered important enough to hold up the production schedule for even a day. On a second flight on 10 December, again with Peter at the controls, in front of various Nazi officials, the glue again caused a structural failure. This allowed the aileron to separate from the wing, causing the plane to roll over and crash, killing Peter.Sharp 2020, p. 18.

An investigation into the failure revealed that the wing structure had to be strengthened and some redesign was needed, as the glue bonding required for the wood parts was in many cases defective. However, the schedule was so tight that testing was forced to continue with the current design. Speeds were limited to 500 km/h (310 mph) when the second prototype flew on 22 December. This time, the stability problems proved to be more serious, and were found to be related to phenomenon known as Dutch roll.Sharp 2020, p. 155.
While this tendency could be resolved by reducing the dihedral, however, as the He 162 was supposed to enter production within weeks, there was no time to implement major design changes. Instead, a number of small changes were made, such as the addition of lead ballast in the nose to move the centre of gravity towards the front of the aircraft while the tail surfaces were also slightly increased in size. Despite these measures, some figures, such as Alexander Lippisch, declared the flying characteristics of the He 162 to be unsuitable for inexperienced pilots.Sharp 2020, p. 311.

The third and fourth prototypes, which used an "M" for "Muster" (model) number instead of "V" for "Versuchs" (experimental) number, as the He 162 M3 and M4, after being fitted with the strengthened wings, flew in mid-January 1945.Sharp 2020, p. 11.Forsyth 2016, pp. 30-32. These versions also included – as possibly the pioneering example of their use on a production-line, military jet aircraft – small, anhedraled aluminium "drooped" wingtips, reportedly designed by Alexander Lippisch and known in German as ''Lippisch-Ohren'' ("Lippisch Ears"), in an attempt to cure the stability problems via effectively "decreasing" the main wing panels' marked three degree dihedral angle. Both prototypes were equipped with two 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the He 162 A-1 anti-bomber variant; in testing, the recoil from these guns proved to be too much for the lightweight fuselage to handle, and plans for production turned to the A-2 fighter with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons instead while a redesign for added strength started as the A-3. The shift to 20 mm guns was also undertaken because the smaller-calibre weapons would allow a much greater amount of ammunition to be carried.

The He 162 was originally built with the intention of being flown by the Hitler Youth, as the Luftwaffe was fast running out of pilots. However, the aircraft's complexity required more experienced pilots. Both a standard-fuselage length, unarmed BMW 003E-powered two-seat version (with the rear pilot's seat planned to have a ventral access hatch to access the cockpit) and an unpowered two-seat glider version, designated the He 162S (''Schulen''), were developed for training purposes.Forsyth 2016, p. 51. Only a small number were built, and even fewer delivered to the sole He 162 Hitler Youth training unit to be activated (in March 1945) at an airbase at Sagan. The unit was in the process of formation when the war ended, and did not begin any training; it is doubtful that more than one or two He 162S gliders ever took to the air.

Various changes had raised the weight over the original 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) limit, but even at 2,800 kg (6,170 lb), the He 162 was still among the fastest aircraft in the air with a maximum airspeed of at sea level and at ,Christopher 2013, p. 146. but could reach at sea level and at using short burst extra thrust. The short flight duration of barely 30 minutes was due to only having a single 695-litre (183 US gallon) capacity flexible-bladder fuel tank in the fuselage directly under the engine's intake. The original ''Baubeschreibung'' document submittal for the He 162 dated mid-October 1944 showed a pair of fuel tanks for the original version of the ''Spatz's'' airframe as-designed: a single, smaller capacity 640 litre (169 US gal) fuselage main tank in approximately the same location as the later 695 litre tank was placed, with an additional wing centre-section tank just above and behind it, never produced for the production run, of some 325 litres (86 US gal) feeding by gravity into the main fuselage tank. The A-2 version, in some examples (as the one flown by RN Captain Eric Brown postwar) had an emplacement of a pair of "impregnated" 180 litre (47.5 US gal) wing tanks, one built into each inner wing panel, within the first four wing ribs out from the root and between the spars, that fed into the main 695 litre fuselage tank in a similar manner to what the earlier 325 litre center-section tank had been proposed to do; but were themselves ungauged, their exhaustion of fuel only marked when the main fuel gauge began to fall during flight. The production He 162A-2 was armed with a pair of 20mm MG 151/20 cannon.Dorr 2013, p. 159.

Multiple facilities were engaged in the production of the He 162, including the assembly lines in Salzburg, the Hinterbrühl, and the Mittelwerk.Dorr 2013, pp. 154-155. By April 1945, it had been anticipated that output would reach 1,000 aircraft per month, which was double the rate achieved when the Mittelwerk plant commenced deliveries. Furthermore, the Air Ministry expected that production were rise even beyond this figure in order to produce sufficient fighter coverage.LePage 2009, p. 267.Sharp 2020, p. 179.

Operational history

During January 1945, the Luftwaffe formed an '' Erprobungskommando 162'' ("Test Unit 162") evaluation group to which the first 46 aircraft were delivered. The group was based at the Luftwaffe main test center, or ''Erprobungsstelle'' at Rechlin.

In February, deliveries of the He 162 commenced to its first operational unit, I./JG 1 (1st Group of ''Jagdgeschwader'' 1 ''Oesau'' â€” "1st Fighter Wing"), which had previously flown the Focke-Wulf Fw 190A. I./JG 1 was transferred to Parchim, which, at the time, was also a base for the Me 262-equipped ''Jagdgeschwader'' 7, some 80 km south-southwest of the Heinkel factory's coastal airfield at "Marienehe" (today known as Rostock-Schmarl, northwest of the Rostock city centre), where the pilots could pick up their new jets and start intensive training beginning in March 1945. This was all happening simultaneously with unrelenting Allied air attacks on the transportation network, aircraft production facilities and petroleum, oil, and lubrication (POL) product-making installations of the Third Reich – these had now begun to also target the Luftwaffe's jet and rocket fighter bases as well. On 6 April, the USAAF bombed the field at Parchim with 134 B-17 Flying Fortresses, inflicting serious losses and damage to the infrastructure.Forsyth 2016, p. 62. Two days later, I./JG 1 moved to an airfield at nearby Ludwigslust and, less than a week later, moved again to an airfield at Leck, near the Danish border. On 8 April, II./JG 1 moved to Heinkel's aforementioned Rostock northwestern coastal suburban factory airfield and started converting from Fw 190As to He 162s. III./JG 1 was also scheduled to convert to the He 162, but the ''Gruppe'' disbanded on 24 April and its personnel were used to fill in the vacancies in other units.

The He 162 first saw combat in mid-April 1945. On 19 April, Feldwebel Günther Kirchner shot down a Royal Air Force fighter and, although the victory was credited to a flak unit, the British pilot confirmed during interrogation that he had been downed by an He 162.Dorr 2013, p. 160. The Heinkel and its pilot were both lost that same day as well, having bee
shot down
over Husum by Flying Officer Geoffrey Walkington, piloting an RAF Hawker Tempest. Though still in training, I./JG 1 began to score kills in mid-April, but went on to lose 13 He 162s and 10 pilots. Ten of the aircraft were operational losses, caused by flameouts and sporadic structural failures. Only two of the 13 aircraft were actually shot down. The He 162's 30-minute fuel capacity also caused problems, as at least two of JG 1's pilots were killed attempting emergency deadstick landings after exhausting their fuel.

During its exceedingly brief operational service career, the He 162's cartridge-type ejector seat was employed under combat conditions by JG 1's pilots at least four times. Fw. Günther Kirchner was the first to attempt an ejection on April 19, but he was too low and was killed when his parachute failed to open. The second recorded use was by Lt Rudolf Schmidt on April 20, with Fw. Erwin Steeb ejecting from his He 162 the following day. Finally, Hptm. Paul-Heinrich Dähne attempted to eject from his aircraft on April 24, but was killed when the cockpit canopy failed to detach.

In the last days of April, as the Soviet troops approached, II./JG 1 evacuated from Marienehe and on 2 May joined the I./JG 1 at Leck. On 3 May, all of JG 1's surviving He 162s were restructured into two groups, I. ''Einsatz'' ("Combat") and II. ''Sammel'' ("Collection"). All JG 1's aircraft were grounded on 5 May, when General Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg signed the surrender of all German armed forces in the Netherlands, Northwest Germany and Denmark. On 6 May, when the British reached their airfields, JG 1 turned their He 162s over to the Allies.Forsyth 2016, p. 81. Numerous aircraft were shipped to the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union for further evaluation.Dorr 2013, p. 161.Forsyth 2016, pp. 6-7.

''Erprobungskommando'' 162 fighters, which had been passed on to JV 44, an elite jet unit under Adolf Galland a few weeks earlier, were all destroyed by their crews to keep them from falling into Allied hands. Heinkel did not resort to such measures, the company's engineers supplied the Americans with detailed designs for the He 162.Sharp 2020, p. 148. By the time of Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945, 120 He 162s had been delivered while a further 200 had been completed and were awaiting collection or flight-testing; an additional 600 or so aircraft were in various stages of production,

The difficulties experienced by the He 162 are believed to have been primarily a result of its rush into production, rather than any inherent design flaw.LePage 2009, p. 266. One experienced ''Luftwaffe'' pilot who flew the He 162 called it a "first-class combat aircraft." Eric "Winkle" Brown of the Fleet Air Arm, who flew a record 486 different types of aircraft, said the He 162 had "the lightest and most effective aerodynamically balanced controls" he had experienced. Brown had been warned to treat the rudder with suspicion due to a number of in-flight failures. This warning was passed on by Brown to RAF pilot Flt Lt R A Marks, but was apparently not heeded. On 9 November 1945, during a demonstration flight from RAE Farnborough, one of the fin and rudder assemblies broke off at the start of a low-level roll causing the aircraft to crash into Oudenarde Barracks, Aldershot, killing Marks and a soldier on the ground.

He 162 ''Mistel''

The Mistel series of fighter/powered bomb composite ground-attack aircraft pre-dated the He 162 by over two years, and the ''Mistel'' 5 project study in early 1945 proposed the mating of an He 162A-2 to the Arado E.377A flying bomb.Ford 2013, p. 224.LePage 2009, pp. 160-161. The fighter would sit atop the bomb, which would itself be equipped with two underwing-mounted BMW 003 turbojets. This ungainly combination would take off on a sprung trolley fitted with tandem wheels on each side for the "main gear" equivalent, derived from that used on the first eight Arado Ar 234 prototypes, with all three jets running. Immediately after take-off, the trolley would be jettisoned, and the ''Mistel'' would then fly to within strike range of the designated target. Upon reaching this point, the bomb would be aimed squarely at the target and then released, with the jet turning back for home. The ''Mistel'' 5 remained a "paper project", as the Arado bomb never progressed beyond the blueprint stage.

Variants

* He 162 A-0 â€” first ten pre-production aircraft.
* He 162 A-1 â€” armed with two 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons with 50 rounds per gun.
* He 162 A-2 â€” armed with two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons with 120 rounds per gun.
* He 162 A-3 â€” proposed upgrade with reinforced nose mounting twin 30 mm MK 108 cannons.
* He 162 A-8 â€” proposed upgrade with the more powerful Jumo 004D-4 engine of 10.3 kN (2,300 lbf) top thrust levels. ''Muster'' (model) prototype airframes M11 and M12's testing revealed a top speed of 885 km/h (550 mph) at sea level at normal thrust and 960 km/h (597 mph) with maximum thrust, close to the Me 163B rocket fighter's top velocity figures.
* He 162 B-1 â€” a proposed follow on planned for 1946, meant to use the Heinkel firm's own, more powerful 12 kN (2,700 lb) thrust Heinkel HeS 011A turbojet, a stretched fuselage to provide more fuel and endurance as well as increased wingspan, with reduced dihedral which allowed the omission of the anhedral wingtip devices. To be armed with twin 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108s.
:The He 162B airframe was also used as the basis for the Miniature Fighter Project design competition powered by one or two "square-intake" Argus As 044 pulsejet engines. The pulsejet, however didn't provide enough thrust for takeoff and neither Heinkel nor the OKL showed much enthusiasm for the project.
* He 162C â€” proposed upgrade featuring the B-series fuselage, Heinkel HeS 011A engine, swept-back, anhedraled outer wing panels forming a gull wing, a new V-tail stabilizing surface assembly, and upward-aimed twin 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108s as a '' Schräge Musik'' weapons fitment, located right behind the cockpit.
* He 162D â€” proposed upgrade with a configuration similar to C-series but a dihedraled forward-swept wing.Sharp 2020, p. 20.
* He 162E â€” He 162A fitted with the BMW 003R mixed power plant, a BMW 003A turbojet with an integrated BMW 718 liquid-fuel rocket engine â€” mounted just above the exhaust orifice of the turbojet â€” for boost power. At least one prototype was built and flight-tested for a short time.
* He 162S â€” two-seat training glider.

Operators

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* '' Luftwaffe''
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* French Air Force (Test aircraft)
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* '' Royal Aircraft Establishment ''

Aircraft on display

* An He 162 A-2 (''Werknummer'' 120227) of JG 1 is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London, Hendon, London, UK.
* An He 162 A-2 (''Werknummer'' 120077) is displayed at the Planes of Fame Museum on static display in Chino, California, USA. This aircraft was captured by the British at Leck and sent to the United States in 1945 where it was given the designation FE-489 (Foreign Equipment 489) and later T-2-489.Maloney 1965, .
* An He 162 A-2 (''Werknummer'' 120230), thought to have been flown by ''Oberst'' Herbert Ihlefeld of 1./JG 1, is currently owned by the American Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, USA. This He 162A, after being captured by the British at Leck and sent to the US on board , an escort carrier, is currently fitted with the tail unit from ''Werknummer'' 120222.
* Two He 162 A-2s (''Werknummer'' 120086 and 120076) were owned by Canada Aviation and Space Museum, 120086 is assembled, and as of January 2012 on display. Werknummer 120076 was traded to Aero Vintage in the UK for a Bristol Fighter (G-AANM, D-7889) in December 2006. Investigations are currently being made into the practicality of an airworthy restoration of ''Werknummer'' 120076. ''Aircraft in Profile'' 203 reported that both aircraft as having been refurbished in Canada in the 1960s. Currently Werknummer 120076 is displayed in Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin.
* An He 162 A-1 (''Werknummer'' 120235) is in Hangar 5 of The Imperial War Museum Duxford, UK.
* An He 162 A-2 (''Werknummer'' 120015) formerly of III./JG1, is currently under restoration at the '' Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace'' near Paris, France, with a fully restored and operable retracting landing gear.
* An He 162 is most likely in storage at the US Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum (''Werk Nummer'' 120222, Air Force number T-2-504).

Image:He-162A-2DSCF0846.JPG, Wk. Nr. 120227, RAF Museum, London
Image:He-162A-1.jpg, Wk. Nr. 120235, Imperial War Museum, London (now moved to Duxford)
Image:Heinkel_He_162_CASM_2012_5.jpg , Wk. Nr. 120086, Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Ottawa

Reproduction

* He 162, produced by George Lucas (Nunda, NY) displayed at National Warplane Museum, Geneseo NY
www.nationalwarplanemuseum.com

Specifications (He 162A)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

The NASM's Heinkel He 162A ''Spatz'', to be restored





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He 162 "Salamander" Russian training film, 9 minutes


Video of restored He 162A retractable landing gear testing for the Musee de l'Air's example


* ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmJqjx9VVKM December 2012 Interview with Harald Bauer, a surviving He 162A test pilot* He 162 ''Mistel'' 5

"Heinkel He 162 A-2 ("FE-504" c/n 120230) US Army Air Forces"
photo of He 162 ''120230'' with aircraft history


photo of He 162 ''120077'' with aircraft history

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1940s German fighter aircraft
World War II jet aircraft of Germany
He 162
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944