Vocational education Vocational education is education that prepares people to work as a technician or to take up employment in a skilled craft or trade as a tradesperson or artisan. Vocational Education can also be seen as that type of education given to an ind ...

is that form of instruction designed to prepare people for industrial or commercial employment. It can be acquired either formally in

trade schools A vocational school is a type of educational institution, which, depending on the country, may refer to either secondary or post-secondary education designed to provide vocational education or technical skills required to complete the tasks ...

, technical

secondary school A secondary school describes an institution that provides secondary education and also usually includes the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both '' secondary education, lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) ...

s, or in

on-the-job training On-the-job training (widely known as OJT) is an important topic of human resource management. It helps develop the career of the individual and the prosperous growth of the organization. On the job training is a form of training provided at the wor ...

programs or, more informally, by picking up the necessary skills on the job. CEO World magazine ranked India's economic growth rate at the beginning of the 21st century as among the 10 highest in the developing world. Combined with the fact that India has been ranked the 5th largest economy in the world, the latest survey of unemployment in India 2021-2022 shows the unemployment rate as 6.40%. The economic times revealed that labour market shrunk by 2.1 million in 2022. Employers requiring skilled workers and the employment-seeking population face issues like lower wages, poor working condition which puts India in a unique position. A labour/skill shortage for industry survey b
FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce)
found that 90% of companies face a labour shortage. 89% of companies said that the demand for the product is not met due to labour shortages in the market. The research paper India’s dream run and its aftermath shows that India did see an economic boom from 2003-08 referred to as the dream run but not in the manufacturing sector, which made it difficult to provide jobs to unskilled and semi-skilled populations. This problem is aggravated due to a lack of skill development programs to bridge the labour demand and supply gap.

Courses By CBSE

The

Central Board of Secondary Education The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is a national level board of education in India for public and private schools, controlled and managed by the Government of India. Established in 1929 by a resolution of the government, the Board ...

(CBSE) in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

has included following vocational subjects in their senior secondary education: Commerce based: # Office Secretaryship #

Stenography Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek ''ste ...

and Computer Applications #

Accountancy Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial and non financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. Accounting, which has been called the "language ...

and

Auditing An audit is an "independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size or legal form when such an examination is conducted with a view to express an opinion thereon.” Auditing ...

Marketing Marketing is the process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market in terms of goods and services; potentially including selection of a target audience; selection of certain attributes or themes to emph ...

and

Salesmanship Sales are activities related to selling or the number of goods sold in a given targeted time period. The delivery of a service for a cost is also considered a sale. The seller, or the provider of the goods or services, completes a sale in r ...

# Banking # Retail #

Financial Market A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives at low transaction costs. Some of the securities include stocks and bonds, raw materials and precious metals, which are known in the financial markets ...

Management #

Business Administration Business administration, also known as business management, is the administration of a commercial enterprise. It includes all aspects of overseeing and supervising the business operations of an organization. From the point of view of management ...

Engineering based: # Electrical Technology # Automobile Technology #

Civil Engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage ...

# Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology #

Electronics Technology The field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons using electronic devices. Electronics uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification ...

Geospatial Technology Geoinformatics is the science and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geography, cartography, geosciences and related branches of science and engineering, such as Land Surveying. O ...

Foundry A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals pr ...

# IT Application Health and Para Medical based: # Ophthalmic Techniques # Medical Laboratory Techniques # Auxiliary Nursing &

Midwifery Midwifery is the health science and health profession that deals with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period (including care of the newborn), in addition to the sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. In many cou ...

# X-Ray Technician #

Healthcare Sciences The following Outline (list), outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences: Health sciences are those sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. Health sciences relate ...

# Health and Beauty Studies #

Medical Diagnostics Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. The information re ...

Home Science based: #

Fashion Design Fashion design is the Art (skill), art of applying design, aesthetics, clothing construction and natural beauty to clothing and its Fashion accessory, accessories. It is influenced by culture and different trends, and has varied over time and plac ...

& Clothing Construction # Textile Design # Design Fundamental # Music Technical Production # Beauty Services Others: # Transportation System & Logistic Management # Life Insurance #

Library A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a vir ...

and

Information Sciences Information science (also known as information studies) is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. ...

Agriculture based: #

Poultry Farming Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chickens – are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chicke ...

Horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

# Dairying Science and Technology Hospitality and Tourism based: #

Food Production The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population. The food industry today has become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small, traditional, ...

# Food and Beverage Services # Mass Media Studies and Media Production # Bakery and Confectionery # Front office # Travel and Tourism

Courses offered by Government of India

# Udaan # Polytechnics # Parvaaz #

National Rural Livelihood Mission National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is a poverty alleviation project implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. This plan is focused on promoting self-employment and the organization of rural poor. The idea be ...

# Industrial Training Institutes # Aajeevika mission of national rural livelihood # Craftsmen Training Scheme

Challenges to Implement VET in India

The challenges for the growth of vocational training such as traditional and cultural bias against non-white collar jobs. The lack of mechanism at the state level to work towards vocational education and training have been observed in the research paper. The UGC and other bodies do not recognize vocational courses offered by the private institution leading to the low uptake of Vocational courses. The paper also mentioned an unemployment rate of 11% in VET courses.

Initiatives by Government

After the National Skills Development Policy in 2009, the government created National Skills Coordination Board, the National Skill Development Corporation, and National Skills Qualification Framework. There was a commitment made by the Minister of Finance to inject Rs.1000 crore into the system structure. Sector Skills Councils was established under NSDC, aiming to involve industry in training and labour force growth, set occupational standards, and accredit qualification. The creation of NSQF includes academic, vocational, and technical qualifications. It aims to facilitate the recognition of prior learning and improvement between the levels and types of education.

Schemes by Government

* In 2014, the National Skill Certification and Monetary Reward Scheme provided monetary incentives on average of Rs.10,000 for completing certain training programs. The target of the scheme was to upskill one million young people. * In 2015, the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana scheme was launched to provide skills to 2.4 million people. Out of the 2.4 million people, a million were registered under the Recognition of Prior Learning Framework. * The Modular Employable Skills scheme focused on providing short-term training in high-demand sectors and industries. The training fees incurred under the scheme are refunded on completion of the certification. Also, female candidates from backward castes are given discounts to encourage participation.

Impact of VET on Economy

The Institute of Applied Manpower Research argued that 291 million additional workers are required in 2022-2023. The government attempted to increase the VET in the country to upskill 500 million workers to reduce the gap. A research article on vocational educational and training in India found that 11% of 15-29 years old who had received vocational education and training are unemployed. This trend is slowly reversing but still exists. A study from the International Labour Organization shows that apprenticeships have the potential to contribute to the economy. It said that small businesses found the increased earnings associated with training outweighed the associated cost. The NPSD recognized the informal sector's potential as a significant part of the economy.https://www.cityandguildsgroup.com/~/media/cgg%20website/documents/cggroupindia%20pdf.ashx

References

{{Reflist

Sources

CBSE Vocational Courses

External links

Department of School and Education Literacy
Vocational education in India