The archaeological site at Vlochos ( el, Βλοχός ) is located at the northeast corner of the western

Thessalian Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thess ...

plain, in the regional unit of

Karditsa Karditsa ( el, Καρδίτσα ) is a city in western Thessaly in mainland Greece. The city of Karditsa is the capital of Karditsa regional unit of region of Thessaly. Inhabitation is attested from 9000 BC. Karditsa ls linked with GR-30, the ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...

. The site is centred around the large hill of Strongilovouni ( el, Στρογγυλοβούνι) south of the modern village, and contains the remains of several urban settlements of Classical Antiquity. The remains cannot be securely identified with any city known from ancient sources, but the size of the settlement indicates that it must have been one of the ''

poleis ''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancient Greece, it originally referred to an administrative and religious city center, as distinct from the rest of the city. Later, it also ...

'' or city-states of the region.

Identification of the ancient remains

None of the ancient inscriptions found at Vlochos mention the name of the ancient settlement, and the identification of the ancient remains with cities known from ancient literary sources are consequently conjectural. Until recently, the most common identification was with the ancient ''polis'' of

Peirasia Peirasia ( grc, wikt:Πειρασία, Πειρασία) or Peiresia, was an ancient Greek ''polis'' (City state, city-state), located in the tetrad of Thessaliotis in western Thessaly, close to the confluences of Farsalitis (Thessaly), Apidanus a ...

, but recent discoveries has firmly established that Peirasia was at modern Ermitsi (10 km south of Vlochos). At present, there are two main candidates for the ancient settlement, Limnaion and Phakion ( grc, Φάκιον); both known from ancient sources. There are further ancient sites in the area of

Thessaliotis Thessaliotis ( grc, Θεσσαλιῶτις) was one of the four districts into which ancient Thessaly was divided. The others were Pelasgiotis, Histiaeotis, and Phthiotis. Thessaliotis corresponded to the central plain of Thessaly and the upper c ...

, however, that have only conjecturally been identified with an ancient ''polis'' (including

Pelinna Pelinna (Πέλιννα) or Pelinnaeum ( gr, Πελινναῖον) Arrian, ''Anabasis'', 1.7. was an ancient Greek polis (city-state) of Ancient Thessaly, in the district Histiaeotis, a little above the left bank of the Peneius. The city had a ...

and Pharkadon), highlighting the gaps in our knowledge of this ancient region.

Geography

The archaeological site at Vlochos is centred around the hill of Strongilovouni (313 metres above sea level), an isolated

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

feature at the northeast edge of the plain of Karditsa. The immediate surroundings are dominated by the confluences of several rivers, including that of Apidanos and Kouarios with the Enipeus, and the latter with the Peneios, the main river of Thessaly. Most of the area consists of former floodland, but is at present heavily cultivated. In the east, however, is an area of hills known as the Revenia, covered in low trees and '' pournaria''. The closest ''polis'' neighbours of the ancient city were

Krannon Krannonas ( el, Κραννώνας) is a village and a former municipality in the Larissa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kileler, of which it is a municipal unit. It is locat ...

to the east,

Atrax ''Atrax'' is a genus of venomous Australian funnel web spiders that was first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1877 from the type species ''Atrax robustus''. it contains only three species: ''A. robustus'', '' A. sutherlandi'', and '' A. ...

to the northeast,

Phayttos Phayttos ( grc, Φάυττος) was a town in Pelasgiotis, ancient Thessaly, closely set with Atrax and Larissa. An inscription to Artemis In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Artemis (; grc-gre, Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of ...

to the north, Pharkadon to the northwest, Methylion to the southwest, and

to the south. The area possibly belonged to the quarter or tetrad of

, a subdivision of ancient Thessaly which appears to have been centred along the basin of the Enipeus. The perimeters of the territory in north and west were protected by small forts at Keramidi and

Metamorfosi Metamorfosi ( el, Μεταμόρφωση, Metamórfosi, transfiguration; before 1957: Koukouvaounes ( el, link=no, Κουκουβάουνες, Koukouváounes) is a suburb in the northern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece, and a municipalit ...

Archaeological work

The site of Vlochos was first mentioned by the British traveller

William Leake William Leake, father (died 1633) and son (died 1681), were London publishers and booksellers of the late sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. They were responsible for a range of texts in English Renaissance drama and poetry, including work ...

, who passed through the region (albeit without visiting the remains) in 1803. The first to give a first-hand account of the ancient remains was the Danish scholar Johan Louis Ussing whose 1846 observations of the site remained the most detailed until the second half of the 20th century. It was long assumed that the ancient settlement was mainly located on the top of the Strongilovouni hill, but rescue excavations conducted in 1964 by the local archaeological authorities revealed that the urban environment was instead at the southern foot of the hill, in an area known as Patoma. Here, remains of what was interpreted as a sanctuary with several inscribed votive ''

stelai A stele ( ),Anglicized plural steles ( ); Greek plural stelai ( ), from Greek , ''stēlē''. The Greek plural is written , ''stēlai'', but this is only rarely encountered in English. or occasionally stela (plural ''stelas'' or ''stelæ''), wh ...

'' were found, dating from the Classical and Hellenistic periods. A French survey of the Valley of Enipeus in the 1980s resulted in a more detailed description of the site, including its considerable and well-preserved fortifications. Further rescue work in the 1990s at the foot of the hill revealed that the area contained many remains of Classical-

Hellenistic In Classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in ...

habitation. A Greek-Swedish collaboration, the ''Vlochos Archaeological Project'' (VLAP), conducted a complete non-invasive survey of the archaeological site in 2016–2018, with participating researchers from the Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa, the

Swedish Institute at Athens The Swedish Institute at Athens ( sv, Svenska institutet I Athen; el, Σουηδικό Ινστιτούτο Αθηνών) was founded in 1946 and is one of 19 foreign archaeological institutes operating in Athens, Greece. The Institute is one of ...

, the

University of Gothenburg The University of Gothenburg ( sv, Göteborgs universitet) is a university in Sweden's second largest city, Gothenburg. Founded in 1891, the university is the third-oldest of the current Swedish universities and with 37,000 students and 6000 st ...

and

Bournemouth University Bournemouth University is a public university in Bournemouth, England, with its main campus situated in neighbouring Poole. The university was founded in 1992; however, the origins of its predecessor date back to the early 1900s. The univer ...

. A continuation of the 2016–2018 fieldwork, the ''Palamas Archaeological Project'' (2020–) is ongoing, aiming at conducting excavations at the site as well as examining the immediate surroundings of the ancient city. Some preliminary notes on the fieldwork conducted in 2020 have been published.

Description of the ancient remains

The Greek-Swedish team of archaeologists examining the site in 2016–2018 identified four discrete phases of habitation at the site. The dates of these phases were proposed on stylistic grounds, as no excavation was carried out during the course of work.

Stratigraphic Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostra ...

relationships between the identified building programmes, however, provided the internal

chronological Chronology (from Latin ''chronologia'', from Ancient Greek , ''chrónos'', "time"; and , '' -logia'') is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. ...

order of the phases.

First phase (Late Archaic?)

The first identified traces of building activity at the site consist of a large fortified enclosure in rubble masonry on the hilltop. The fortification walls of this phase originally stretched for 1.5 km with a width of 2.7 m. The maximum preserved height of this wall is 2.5 m, but it probably had a considerable

mud brick A mudbrick or mud-brick is an air-dried brick, made of a mixture of loam, mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw. Mudbricks are known from 9000 BCE, though since 4000 BCE, bricks have also been f ...

superstructure. No towers have been found, but two large gates provide access to the fortified space from the west and southeast. Two terraced roads lead in zig-zag from the plains below to the aforementioned gates. These are 4–6 m wide, and are supported by large terraces, giving a monumental impression from the plains below. The roads ascend the slope in a constant angle of 12.3%, which together with their width indicates that they were used for transport of people and goods by horse and cart. No surface material can be associated with this phase, but the layout of the fortifications suggests a pre- Classical date, possibly of the Mycenaean or more probably late Archaic period. Vlochos ta tiha

Second phase (Classical-Hellenistic)

The most extensive building phase at the site is divided in two sub-phases, both of which are stylistically dated to the 4th or 3rd century BC. The first of these is characterised by the construction of a large fortified enceinte, enclosing some of the hilltop, the slopes and the area of Patoma at the foot of the hill. Very little of the fortifications below the slopes remains today, due extensive later use of the site for building material. The geophysical prospection of 2016–2018, however, show that the fortification wall enclosed a 15

hectare The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm2), or 10,000 m2, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is a ...

space at the foot of the hill, with 35–40 large towers every 30 metres (one ''

plethron Plethron ( grc-gre, , plural ''plethra'') is an ancient unit of Greek measurement equal to 97 to 100 Greek feet (ποῦς, ''pous''; c. 30 meters), although the measures for plethra may have varied from polis to polis. This was roughly the wid ...

''). At least three gates have been identified in the southeast and southwest corner as well as in the centre of the southern side of the enclosure. At some time following this, the second building sub-phase brought some configurations to this layout, as the enclosed hilltop area was extended further to the north, and reinforced with 18 square towers. By constructing a

cross-wall A cross-wall is an interior dividing wall of a castle. It may be an external wall dividing, for example, the inner and outer wards, or it may be a wall internal to a building such as the keep.Friar, Stephen (2003). ''The Sutton Companion to Cast ...

or '' diateichisma'' in the south slope, a large separately fortified

acropolis An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens, ...

was created. This latter area appears to have contained few buildings; only one

courtyard house A courtyard house is a type of house—often a large house—where the main part of the building is disposed around a central courtyard. Many houses that have courtyards are not courtyard houses of the type covered by this article. For example, la ...

of a probable

date and some minor auxiliary buildings have been noted here. The actual area of settlement was instead located in the flat area immediately below the hill. Here, geophysical prospection has revealed evidence for considerable buried remains of this phase, including a large avenue (''plateia'') leading along the slope with over 20 deviating side-streets (''stenopoi''). One, possibly two, '' agorai'' have been identified as well as clear indications of Classical-Hellenistic domestic architecture. Remains of monumental architecture as well as inscriptions have been found in the debris left by an abandoned 20th century quarry in the settlement area, indicating the existence of a possible sanctuary.

Third phase (Late Roman)

The 2016–2018

geophysical survey Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the E ...

of the settlement area revealed the extensive remains of a hitherto unknown separately walled enceinte with 16 discernible towers. Similarities with other sites in Mainland Greece, including

Nicopolis Nicopolis ( grc-gre, Νικόπολις, Nikópolis, City of Victory) or Actia Nicopolis was the capital city of the Roman province of Epirus Vetus. It was located in the western part of the modern state of Greece. The city was founded in 29 ...

, Plataea, and

Tanagra Tanagra ( el, Τανάγρα) is a town and a municipality north of Athens in Boeotia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Schimatari. It is not far from Thebes, and it was noted in antiquity for the figurines named after it. The ...

, suggest that this phase of habitation belongs to the Roman period, possibly the late 200s AD. At this time, the

Balkan peninsula The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

was ravaged by the

Goths The Goths ( got, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, translit=''Gutþiuda''; la, Gothi, grc-gre, Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe ...

, leading to massive destruction in the eastern half of the Empire. This took place during the so-called

Crisis of the Third Century The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed. The crisis ended due to the military victories of Aurelian and with the ascensio ...

, a time of unrest that only ended by the ascension of

Diocletian Diocletian (; la, Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, grc, Διοκλητιανός, Diokletianós; c. 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed ''Iovius'', was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Gaius Valerius Diocles ...

in AD 284, and it is possible that the re-fortification of the location is relating to this time of unrest.

Fourth phase (Early Byzantine)

Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna)

A section of the easternmost preserved stretch of fortification walls at the site bear clear signs of having been repaired at a significantly later date than its 4th century BC original construction. The repairs can stylistically be dated to the early

Byzantine period The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

, and includes two additional towers. The fortifications deviate from the second phase wall at the foot of the hill, to follow the curvature of the terrain along the slope. The wall of this phase is considerably thinner than that of its predecessors, being only 1.65 m wide, and is constructed in un-tooled stones joined with mortar. The walled area of this phase appears only to have been confined to the southern slope of the hill, with fragmentary remains of buildings noted in the steep terrain. The foundations of a small three-aisled church are visible at the top of the slope, probably belonging to the same period as the fourth phase fortifications. The re-fortification of the site at Vlochos can possibly be linked with the building programmes initiated by the Eastern Roman emperor

Justinian I Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovat ...

. Evidence for similar re-fortification has been found at other sites in Thessaly, including at Pharsalos,

Echinos Echinos ( el, Εχίνος; bg, Шахин, ''Shahin''; tr, Şahin) is a village and a community in the municipality Myki. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Myki, of which it was a municipal district. T ...

, and Halos, and additional fortresses that were repaired at the same time are known from

Procopius Procopius of Caesarea ( grc-gre, Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς ''Prokópios ho Kaisareús''; la, Procopius Caesariensis; – after 565) was a prominent late antique Greek scholar from Caesarea Maritima. Accompanying the Roman gener ...

, '' De aed.'
4.3
Coins of Justinian have been found at the site, further supporting an early 6th century AD date for the last phase of habitation. The reason behind this programme of re-fortification was probably the growing political instability on the

Balkans The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

at this time. Several Turkic and Slavic peoples migrated into or raided the Roman lands from across the

Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , p ...

in the middle of the 6th century AD, creating the need for fortresses and other places of refuge.

Inscriptions

In total 13 inscriptions have been published from the area of Vlochos. The oldest is an early Classical dedication to

Poseidon Poseidon (; grc-gre, Ποσειδῶν) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as a ch ...

by Kinon, an ''

archegetes Archegetes ( grc, Ἀρχηγέτης) is a Greek word that meant, effectively, "leader" or "founder". It could refer to a number of different things in classical antiquity. General Primarily, it was a title for Greek gods and heroes that typically ...

'', written in the local Thessalian alphabet. The inscription was found during roadworks in the 1930s, and is presently exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Almyros. An additional four dedications to unknown deities was found during rescue work in the 1960s, ranging from the early 4th to the 3rd century BC. Three funerary ''

'' have been recovered from the fields south of the ancient city, all of the 3rd or early 2nd century BC. Two, those of Megalokleas and Nikasippos son of Nikias, are displayed in the foyer of the Archaeological Museum of Karditsa.

Present state of the archaeological remains

The remains at Vlochos have the status of a declared archaeological site, and is thus protected by Greek legislation. The site is open to the public, and can be accessed from the road

Palamas Palamas (Greek: Παλαμάς) is a town and a municipality in the Karditsa regional unit, Greece. Population 16,726 (2011). Palamas is located south-southwest of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly, northwest of Lamia, north of Sofades, east-nort ...

- Keramidi. Signs direct toward the site from the national road at Palamas.

Sources

* Swedish Institute at Athens - Ancient Urbanism in Western Thessaly: A One-Day Workshop (2019): https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=169&page=1 * Swedish Institute at Athens - Vlochos, Thessaly (2015– ongoing) (2020): https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=113&page=1

Notes

:Traditionally but not securely identified with the site at Klokotos.

References

{{Reflist, refs= {{cite journal, last1=Vaïopoulou, first1=Maria, last2=Whittaker, first2=Helene, last3=Rönnlund, first3=Robin, last4=Tsiouka, first4=Fotini, last5=Klange, first5=Johan, last6=Pitman, first6=Derek, last7=Potter, first7=Rich, last8=Shaw, first8=Lawrence, last9=Hagan, first9=Josephine, last10=Siljedahl, first10=Ellen, last11=Forssén, first11=Matilda, last12=Chandrasekaran, first12=Sujatha, last13=Dandou, first13=Sotiria, last14=Forsblom Ljungdahl, first14=Veronica, last15=Pavilionytė, first15=Asta, last16=Scott-Pratt, first16=Hayden, last17=Schager, first17=Elisabet, last18=Manley, first18=Harry, date=2020, title=The 2016–2018 Greek-Swedish archaeological project at Thessalian Vlochos, Greece, url=http://ecsi.se/opathrom-13-02/, journal=Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome, volume=13, pages=7–72, doi=10.30549/opathrom-13-02, access-date=, doi-access=free {{cite journal, last1=Vaïopoulou, first1=Maria, last2=Rönnlund, first2=Robin, last3=Tsiouka, first3=Fotini, last4=Pitman, first4=Derek, last5=Dandou, first5=Sotiria, last6=Potter, first6=Rich, last7=Klange, first7=Johan, date=2021, title=Some preliminary notes on the limited 2020 campaign of the Palamas Archaeological Project (PAP), url=http://ecsi.se/opathrom-14-04/, journal=Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome, volume=14, pages=55–63, doi=10.30549/opathrom-14-04, access-date=, doi-access=free {{cite book, last=Decourt, first=Jean-Claude, date=1995, title=Études épigraphiques 3. Inscriptions de Thessalie 1. Les cités de la vallée de l’Énipeus, url=https://cefael.efa.gr/window.php?ce=ptihkj9i705ship74kjaijkulg8bfhqi&site_id=1&actionID=summary&serie_id=EtEpigr&volume_number=3&new_lang=fr_FR, location=Athens & Paris, publisher=

French School at Athens The French School at Athens (french: École française d’Athènes, EfA; el, Γαλλική Σχολή Αθηνών ''Gallikí Scholí Athinón'') is one of the seventeen foreign archaeological institutes operating in Athens, Greece. History ...

, isbn=2-86958-079-7 {{cite book, editor=Mogens Herman Hansen & Thomas Heine Nielsen, author=Jean-Claude Decourt, Thomas Heine Nielsen & Bruno Helly, title=An inventory of Archaic and Classical poleis, year=2004, publisher=

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...

, location=New York, isbn=0-19-814099-1, chapter=Thessaly and Adjacent Regions, pages=676–731 {{cite book, last=Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou, first=Argyro, date=2000, title=Θεσσαλικές επιγραφές σε τοπικό αλφάβητο, url=https://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/25512#page/38/mode/2up, location=Thessaloniki {{cite book, last=Leake, first=William M., date=1835, title=Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. IV, url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_k0AVtzlZky0C, location=London, publisher=Rodwell {{cite book, last=Ussing, first=Johan Louis, date=1847, title=Rejsebilleder fra Syden, url=https://archive.org/details/reisebillederfra00ussi, location=Copenhagen, publisher=Reitzel {{cite encyclopedia, author=F. Stählin, title=Peirasia, encyclopedia=Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, year=1937, publisher=J. B. Metzler {{cite journal, last1=Liangouras, first1=Angelos, date=1965, title=Βλοχός, journal=Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον Χρονικά, volume=20, issue=B'2, pages=320–321 {{cite web, url=http://ldepka.culture.gr/?page_id=2, title=Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Καρδίτσας, date=2021, website=Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Καρδίτσας, access-date=1 January 2021 {{cite web, url=https://epigraphy.packhum.org/book/144?location=1698, title=Limnaion, website=Searchable Greek Inscriptions, publisher=Packard Humanities, access-date=2 January 2021 {{cite web, url=http://listedmonuments.culture.gr/monument.php?code=7487, title=Αρχαιολογικός χώρος Πειρασίας (ομηρικό "Αστέριον") στο Βλοχό, website=Διαρκής κατάλογος των κηρυγμένων αρχαιολογικών χώρων και μνημείων της Ελλάδος, publisher=Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, access-date=2 January 2021 {{cite book, last=Decourt, first=Jean-Claude, date=1990, title=La Vallée de l'Énipeus: Études de topographie et de géographie antique, url=https://cefael.efa.gr/window.php?site_id=1&actionID=summary&serie_id=BCHSuppl&volume_number=21, location=Athens & Paris, publisher=

, pages=160–162 {{cite journal, last1=Nikolaou, first1=Elsa, date=1997, title=Πάτωμα, journal=Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον Χρονικά, volume=52, issue=B'2, pages=492 {{cite web, url=https://www.culture.gov.gr/el/Information/SitePages/view.aspx?nID=1761, title=Ο αρχαιολογικός χώρος του Βλοχού και το ανασκαφικό πρόγραμμα, website=Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, access-date=2 January 2021 {{cite web, url=https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.asp?tid=113&page=1, title=Vlochos, website=Swedish Institute at Athens, access-date=2 January 2021 {{cite book, last=Hatziangelakis, first=Leonidas, date=2007, chapter=Προϊστορικοί και ιστορικοί χρόνοι, title=Οδοιπορικό στα μνημεία του νομού Καρδίτσας: Αρχαιότητες – Ναοί – Νεότερα μνημεία, location=Karditsa, editor1-last=Tsagaraki, editor1-first=Evangelia, publisher=Νομαρχιακή Αυτοδιοίκηση Καρδίτσας, pages=13–82 {{cite book, last=Nikolaou, first=Elsa, date=2011, chapter=Θεσσαλιώτις, title=Αρχαίες πόλεις Θεσσαλίας και περίοικων περιοχών, location=Larisa, publisher=Π.Ε.Δ. Θεσσαλίας, pages=71–97 {{cite journal, last1=Krahtopoulou, first1=Nancy, last2=Stamati, first2=Adriani, date=2014, title=Βλοχός – Στρογγυλοβούνι, journal=Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον Χρονικά, volume=69, issue=B'1γ, pages=1544–1545 {{Tabula Imperii Byzantini , volume = 1 Former populated places in Greece Populated places in ancient Thessaly Thessaliotis Thessalian city-states Cities in ancient Greece Archaeological sites in Greece Archaeological sites in Thessaly Byzantine sites in Thessaly Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Thessaly