''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s native to the

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

rainforest Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainfores ...

and closely related to other

Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, ''Myristica fragra ...

, such as

nutmeg Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus ''Myristica''. ''Myristica fragrans'' (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, an ...

. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green

leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

and clusters of tiny yellow

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s, and may emit a pungent odor.

Traditional use

Several species of this genus have been used to create hallucinogenic snuff powders.

Chemical constituents

The tops of '' Virola oleifera'' have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have

antifungal An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as crypto ...

action regarding ''

Cladosporium sphaerospermum ''Cladosporium sphaerospermum'' is a radiotrophic fungus belonging to the genus ''Cladosporium'' and was described in 1886 by Albert Julius Otto Penzig from the decaying leaves and branches of ''Citrus''. It is a dematiaceous (darkly-pigmented) ...

'' in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for '' Cladosporium cladosporioides'' starting as low as 10 micrograms.

Species

About 76 species, including: *''

Virola aequatorialis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola albidiflora ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola araujovii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola atopa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola bicuhyba ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola boliviensis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola brachycarpa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola caducifolia ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola calophylla ''Virola calophylla'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is native to Central America and South America, namely Panama, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia (Department of Amazonas, Department of Vaupés), Ecuador ( Napo ...

'' (Spruce) Warb., *''

Virola calophylloidea ''Virola calophylloidea'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometime ...

'' *''

Virola carinata ''Virola carinata'' is a New World, tropical evergreen tree in the family Myristicaceae that is indigenous to Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil ( Amazonas and Rondônia). It grows to a height of about 30m and its fruit is subglobular, 16–20 m ...

'' *''

Virola coelhoi ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola crebrinervia ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola cuspidata ''Virola cuspidata'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes ca ...

'' *''

Virola decorticans ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola divergens ''Virola divergens'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It grows to about 25m tall. The fruits are ellipsoidal and subglobular, 18–38 mm long and 16–33 mm in diameter, grouped 4 to 8. Distribution ''Virola dive ...

'' *''

Virola dixonii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *'' Virola duckei'' *''

Virola elliptica ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola elongata ''Virola elongata'' (syn. ''Virola theiodora '' ) is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. The tree is native to Panama, Guyana, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima), Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. ...

'' (syn. ''V. theiodora'') *'' Virola flexuosa'' *'' Virola gardneri'' *''

Virola glaziovii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola glycycarpa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola guatemalensis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *'' Virola guggnheimii'' *''

Virola incolor ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola koschnyi ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola kukachkana ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola kwatae ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola laevigata ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola lepidota ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola lieneana ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola lorentensia ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' (or ''V. loretensis'') *''

Virola macrantha ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola macrocarpa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' A.C. Sm., *''

Virola malmei ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola marlenei ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola megacarpa ''Virola megacarpa'' is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is Endemism, endemic to Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss. References

Flora of Panama Virola, megacarpa Endangered plants Taxonomy articles created by Pol ...

'' A.H. Gentry *''

Virola melinonii ''Virola melinonii'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes ca ...

'' *''

Virola merendonis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola michelii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' Heckel, *''

Virola micrantha ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola minutiflora ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola mocoa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green ...

'' *''

Virola mollissima ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *'' Virola multicostata'' Ducke *''

Virola multiflora ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' (Standl. ) A. C. Sm., *''

Virola multinervia ''Virola multinervia'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is found in Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and Brazil ( Amazonas, Pará). It grows to a height of about 35m. The fruit is ellipsoidal to ovoidal, 26–40 mm ...

'' *''

Virola mycetis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola nobilis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola obovata ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola officinalis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *'' Virola oleifera'' *''

Virola panamensis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola papillosa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola parvifolia ''Virola parvifolia'' is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), ...

'' *''

Virola pavonis ''Virola pavonis'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is found in Brazil (Acre (state), Acre, Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. The tree grows to a heig ...

'' *''

Virola peruviana ''Virola peruviana'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is found in Brazil ( Amazonas, Pará), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It grows to a height of about 35 m (100 ft). The fruit is ellipsoidal, 14–24 mm lon ...

'' *''

Virola polyneura ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola reidii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola rufula ''Virola rufula'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. The tree contains alkaloids in its bark, leaves and roots. methoxy-dimethyltryptamine makes up 95% of the alkaloids. There is about 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT i ...

'' *'' Virola rugulosa'' *''

Virola schultesii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola schwackei ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola sebifera ''Virola sebifera'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae, from North and South America.Markus Wiesenauer, Suzann Kirschner-Brouns: Homöopathie - Das große Handbuch, Gräfe & Unzer Verlag, 2007, Description ''V. sebifera'' is a t ...

'' *''

Virola sessilis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola steyermarkii ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green ...

'' *''

Virola subsessilis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

'' *''

Virola surinamensis ''Virola surinamensis'', known commonly as baboonwood, ucuuba, ucuhuba and ''chalviande'',Americas Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996). 1998''Virola surinamensis''.The IUCN Red List of Thr ...

'' (Rol. ex Rottb. ) Warb., *''

Virola theiodora ''Virola elongata'' (syn. ''Virola theiodora '' ) is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. The tree is native to Panama, Guyana, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima), Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. ...

'' *'' Virola urbaniana'' *''

Virola venezuelensis ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green ...

'' *''

Virola venosa ''Virola venosa'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is found in Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil (in Amapá, Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia). It grows tall. The fruits are ellipsoidal to subglobular ...

'' (Benth.) Warb. *''

Virola villosa ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola warburgli ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green Le ...

'' *''

Virola weberbaueri ''Virola'' is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. Species are known commonly as ''epená'', ''patricá'', or ''cumala''. They have glossy, dark green le ...

Gallery

File:Virola elongata fruit.jpg, ''Virola elongata'' fruit File:Virola elongata seeds.jpg, ''Virola elongata'' seeds File:Virola carinata embryo.jpg, ''Virola carinata'' embryo File:Virola sebifera.jpg, ''Virola sebifera'' File:Virola surinamensis 2.jpg, ''Virola surinamensis''

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Except for

ornamental Ornamental may refer to: *Ornamental grass, a type of grass grown as a decoration *Ornamental iron, mild steel that has been formed into decorative shapes, similar to wrought iron work *Ornamental plant, a plant that is grown for its ornamental qua ...

purposes, growing, selling or possessing ''Virola'' spp. is prohibited by

Louisiana State Act 159 Signed into law June 28, 2005, and effective August 8, 2005, Louisiana State Act No 159 found in, Louisiana RS 40:989.1, outlawed the cultivation, possession or sale of 40 named plants defined as hallucinogenic in the state of Louisiana, US. House ...

References

Notes

General references

* Jonathan Ott – ''Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines'' (2001) * Richard Evans Schultes – ''Plants of the Gods'' (1992)
Erowid Virola Vault

External links

*
Sura.ots.ac.cr: ''Virola koschnyi''
— ''photos and info''.
Gardening.eu: Info on Growing ''Virola''
{{Authority control Myristicaceae genera Flora of South America Entheogens Herbal and fungal hallucinogens Medicinal plants of South America Psychedelic tryptamine carriers

Traditional use

Chemical constituents

Species

Gallery

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

See also

References

Notes

General references

External links