Virginia Bluebells

''Mertensia virginica'' (common names Virginia bluebells, Virginia cowslip, lungwort oysterleaf, Roanoke bells) is a spring ephemeral plant in the Boraginaceae (borage) family with bell-shaped sky-blue flowers, native to eastern North America.

Description

Virginia bluebells have rounded (ovate) and gray-green leaves, borne on stems up to tall. The leaves are up to long, smooth (entire) along their margins, petiolate at the bottom of the flower stem, and sessile at the top.

The inflorescence is a nodding group, or cyme of flowers located at the end of the arched stems. The flower buds are pink, and the opened flowers are usually light blue, but occasionally pink and rarely white. The flowers have 5 shallow lobes fused into a tube at the base of the flower, five stamens, and a central pistil ( carpel).

Distribution and habitat

''M. virginica'' is native in the United States from Kansas in the west, to Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia in the south, and to Maine in the northeast. It is native in Canada in Ontario and Quebec. The plant can be found in rich, moist woods and on low, wooded hillsides. They often form large groups.

Ecology

The plant develops very early in the spring and flowers mid-spring. In early summer, each fertilized flower produces four seeds within wrinkled nuts. The plant then goes dormant till the next spring.

The flowers attract long-tongued bees, such as bumblebees, butterflies, moths, skippers, hummingbird moths, flower flies, bee flies, and hummingbirds.

Uses

Virginia bluebells had several uses in traditional Native American medicine, including as a pulmonary aid, tuberculosis treatment, and treatment for whooping cough (Cherokee,) root infusion antidote for treating poison, and root decoction venereal to treat venereal issues (Iroquois.) . Native Americans believed a tonic made from this plant could help heal those who were under-the-weather.

''Mertensia virginica'' is edible, including the flowers.

In cultivation, ''M. virginica'' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Virginia Bluebells at Rocky River.jpg, Virginia Bluebells (Mertensia virginica) in Ohio
Virginia Bluebell Mertensia virginica Plant 2262px.jpg, Leaves before blooming
Mertensia buds cropped.png, Flower buds
Mertensia virginica (Flower).jpg, Typical blue-flowered form at the botanical gardens in Berlin, Germany
Mertensia-virginica-pink-2014-05-05-Fox-Chapel-PA.jpg, A pink-flowered form
Bluebell3.jpg, A white-flowered form
Mertensia_virginica_seeds.jpg, Fruits
Mertensia virginica colony in floodplain forest habitat 2.jpg, Woods carpeted in bluebells
Bumblebee hanging from bluebell.jpg, A bumblebee hanging from a bluebell

Nomenclature

''Mertensia virginica'' is the type species for the genus ''Mertensia'' and was first described by Linnaeus in 1753 as ''Pulmonaria virginica''.Carl von Linné (Linnaeus). 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' 1:135. (see ''External links'' below) The genus ''Pulmonaria'' is today restricted to 19 species in the tribe Boragineae. When Albrecht Wilhelm Roth erected the genus ''Mertensia'' in 1797, he named the Virginia bluebell as ''Mertensia pulmonarioides'', apparently unaware that Linnaeus had already named it in his ''Species Plantarum''. Roth's name is a superfluous synonym and has been used in recent literature.James S. Pringle. 2004. "Nomenclature of the Virginia-bluebell, ''Mertensia virginica'' (Boraginaceae)". SIDA, contributions to botany 21(2):771-775.(see ''External links'' below)

References

External links

Wildflower.org: Native Plant Identification NetworkIllinois Plant Information Network: ''Mertensia virginica''RHS Plant Selector: ''Mertensia virginica''''Pulmonaria''''Species Plantarum'' vol. 1
Botanicus
Nomenclature of the Virginia bluebellVolume 21, View BookSIDA, contributions to botanyBHL

{{Taxonbar, from=Q12901028

virginica
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of the Eastern United States