Vilayet Zonguldak

A vilayet ( ota, , " province"), also known by various other names, was a first-order administrative division of the later Ottoman Empire. It was introduced in the Vilayet Law of 21 January 1867, part of the Tanzimat reform movement initiated by the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856. The Danube Vilayet had been specially formed in 1864 as an experiment under the leading reformer Midhat Pasha. The Vilayet Law expanded its use, but it was not until 1884 that it was applied to all of the empire's provinces. Writing for the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' in 1911, Vincent Henry Penalver Caillard claimed that the reform had intended to provide the provinces with greater amounts of local self-government but in fact had the effect of centralizing more power with the sultan and local Muslims at the expense of other communities.

Names

The Ottoman Turkish ''vilayet'' () was a loanword borrowed from Arabic ''wilāya'' (), an abstract noun formed from the verb ''waliya'' (, "to administer"). In Arabic, it had meant "province", "region", or "administration" as general ideas, but following the Tanzimat reforms the Ottoman term formalized it in reference to specific areas in a defined hierarchy. It was borrowed into Albanian , Bulgarian ''vilayet'' (), Judaeo-Spanish , and French and , which was used as a lingua franca among the educated Jews and Christians. It was also translated into Armenian as ''gawaŕ'' (), Bulgarian as ''oblast'' (), Judaeo-Spanish as , and Greek as ''eparchía'' () and ''nomarchía'' ().
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at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 41-43 (PDF p. 43-45/338).

Organization

The Ottoman Empire had already begun to modernize its administration and regularize its eyalets in the 1840s, but the Vilayet Law extended this throughout the empire, regularizing the following hierarchy of administrative units.

Each vilayet or province was governed by a vali appointed by the sultan. Acting as the sultan's representative, he was notionally the supreme head of administration in his province,Birken (1976), p. 2324. subject to various caveats. Military administration was entirely separate, although the vali controlled local police. His council comprised a secretary (''mektubci''), a comptroller (''defterdar''), a chief justice (''mufettiş-i hukkam-i Şeri'a''), and directors of foreign affairs, public works, and agriculture and commerce, each nominated by the respective ministers in Istanbul. The defterdar in particular answered directly to the finance minister rather than the vali. A separate vilayet council was composed of four elected members, comprising two Muslims and two non-Muslims.

If the vali fell ill or was absent from the capital, he was variously replaced by the governor of the chief sanjak (''merkez sanjak'') near the capital, the ''muavin'', and the defterdar. A similar structure was replicated in the lower hierarchical levels, with executive and advisory councils drawn from the local administrators and—following long-established practice—the heads of the millets, the various local religious communities.

Sanjaks

Each vilayet was divided into arrondissements, subprovinces, or counties known as sanjaks, livas, or mutasarrifliks. Each sanjak or liva was administered by a sanjakbey or mutasarrif personally appointed by the sultan and a council (''idare meclisi'') composed of a secretary (''tahrirat müdürü''), comptroller (''muhasebeci''), deputy judge (''naib''), and representatives of the public works board (''nafia'') and the educational system (''maarif'').

Kazas

Each sanjak was divided into cantons or districts known as kazas. Each kaza was under a kaymakam and a council composed of a secretary (''tahrirat kâtibi''), comptroller (''mal müdürü''), deputy judge, and representatives of the public works board.

Nahiyes

Each kaza was divided into parishes or communes known as nahiyes. Each nahiye was under a müdir appointed by the vali but answerable to the regional kaymakam. He was responsible for local tax collection, court sentences, and maintaining the peace.

Kariyes

Each nahiye was divided into wards and villages (''kariye''). Each kariye was under a muhtar ("headman") chosen by its inhabitants and confirmed by the regional kaymakam. He was assited in his duties by a local "council of elders" (''ihtiyar meclisi'').

List

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, c. 1876

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, circa 1876:

* Constantinople Vilayet
* Adrianople Vilayet: sanjaks of Adrianople (Edirne), Tekirdağ, Gelibolu, Filibe, Sliven.
* Danube Vilayet: sanjaks of Ruse, Varna, Vidin, Tulcea, Turnovo, Sofia, Niš.
* Bosnia Vilayet: sanjaks of Bosna-Serai, Zvornik, Banja Luka, Travnik, Bebkèh, Novi Pazar.
* Vilayet of Herzegovina: sanjaks of Mostar, Gacko.
* Salonica Vilayet

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