Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin (Russian: Ви́ктор Васи́льевич Пашу́тин) was a Russian
patophysiologist, one of the founders of the
pathophysiologic school in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
and of
pathophysiology as an independent scientific discipline. In 1890 — 1901 he headed the
Imperial Military Medical Academy in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, was its Full Member (1890).
Biography
Pashutin was born on 28 January 1845 in
Novocherkassk
Novocherkassk (russian: Новочерка́сск, lit. ''New Cherkassk'') is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located near the confluence of the Tuzlov and Aksay Rivers, the latter a distributary of the Don River. Novocherkassk is best known ...
,
Don Host Oblast
The Province (Oblast) of the Don Cossack Host (, ''Oblast’ Voyska Donskogo'') of Imperial Russia was the official name of the territory of Don Cossacks, coinciding approximately with the present-day Rostov Oblast of Russia. Its site of admini ...
. Till 1862 he studied at the
Voronezh Theological Seminary. In the same year he was admitted to the
Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, where he became one of
Ivan Sechenov's disciples. Graduated in 1868, he was left at the academy to be prepared for the professor's rank. In 1870 Viktor Pashutin was awarded with the degree of
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin ''Medicinae Doctor'') is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. T ...
for the thesis titled "Some experiments on the enzymes that turn starch into glucose and cane sugar". In 1871 he became assistant professor of
physiology
Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical ...
.
The years from 1871 to 1874 Viktor Pashutin spent in practical trainings in different German universities. In
Leipzig
Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...
he practiced physiology under the guidance of Professor
Carl Ludwig
Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (; 29 December 1816 – 23 April 1895) was a German physician and physiologist. His work as both a researcher and teacher had a major influence on the understanding, methods and apparatus used in almost all branches ...
and
medicinal chemistry
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and developme ...
with Professor
Karl Hugo Huppert. He also attended the lectures of
Friedrich von Recklinghausen on general pathology and of
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (''né'' Felix Hoppe; 26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895) was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology.
Biography
Hoppe-Seyler was b ...
on
medicinal chemistry
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and developme ...
in
Strasbourg.
From 1874 to 1879 Professor Pashutin headed the Department of General Pathology of the
Imperial Kazan University, where he founded Russia's first laboratory of experimental pathology. Since 1879 he headed the newly established Department of General and Experimental Pathology of the
Imperial Military Medical Academy in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, moulded by him into a center of national pathophysiologic school.
From 1890 to 1901 Professor Pashutin served as head of the
Imperial Military Medical Academy in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
. He was elected its Full Member in 1890. Since 1889, Professor Pashutin also was a chairman of the Medical Council of the Imperial Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1892 he was promoted to the rank of Privy Councilor (III grade of the
Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...
).
Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin died on 2 February 1901 in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
.
Scientific activity
Professor Pashutin's principal works are dedicated to disturbances of
metabolism
Metabolism (, from el, μεταβολή ''metabolē'', "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run c ...
and
thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature ...
,
oxygen starvation
Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as wel ...
and
vitamin deficiency
Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a ''primary deficiency'', whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a ''seconda ...
. He created an important scientific school, among whose adherents were
Pyotr Albitsky,
Stepan Kostyurin,
Nikolai Kravkov,
Sergey Lukyanov,
Alexander Reprev,
Nikolai Ushinsky and others.
Selected bibliography
* V.V. Pashutin, Some experiments on the enzymes that turn starch into glucose and cane sugar (Y. Trey's Typography, Saint Petersburg, 1870)
* V.V. Pashutin, Lectures in general pathology (pathological physiology), in two parts (University Press, Kazan, 1878–1881)
* V.V. Pashutin, Course of General and Experimental Pathology, in two volumes (N.A. Lebedev's Typography, Staint Petersburg, 1885–1902)
* V.V. Pashutin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1952)
References
* P.M. Albitsky, Viktor Vasilyevich Pashutin (M. Merkushev's Typography, Saint Petersburg, 1901)
* P.N. Veselkin, V.V. Pashutin (Medgiz, Moscow, 1950)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pashutin, Viktor
1845 births
1901 deaths
People from Novocherkassk
Russian pathologists
Russian physiologists
S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
19th-century scientists from the Russian Empire