Led first by

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World ...

, the

Vichy regime Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its terr ...

that replaced the

French Third Republic The French Third Republic (french: Troisième République, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 ...

in 1940 chose the path of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers. This policy included the Bousquet- Oberg accords of July 1942 that formalized the collaboration of the French police with the German police. This collaboration was manifested in particular by anti-Semitic measures taken by the Vichy government, and by its active participation in the

genocide Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word (, "race, people") with the Latin ...

. The terms ''

Zone libre The ''zone libre'' (, ''free zone'') was a partition of the French metropolitan territory during World War II, established at the Second Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940. It lay to the south of the demarcation line and was administered by ...

'' (Free Zone),

Vichy France Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...

, southern zone,

French State Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its terr ...

, and ''État français'' are all synonyms and refer to the state in the south of France governed from Vichy during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

and headed by French

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

hero Marshal Philippe Pétain. The terms ''Zone occupée'' (Occupied Zone),

Occupied France The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...

, and northern zone refer to the northern portion of France governed by the German military administration in

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

, taking orders from

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

1940

* July 10, 1940:

Pierre Laval Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occu ...

induces Parliament to vote complete powers (constituent, legislative, executive and judicial) to Marshal

who becomes

Head of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...

of the

(État français). * July 21, 1940: Minister of Justice

Alibert Alibert is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Éric Alibert (born 1958), French painter * Gaston Alibert (1878–1917), French fencer * Jean-Claude Alibert (died 2020), French racing driver *Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert (1768� ...

creates a board to review 500,000 naturalizations accorded since 1927. Withdrawal of nationality for 15,000 people, 40% of whom were Jews. * July 1940: Germans expel more than 20,000 Alsace-Lorraine Jews to the southern zone. * September 27, 1940: Ordinance on the status of Jews in the Occupied Zone. A census of Jews ("the Tulard file") and obligatory sign "Juif" meaning "Jew" on shops owned by Jews. * September 27, 1940: A Vichy law allows any foreigner "redundant to the French economy" to be interned among "groups of foreign workers". * October 3, 1940: first

law on the status of Jews __NOTOC__ The Law of 3 October 1940 on the status of Jews was a law enacted by Vichy France. It provided a legal definition of the expression ''Jewish race'', which was used during the Nazi occupation for the implementation of Vichy's ideologica ...

. French Jewish citizens are excluded from civil service, army, education, the press, radio and film. "Surplus" Jews are excluded from the professions. Article 9: This law is applicable to Algeria, to the

colonies In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state'' ...

, protectorates and mandated

territories A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or an ...

. * October 4, 1940: prefects can detain foreigners of Jewish extraction in special camps or to assign residence. * October 7, 1940: repeal of the 1871

Crémieux Decree The Crémieux Decree () was a law that granted French citizenship to the majority of the Jewish population in French Algeria (around 35,000), signed by the Government of National Defense on 24 October 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was ...

; French nationality is removed from Jews from

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

. * October 7, 1940:

Aryanization Aryanization (german: Arisierung) was the Nazi term for the seizure of property from Jews and its transfer to non-Jews, and the forced expulsion of Jews from economic life in Nazi Germany, Axis-aligned states, and their occupied territories. I ...

of businesses in the Occupied Zone.

1941

* March 29, 1941: creation of the

Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs The Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs (french: Commissariat général aux questions juives; C.G.Q.J.) was a special administration established in March 1941 by the collaborationist Vichy government of France in order to introduce anti-Jewis ...

(CGQJ), with

Xavier Vallat Xavier Vallat (December 23, 1891 – January 6, 1972), French politician and antisemite who was Commissioner-General for Jewish Questions in the wartime Vichy collaborationist government, and was sentenced after World War II to ten years in pr ...

as the first commissioner. * May 11, 1941: Creation of the ''

Institut d'étude des questions juives The ''Institut d'étude des questions juives'' (IEQJ) (Institute for the Study of Jewish Questions) was an anti-Semitic propaganda organization created in France under the German occupation during World War II, with the support of the ''Propagan ...

'', an anti-Semitic propaganda agency, financed by the nazis (

Theodor Dannecker Theodor Denecke (also spelled Dannecker) (27 March 1913 – 10 December 1945) was a German SS-captain (), a key aide to Adolf Eichmann in the deportation of Jews during World War II. A trained lawyer Denecke first served at the Reich Security M ...

) and directed by French antisemitic agitators Paul Sézille, René Gérard and others. * May 14, 1941: the

green ticket roundup The green ticket roundup (french: rafle du billet vert), also known as the green card roundup, took place on 14 May 1941 during the Nazi occupation of France. The mass arrest started a day after French Police delivered a green card () to 6694 f ...

() organized by the

Prefecture of Police In France, a Prefecture of Police (french: Préfecture de police), headed by the Prefect of Police (''Préfet de police''), is an agency of the Government of France under the administration of the Ministry of the Interior. Part of the National Pol ...

with the agreement of the general delegation of the French government in the occupied zone and upon demand by the occupying authorities: 3,747 Jewish foreigners, (out of 6,494 summoned by the prefecture) were crammed into the

Pithiviers Pithiviers () is a communes of France, commune in the Loiret Departments of France, department, north central France. It is one of the Subprefectures in France, subprefectures of Loiret. It is twinned with Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, Eng ...

and

Beaune-la-Rolande Beaune-la-Rolande () is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. History On 28 November 1870 it was the site of a battle during the Franco-Prussian War, in which French impressionist painter Frédéric Bazille was killed. D ...

internment camps under French administration. *June 2, 1941:

Second law on the status of Jews Second French Jewish Statute, Act of 2 June 1941 (La Loi du 2 juin 1941, Statut des Juifs), was an anti-semitic Act that was created by Vichy France and signed into law by Marshall Philippe Pétain, Pétain, that replaced the Law on the status of ...

Law of 2 June 194, the second law concerning Jews. Compared to the first one, an increasingly stringent definition of who is a Jew, additional professional work restrictions, quotas in University (3%) and the liberal professions (2%). Jews were obligated to take part in a census in the ''

''. Article 11 of the Statute: "This law is applicable to Algeria, the colonies, protectorates and territories under mandate. This law authorizes prefects to perform

administrative detention Administrative detention is arrest and detention of individuals by the state without trial. A number of jurisdictions claim that it is done for security reasons. Many countries claim to use administrative detention as a means to combat terrorism ...

of Jews of French nationality.". * July 21, 1941:

of Jewish companies in the ''Zone libre''. * August 1941: Occupied zone: internment of 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews in various camps including

Drancy Drancy () is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in northern France. It is located 10.8 km (6.7 mi) from the center of Paris. History Toponymy The name Drancy comes from Medieval Lati ...

. * November 29, 1941: creation of the UGIF (''

Union générale des israélites de France The (General Union of French Jews; UGIF) was a body created by the antisemitic French politician Xavier Vallat under the Vichy regime after the Fall of France in World War II. UGIF was created by decree on 29 November 1941 following a Ge ...

''), facilitating the tracking and classification of Jews in France. Created by decree under pressure by Nazi Germany. * December 1941: Occupied zone: 740 French Jews, members of the liberal and intellectual professions, interned in

Compiègne Compiègne (; pcd, Compiène) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. It is located on the river Oise. Its inhabitants are called ''Compiégnois''. Administration Compiègne is the seat of two cantons: * Compiègne-1 (with 19 c ...

1942

Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0211-500,_Frankreich,_Antisemitismus,_Ausstellung

* January 1942: Wannsee Conference: Nazi officials define the practical arrangements for the "

Final Solution The Final Solution (german: die Endlösung, ) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (german: Endlösung der Judenfrage, ) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II. The "Final Solution to th ...

", that is to say, the complete extermination of

European Jewry The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years. Some Jews, a Judaean tribe from the Levant, Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19. migrated to Europe just before the rise of the Roman Empire. A notable e ...

, including children. * 27 March 1942: The first convoy of Jewish deportees leaves Compiègne (Frontstalag 122) towards an

extermination camp Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...

. * May 20, 1942: Occupied zone: Compulsory wearing of yellow Jewish star badge. (effective June 7). * July 2, 1942: Oberg- Bousquet agreement for collaboration between French and German police, in the presence of

Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( ; ; 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust. He was chief of the Reich Security Main Office (inclu ...

, Himmler's deputy. * July 16–17, 1942: Roundup of the Vel d'Hiv: arrest of 13,152 "stateless" Jews (3,031 men, 5,802 women and 4,051 children). * July 19, 1942: failed , after Jews were warned overnight to flee by Nancy Police Commissioner for Foreign Affairs Édouard Vigneron. * 26–28 August 1942 ''

'': series of roundups resulting in the deportation of 7,000 people.

1943

* January 1943: Roundup of Marseille: destruction of the Old Port and roundups by French authorities. Nearly 2,000 Marseilles Jews arrested and deported. ''Le Petit Marseillais'' of January 30, 1943 wrote: "Note that the evacuation operations in the Northern district of the Old Port were carried out exclusively by French police and that no incidents were reported.Maurice Rajsfus, ''La Police de Vichy. '' The Opera district, where many

Sephardic Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian Hebrew, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), ...

families lived, is emptied of its inhabitants. * February 1943: Lyon raid on the premises of the

(UGIF, General Union of French Jews). * September 8, 1943:

surrender of Italy The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice signed on 3 September 1943 and made public on 8 September between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies during World War II. It was signed by Major General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brigad ...

leading to the

Allied An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

occupation of

Italian-occupied France Italian-occupied France (; ) was an area of south-eastern France and Monaco occupied by the Kingdom of Italy between 1940 and 1943 in parallel to the German occupation of France. The occupation had two phases, divided by Case Anton in November ...

hitherto spared the roundups. * April 1943:

Nîmes Nîmes ( , ; oc, Nimes ; Latin: ''Nemausus'') is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 148,5 ...

and

Avignon Avignon (, ; ; oc, Avinhon, label=Provençal dialect, Provençal or , ; la, Avenio) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Vaucluse Departments of France, department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region of So ...

roundups. * September 1943: roundups of

Nice Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...

and surrounding area.

1944

* February 1944: roundups of

Grenoble lat, Gratianopolis , commune status = Prefecture and commune , image = Panorama grenoble.png , image size = , caption = From upper left: Panorama of the city, Grenoble’s cable cars, place Saint- ...

and

Isère Isère ( , ; frp, Isera; oc, Isèra, ) is a landlocked department in the southeastern French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,271,166 in 2019.last deportation convoy from

Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand (, ; ; oc, label=Auvergnat (dialect), Auvergnat, Clarmont-Ferrand or Clharmou ; la, Augustonemetum) is a city and Communes of France, commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes regions of France, region, with a population ...

Publications

* * , ''Le Commissariat général aux questions juives (1940-1944)'', he general commission for Jewish affairs 1940044 éditions du Centre, Paris, 3 vol., 1955–1960. * , ''Au bureau des affaires juives. L’administration française et l’application de la législation antisémite (1940-1944)'', t the Jewish affairs bureau. French administration and the application of antisemitic legislation 1940-44 La Découverte, Paris, 2006. * (ed.), ''Persécutions et spoliations des Juifs pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale'', ersecution and plundering of Jews during the second world war Presses universitaires de Grenoble, Grenoble, 2004. * , ''Voler les juifs. Lyon, 1940-1944'', obbing the Jews Hachette, 2002. * Renée Dray-Bensousan, ''Les Juifs à Marseille (1940-1944)'', arseille Jews 1940-44 Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2004. * Jean-Marc Dreyfus, ''Pillages sur ordonnances. Aryanisation et restitution des banques en France, 1940-1953'', egal plunder. Aryanization and the reestablishment of French banking, 1940-1953 Fayard, Paris, 2003. * Michaël Iancu, ''Spoliations déportations, résistance des Juifs à Montpellier et dans l’Hérault (1940-1944)'', lunder, deportation, resistance of Montpelier Jews and in the Hérault éditions Alain Barthélémy, Avignon, 2000. * Laurent Joly, ''Vichy dans la « solution finale ». Histoire du Commissariat général aux questions juives, 1941-1944'', ichy and the "final solution". History of the general commission for Jewish affairs, 1941-44 Grasset, Paris, 2006. * , ''Les Juifs pendant l’Occupation'', ews during the occupation Points Seuil, Paris, 1997. *

Beate Klarsfeld Beate Auguste Klarsfeld (née Künzel; born 13 February 1939) is a Franco-German journalist and Nazi hunter who, along with her French husband, Serge, became famous for their investigation and documentation of numerous Nazi war criminals, inc ...

Serge Klarsfeld Serge Klarsfeld (born 17 September 1935) is a Romanian-born French activist and Nazi hunter known for documenting the Holocaust in order to establish the record and to enable the prosecution of war criminals. Since the 1960s, he has made notab ...

, (ed.), ''Le mémorial de la déportation des juifs de France'', emorial to the deportation of the Jews of France Paris, 1978. *

, ''Vichy-Auschwitz, la « solution finale » de la question juive en France'', ichy-Auschwitz, the "final solution" of the Jewish question in France Fayard, Paris, 3rd ed. 2001. * Florent Le bot, ''La fabrique réactionnaire. Antisémitisme, spoliations et corporatisme dans le cuir, 1930-1950'', eactionary factories. Antisemitism, plunder and corporatism in leather manufacturing Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 2007. * Jean Laloum, ''Les Juifs dans la banlieue parisienne des années 20 aux années 50'', ews of the Parisian ''banlieue'' in the 1920s to 1950s CNRS éditions, Paris, 1998. * * * Renée Poznanski, ''Les Juifs en France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale'', ews in France during the second world war Hachette, Paris, 1997 ; 1st ed. 1994. * , ''Aux prises avec Vichy, Histoire politique des Juifs de France'', 1940-1944 oping with Vichy, political history of French Jewry, 1940-1944 éditions Calmann-Lévy, Paris, 1998. * Philippe Verheyde, ''Les mauvais comptes de Vichy. L’aryanisation des entreprises juives'', ichy's bad accounts. The aryanization of Jewish businesses Perrin, Paris, 1999. *

Richard H. Weisberg Richard H. Weisberg is a professor of constitutional law at the Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in New York City, and a leading scholar on law and literature. Biography Weisberg received his B.A. degree from Brandeis University in 1965, ...

, ''Vichy, la justice et les juifs'', éd. des archives contemporaines, Amsterdam, 1998 ; 1st ed. New York, 1996.

References

{{Vichy France Jewish French history The Holocaust in France France in World War II Vichy France Political history of France