Verticillium wilt is a wilt

disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that a ...

affecting over 350

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

of eudicot

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclud ...

s. It is caused by six species of ''

Verticillium ''Verticillium'' is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota, and are an anamorphic form of the family Plectosphaerellaceae. The genus used to include diverse groups comprising saprobes and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mo ...

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

: ''V. dahliae'', ''V. albo-atrum'', ''V. longisporum'', ''V. nubilum'', ''V. theobromae'' and ''V. tricorpus''. Many economically important plants are susceptible including

cotton Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus ''Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor perce ...

tomato The tomato is the edible berry of the plant ''Solanum lycopersicum'', commonly known as the tomato plant. The species originated in western South America, Mexico, and Central America. The Mexican Nahuatl word gave rise to the Spanish word ...

es,

potato The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...

es,

oilseed rape Rapeseed (''Brassica napus ''subsp.'' napus''), also known as rape, or oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains a ...

eggplant Eggplant ( US, Canada), aubergine ( UK, Ireland) or brinjal (Indian subcontinent, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. ''Solanum melongena'' is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. Mos ...

pepper Pepper or peppers may refer to: Food and spice * Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plant ** Black pepper * ''Capsicum'' or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae ** Bell pepper ** Chili ...

s and ornamentals, as well as others in natural vegetation communities. Many eudicot species and cultivars are resistant to the disease and all

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

gymnosperm The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, ''Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμνό� ...

s and

fern A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except t ...

s are immune. Signs are superficially similar to ''

Fusarium ''Fusarium'' is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil mi ...

'' wilts. There are no fungicides characterized for the control of this disease but soil fumigation with chloropicrin has been proven successful in dramatically reducing ''Verticillium'' wilt in diverse crops such as vegetables using

plasticulture The term plasticulture refers to the practice of using plastic materials in agricultural applications. The plastic materials themselves are often and broadly referred to as "ag plastics". Plasticulture ag plastics include soil fumigation film, i ...

production methods, and in non-tarped potato production in North America . Additional strategies to manage the disease include crop rotation, the use of resistant varieties and deep plowing (to accelerate the decomposition of infected plant residue). In recent years, pre-plant soil fumigation with chloropicrin in non-tarped, raised beds has proven to be economically viable and beneficial for reducing wilt disease and increasing yield and quality of potato in North America. Soil fumigation is a specialized practice requiring special permits, equipment, and expertise, so qualified personnel must be employed.

Hosts and symptoms

''Verticillium'' spp. attack a very large host range including more than 350 species of vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, field crops, and shade or forest trees. Most vegetable species have some susceptibility, so it has a very wide host range. A list of known hosts is at the bottom of this page. The signs are similar to most wilts with a few specifics to ''Verticillium''. Wilt itself is the most common sign, with wilting of the stem and leaves occurring due to the blockage of the xylem vascular tissues and therefore reduced water and nutrient flow. In small plants and seedlings, ''Verticillium'' can quickly kill the plant while in larger, more developed plants the severity can vary. Some times only one side of the plant will appear infected because once in the vascular tissues, the disease migrates mostly upward and not as much radially in the stem. Other symptoms include stunting, chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, necrosis or tissue death, and defoliation. Internal vascular tissue discoloration might be visible when the stem is cut. In ''Verticillium'', the signs and effects will often only be on the lower or outer parts of plants or will be localized to only a few branches of a tree. In older plants, the infection can cause death, but often, especially with trees, the plant will be able to recover, or at least continue living with the infection. The severity of the infection plays a large role in how severe the signs are and how quickly they develop.

Disease cycle

While ''Verticillium'' spp. are very diverse, the basic life cycle of the pathogen is similar across species, except in their survival structures. The survival structures vary by species with ''V. albo-atrum'' forming mycelium, ''V. dahliae'' forming microsclerotia, ''V. nigrescens'' and ''V. nubilum'' forming chlamydospores, and ''V. tricorpus'' forming all three. While resting, many factors such as soil chemistry, temperature, hydration, micro fauna, and non-host crops all have an effect on the viability of the resting structure. Mycelium have been observed remaining viable for at least 4 years, while microsclerotia have been observed in fields planted with non-host crops for over 10 years and even 15 years has been reported. Viability is reduced at these extremes, but the long survivability of these structures is an important aspect for ''Verticillium'' control. When roots of a host crop come near the resting structure (about 2mm), root exudate promotes germination and the fungi grows out of the structure and toward the plant. Being a vascular wilt, it will try to get to the vascular system on the inside of the plant, and therefore must enter the plant. Natural root wounds are the easiest way to enter, and these wounds occur naturally, even in healthy plants because of soil abrasion on roots. ''Verticillium'' has also been observed entering roots directly, but these infections rarely make it to the vascular system, especially those that enter through root hairs. Once the pathogen enters the host, it makes its way to the vascular system, and specifically the xylem. The fungi can spread as hyphae through the plant, but can also spread as spores. ''Verticillium'' produce conidia on conidiophores and once conidia are released in the xylem, they can quickly colonize the plant. Conidia have been observed traveling to the top of cotton plants, 115 cm, 24 hours after initial conidia inoculation, so the spread throughout the plant can occur very quickly. Sometimes the flow of conidia will be stopped by cross sections of the xylem, and here the conidia will spawn, and the fungal hyphae can overcome the barrier, and then produce more conidia on the other side. A heavily infected plant can succumb to the disease and die. As this occurs, the ''Verticillium'' will form its survival structures and when the plant dies, its survival structures will be where the plant falls, releasing inoculates into the environment. The survival structures will then wait for a host plant to grow nearby and will start the cycle all over again. Besides being long lasting in the soil, ''Verticillium'' can spread in many ways. The most common way of spreading short distances is through root to root contact within the soil. Roots in natural conditions often have small damages or openings in them that are easily colonized by ''Verticillium'' from an infected root nearby. Air borne conidia have been detected and some colonies observed, but mostly the conidia have difficulty developing above ground on healthy plants. In open channel irrigation, ''V. dahliae'' have been found in the irrigation ditches up to a mile from the infected crop. Without fungicidal seed treatments, infected seeds are easily transported and the disease spread, and ''Verticillium'' has been observed remaining viable for at least 13 months on some seeds. Planting infected seed potatoes can also be a source of inoculum to a new field. Finally, insects have also been shown to transmit the disease. Many insects including potato leaf hopper, leaf cutter bees, and aphids have been observed transmitting conidia of ''Verticillium'' and because these insects can cause damage to the plant creating an entry for the ''Verticillium'', they can help transmit the disease.Pegg, G.F., Brady, B.L. (2002) Verticillium Wilts, CABI Publishing, New York, NY.

Environment

While Verticillium wilts often have the same symptoms of Fusarium wilts, ''Verticillium'' can survive cold weather and winters much better than ''Fusarium'', which prefers warmer climates. The resting structures of ''Verticillium'' are able to survive freezing, thawing, heat shock, dehydration, and many other factors and are quite robust and difficult to get rid of. The one factor they do not tolerate well is extended periods of anaerobic conditions (such as during flooding). ''Verticillium'' will grow best between 20 and 28 degrees Celsius, but germination and growth can occur well below (or above) those temperatures. Water is necessary for resting structure germination, but is not as important for the spread of the fungus as in many other fungi. While not an environmental requirement for the fungus, stressed plants, often brought on by environmental changes, are easier to attack than healthy plants, so any conditions that will stress the plant but not directly harm the ''Verticillium'' will be beneficial for Verticillium wilt development.

Management

''Verticillium'' wilt begins as a mild, local infection, which over a few years will grow in strength as more virile strains of the fungus develop. If left unchecked the disease will become so widespread that the crop will need to be replaced with resistant varieties, or a new crop will need to be planted altogether.Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology, 5th Edition. Control of ''Verticillium'' can be achieved by planting disease–free plants in uncontaminated soil, planting resistant varieties, and refraining from planting susceptible crops in areas that have been used repeatedly for

solanaceous The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orna ...

crops. Soil fumigation can also be used, with chloropicrin being particularly effective in reducing disease incidence in contaminated fields. In tomato plants, the presence of ethylene during the initial stages of infection inhibits disease development, while in later stages of disease development the same hormone will cause greater wilt. Tomato plants are available that have been engineered with resistant genes that will tolerate the fungus while showing significantly lower signs of wilting. ''Verticillium albo-altrum'', ''Verticilium dahliae'' and ''V. longisporum'' can overwinter as melanized mycelium or microsclerotia within live vegetation or plant debris. As a result, it can be important to clear plant debris to lower the spread of disease. ''Verticilium dahliae'' and ''V. longisporum'' are able to survive as microsclerotia in soil for up to 15 years.

Importance

Verticillium wilt occurs in a broad range of hosts but has similar devastating effects on many of these plants. In general, it reduces the quality and quantity of a crop by causing discoloration in tissues, stunting, and premature defoliation and death. Stock from infested nurseries may be restricted. Once a plant is infected, there is no way to cure it. Verticillium wilt is especially a concern in temperate areas and areas that are irrigated. ''Verticllium spp.'' can naturally occur in forest soils and when these soils are cultivated, the pathogen will infect the crop. The Salinas Valley in California has had severe problems with ''Verticillium'' wilt since 1995, most likely due to flooding in the winter of 1995. Many areas in the Salinas and Pajaro Valleys are unable to grow lettuce due to the high levels of ''Verticillium dahliae'' in the soil. Potatoes grown in ''Verticillium'' infested soils may have a reduced yield between 30–50% compared to potatoes grown in "clean" soil. Verticillium wilt has also caused a shift in peppermint cultivation from the Midwest in the mid- to late-1800s to western states such as Oregon, Washington and Idaho, to new, non-infested areas within these states now.

Lists of plants susceptible or resistant

Replanting susceptible species on the site of a removed plant that has succumbed to ''V. albo-atrum'' or ''V. dahliae'' is inadvisable because of the heightened risk of infection. Instead, resistant or immune varieties should be used. The following two lists show both susceptible and resistant/immune plants by Latin name.Verticillium wilt of vegetables and herbaceous ornamentals,2011-3-20 (*) indicates that the plant occurs on both lists because different varieties or cultivars vary in their resistance.
(#) indicates that some strains are resistant.
(+) indicates susceptibility to some European strains of ''Verticillium albo-atrum''.

Susceptible plants

* ''

Abelmoschus esculentus Okra or Okro (, ), ''Abelmoschus esculentus'', known in many English-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It has edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with su ...

'' (also known as ''Hibiscus esculentus'') (Okra) * '' Abutilon spp.'' (Abutilon) * '' Acer spp.'' (Maple) * ''

Acer negundo ''Acer negundo'', the box elder, boxelder maple, Manitoba maple or ash-leaved maple, is a species of maple native to North America. It is a fast-growing, short-lived tree with opposite, compound leaves. It is sometimes considered a weedy or inv ...

'' (Box Elder) * ''

Aconitum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'' (Monkshood, Aconite) * ''

Aesculus hippocastanum ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the maple, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. It is also called horse-chestnut, Europ ...

'' (Horsechestnut) * ''

Aesculus glabra ''Aesculus glabra'', commonly known as Ohio buckeye,''Aesculus g ...

'' (Ohio Buckeye) * ''

Ailanthus altissima ''Ailanthus altissima'' , commonly known as tree of heaven, ailanthus, varnish tree, or in Chinese as ''chouchun'' (), is a deciduous tree in the family Simaroubaceae. It is native to northeast and central China, and Taiwan. Unlike other membe ...

'' (Tree of Heaven) * ''

Albizia ''Albizia'' is a genus of more than 160 species of mostly fast-growing subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae. The genus is pantropical, occurring in Asia, Africa, Madagascar, America and A ...

'' (Mimosa) * ''

Amaranthus retroflexus ''Amaranthus retroflexus'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed. page 47 ...

'' (Rough Pigweed) * ''(*) Amelanchier'' (Serviceberry) * ''

Antirrhinum majus ''Antirrhinum majus'', the common snapdragon (often - especially in horticulture - simply "snapdragon"), is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus ''Antirrhinum''. The plant was placed in the family Plantaginaceae following a revis ...

'' (Snapdragon) * ''

Arabidopsis thaliana ''Arabidopsis thaliana'', the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa. ''A. thaliana'' is considered a weed; it is found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land. A winter a ...

'' (Thale cress) * ''

Arachis hypogaea The peanut (''Arachis hypogaea''), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small and la ...

'' (Peanut) * ''

Aralia cordata ''Aralia cordata'' is an upright herbaceous perennial plant growing up to in height, native to Japan, Korea and eastern China. Its common names include spikenard, herbal aralia, ''udo'' (from ja, ウド), Japanese spikenard, and mountain as ...

'' (Udo) * '' Aralia racemosa'' (American spikenard) * ''

Armoracia lapathifolia Horseradish (''Armoracia rusticana'', syn. ''Cochlearia armoracia'') is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage, and radish). It is a root vegetable, cultivated and used worldwide ...

'' (Horseradish) * ''

Aster Aster or ASTER may refer to: Biology * ''Aster'' (genus), a genus of flowering plants ** List of ''Aster'' synonyms, other genera formerly included in ''Aster'' and still called asters in English * Aster (cell biology), a cellular structure shap ...

spp.'' (Aster) * ''

Atropa belladonna ''Atropa belladonna'', commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a toxic perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (aubergine). It is native to Europe, North ...

'' (Belladonna) * ''

Aucuba ''Aucuba'' is a genus of three to ten species of flowering plants, now placed in the family Garryaceae, although formerly classified in the Aucubaceae or Cornaceae. ''Aucuba'' species are native to eastern Asia, from the eastern Himalayas east ...

'' (Aucuba) * ''

Berberis ''Berberis'' (), commonly known as barberry, is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from tall, found throughout temperate and subtropical regions of the world (apart from Australia). Species diversity is greatest in South Amer ...

'' (Barberry) * ''

Brassica napus Rapeseed (''Brassica napus ''subsp.'' napus''), also known as rape, or oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains a ...

'' (Oilseed rape, Rapeseed) * ''Brassica napobrassica'' (

Rutabaga Rutabaga (; North American English) or swede (British English and some Commonwealth English) is a root vegetable, a form of ''Brassica napus'' (which also includes rapeseed). Other names include Swedish turnip, neep (Scots), and turnip (Scott ...

, Rapeseed) * '' Brassica oleracea var. botrytis'' (Cauliflower) * '' Brassica oleracea var. capitata'' (Cabbage) * '' Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera'' (Brussels Sprouts) * ''

Buxus ''Buxus'' is a genus of about seventy species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box or boxwood. The boxes are native to western and southern Europe, southwest, southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Madagascar, northernmost South ...

'' (Box, boxwood) * ''

Calceolaria ''Calceolaria'' (), also called lady's purse, slipper flower and pocketbook flower,"Botanica. The Illustrated AZ of over 10000 garden plants and how to cultivate them", pp. 166-167 Könemann, 2004. or slipperwort, is a genus of plants in the ...

spp.'' (Slipperwort) * ''

Callirhoe papaver Callirrhoe (, grc, Καλλιρρόη; also Callirhoe) may refer to: * Callirhoe (mythology), several figures in Greek mythology, including: ** Callirrhoe (Oceanid), daughter of Oceanus and Tethys ** Callirrhoe (daughter of Achelous) * Callirrhoe ...

'' (Poppy mallow) * ''

Callistephus chinensis ''Callistephus'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Callistephus chinensis''. Its common names include China aster and annual aster.Gilman, E. F. and T. Howe''Callistephus ch ...

'' (Chinese Aster) * ''

Camellia ''Camellia'' (pronounced or ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae. They are found in eastern and southern Asia, from the Himalayas east to Japan and Indonesia. There are more than 220 described species, with some controversy ...

'' (Camellia) * '' Campanula spp.'' (Bellflower) * ''

Campsis radicans ''Campsis radicans'', the trumpet vine, yellow trumpet vine, or trumpet creeper (also known in North America as cow itch vine or hummingbird vine), is a species of flowering plant in the family Bignoniaceae, native to the eastern United States, ...

'' (Trumpet Creeper) * ''

Cannabis sativa ''Cannabis sativa'' is an annual Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to East Asia, Eastern Asia, but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as ...

'' (Hemp, Marijuana) * ''

Capsicum ''Capsicum'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family Solanaceae, native to Americas, the Americas, cultivated worldwide for their chili pepper or bell pepper fruit. Etymology and names The generic name may come f ...

spp.'' (Pepper) * ''

Carpobrotus edulis ''Carpobrotus edulis'' is a ground-creeping plant with succulent leaves in the genus ''Carpobrotus'', native to South Africa. Its common names include hottentot-fig, sour fig, ice plant or highway ice plant. Description ''Carpobrotus edulis'' ...

'' (Ice Plant) * ''

Carthamus tinctorius Safflower (''Carthamus tinctorius'') is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds and was used by the early Spanish colonies alo ...

'' (Safflower) * ''

Carya illinoensis The pecan (''Carya illinoinensis'') is a species of hickory native to the southern United States and northern Mexico in the region of the Mississippi River. The tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States, primarily in Georgia ...

'' (Pecan) * ''

Catalpa speciosa ''Catalpa speciosa'', commonly known as the northern catalpa, hardy catalpa, western catalpa, cigar tree, catawba-tree, or ''bois chavanon'', is a species of '' Catalpa'' native to the midwestern United States. The Latin specific epithet ''spec ...

'' (Northern Catalpa) * ''

Catalpa bignonioides ''Catalpa bignonioides'' is a species of '' Catalpa'' that is native to the southeastern United States in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Common names include southern catalpa, cigartree, and Indian-bean-tree (or Indian bea ...

'' (Southern Catalpa) * ''

Celosia argentea ''Celosia argentea'', commonly known as the plumed cockscomb or silver cock's comb, is a herbaceous plant of tropical origin in the Amaranthaceae family from India and Nepal. The plant is known for its very bright colors. In India and China it is ...

'' (Cockscomb) * '' Centaurea cyanus'' (Cornflower, Bachelor's button) * '' Centaurea imperialis'' (Sweet Sultan) * ''

Ceratonia siliqua The carob ( ; ''Ceratonia siliqua'') is a flowering evergreen tree or shrub in the Caesalpinioideae sub-family of the legume family, Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated for its edible fruit pods, and as an ornamental tree in gardens and lands ...

'' (Carob) * ''

Cercis canadensis ''Cercis canadensis'', the eastern redbud, is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, native to eastern North America from southern Michigan south to central Mexico, east to New Jersey. Species thrive as far west as California and as far north as ...

'' (Redbud) * ''

Cercis siliquastrum ''Cercis siliquastrum'', commonly known as the Judas tree or Judas-tree, is a small deciduous tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae which is noted for its prolific display of deep pink flowers in spring. It is native to Southern Europe and ...

'' (Judas Tree) * ''

Chenopodium ''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...

'' (Goosefoot) * ''(#)

Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemums (), sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus ''Chrysanthemum'' in the family Asteraceae. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center ...

spp.'' (Chrysanthemum, Marguerite etc.) * ''

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ''Leucanthemum vulgare'', commonly known as the ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, dog daisy, marguerite (french: Marguerite commune, "common marguerite") and other common names, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions ...

'' (Oxeye Daisy) * ''

Cinnamomum camphora ''Camphora officinarum'' is a species of evergreen tree that is commonly known under the names camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel. Description ''Camphora officinarum'' is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern ...

'' (Camphor tree) * '' Cistus palhinhai'' (Rock rose) * '' Cistus x purpureus'' (Orchid Spot rock rose) * '' Citrullus vulgaris'' (Watermelon) * '' Cladrastis lutea'' (Yellow wood) * ''

Clarkia elegans ''Clarkia unguiculata'' is a species of wildflower known by the common name elegant clarkia or mountain garland. This plant is endemic to California, where it is found in many woodland habitats. Specifically it is common on the forest floor of man ...

'' (Clarkia) * ''

Coreopsis lanceolata ''Coreopsis lanceolata'', commonly known as lanceleaf coreopsis, lanceleaf tickseed, lance-leaved coreopsis, or sand coreopsis, is a North American species of Coreopsis, tickseed in the family Asteraceae. Description ''Coreopsis lanceolata'' is ...

'' (Tickseed) * ''(*)

Cornus ''Cornus'' is a genus of about 30–60 species of woody plants in the family Cornaceae, commonly known as dogwoods, which can generally be distinguished by their blossoms, berries, and distinctive bark. Most are deciduous trees or shrub ...

'' (Dogwood) * ''

Cosmos The cosmos (, ) is another name for the Universe. Using the word ''cosmos'' implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity. The cosmos, and understandings of the reasons for its existence and significance, are studied in ...

'' (Cosmos) * '' Cotinus coggygria'' (Smoke Tree) * ''

Cupaniopsis anacardioides ''Cupaniopsis anacardioides'', with common names tuckeroo, carrotwood, beach tamarind and green-leaved tamarind, is a species of flowering tree in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, that is native to eastern and northern Australia. The usual ...

'' (Carrotwood) * ''

Cucumis melo ''Cucumis melo'', also known as melon, is a species of '' Cucumis'' that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. The fruit is a pepo. The flesh is either sweet or bland, with or without a musky aroma, and the rind can be smooth (such a ...

'' (Honeydew, Cantaloupe and other melons) * ''

Cucumis sativus Cucumber (''Cucumis sativus'') is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the Cucurbitaceae family that bears usually cylindrical fruits, which are used as culinary vegetables.Cucurbita pepo ''Cucurbita pepo'' is a cultivated plant of the genus ''Cucurbita''. It yields varieties of winter squash and pumpkin, but the most widespread varieties belong to the subspecies ''Cucurbita pepo'' subsp. ''pepo'', called summer squash. It has b ...

'' (Pumpkin) * ''

Cydonia oblonga The quince (; ''Cydonia oblonga'') is the sole member of the genus ''Cydonia'' in the Malinae subtribe (which also contains apples and pears, among other fruits) of the Rosaceae family. It is a deciduous tree that bears hard, aromatic bright ...

'' (Quince) * ''

Cynara cardunculus The cardoon, ''Cynara cardunculus'' (), also called the artichoke thistle, is a thistle in the family Asteraceae. It is a naturally occurring species that also has many cultivated forms, including the globe artichoke. It is native to the wester ...

'' (Globe artichoke) * ''

Dahlia variabilis ''Dahlia pinnata'' (''D.'' × ''pinnata'') is a species in the genus ''Dahlia'', family Asteraceae, with the common name garden dahlia. It is the type species of the genus and is widely cultivated. Description ''Dahlia pinnata'' is a perennial ...

'' (Dahlia) * ''

Delphinium ajacis ''Consolida ajacis'' (doubtful knight's spur or rocket larkspur) is an annual flowering plant of the family Ranunculaceae native to Eurasia. It is widespread in other areas, including much of North America, where it is an introduced species. It ...

'' (Rocket larkspur) * ''

Digitalis purpurea ''Digitalis purpurea'', the foxglove or common foxglove, is a poisonous species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also naturalised in parts of North Am ...

'' (Foxglove) * '' Dimorphotheca sinuata'' (Cape marigold) * ''

Diospyros virginiana ''Diospyros virginiana'' is a persimmon species commonly called the American persimmon, common persimmon, eastern persimmon, simmon, possumwood, possum apples, or sugar plum. It ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida, and west to Texas, ...

'' (persimmon) * ''

Dodonaea viscosa ''Dodonaea viscosa'', also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Dodonaea'' (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in Tropics, tropical, Subtropics, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa ...

'' (Hopseed) * ''

Echinacea purpurea ''Echinacea purpurea'', the eastern purple coneflower, purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to parts of eastern North America and present to s ...

'' (Eastern purple coneflower) * ''

Elaeagnus ''Elaeagnus'' , silverberry or oleaster, is a genus of about 50–70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae. Description ''Elaeagnus'' plants are deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees. The alternate leaves and the shoo ...

'' (Oleaster, Russian Olive) * ''

Erica Erica or ERICA may refer to: * Erica (given name) * ''Erica'' (plant), a flowering plant genus * Erica (chatbot), a service of Bank of America * ''Erica'' (video game), a 2019 FMV video game * ''Erica'' (spider), a jumping spider genus * E ...

spp.'' (Heather) * ''

Erigeron ''Erigeron'' () is a large genus of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is closely related to the genus '' Aster'' and the true daisies in the genus '' Bellis''. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution in dry, mountainous areas and grassland, ...

'' (Fleabane) * ''

Eschscholzia californica ''Eschscholzia californica'', the California poppy, golden poppy, California sunlight or cup of gold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae, native to the United States and Mexico. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant ...

'' (California poppy) * ''

Ficus benjamina ''Ficus benjamina'', commonly known as weeping fig, benjamin fig or ficus tree, and often sold in stores as just ficus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae, native to Asia and Australia. It is the official tree of Bangkok. The ...

'' (Weeping Fig) * ''

Ficus retusa ''Ficus retusa'' is a species of evergreen woody plant in the fig genus, native to the Malay Archipelago and Malesia floristic region. The species name has been widely mis-applied to ''Ficus microcarpa''. Description ''Ficus retusa'' is a rapi ...

'' (Indian Laurel) * ''(#)

Fragaria chiloensis ''Fragaria chiloensis'', the beach strawberry, Chilean strawberry, or coastal strawberry, is one of two species of wild strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern garden strawberry (''F. × ananassa''). It is native to the Pacific Oc ...

'' (Strawberry) * ''

Fraxinus pennsylvanica ''Fraxinus pennsylvanica'', the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma an ...

'' (Ash) * ''

Fremontodendron ''Fremontodendron'', with the common names fremontia and flannelbush or flannel bush, is a genus of three known species of shrubs native to the Southwestern United States and northwest Mexico. Taxonomy They are within the botanical family Malv ...

spp.'' (Flannel bush, Fremontia) * ''

Fuchsia ''Fuchsia'' () is a genus of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees. The first to be scientifically described, '' Fuchsia triphylla'', was discovered on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republi ...

spp.'' (Fuchsia) * ''

Gerbera jamesonii ''Gerbera jamesonii'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Gerbera'' belonging to the basal Mutisieae tribe within the large Asteraceae (or Compositae) family. It is indigenous to South Eastern Africa and commonly known as the Barberton ...

'' (Transvaal daisy) * ''

Gossypium ''Gossypium'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family, Malvaceae, from which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. There are about 50 ''Gossypiu ...

spp.'' (Cotton) * ''

Gymnocladus dioicus The Kentucky coffeetree (''Gymnocladus dioicus''), also known as American coffee berry, Kentucky mahogany, nicker tree, and stump tree, is a tree in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Midwest, Upper South, ...

'' (Kentucky Coffeetree) * ''

Hebe bollonsii Hebe may refer to: Mythology * Hebe (mythology), the goddess of youth in Greek mythology Arts and entertainment * Hebe (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character * Cousin Hebe, a character in Gilbert and Sullivan's ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' * '' Hebe: ...

'' (Hebe) * '' Hebe x carnea 'Carnea''' (Hebe) * '' Hebe lewisii'' (Hebe) * ''

Hedera ''Hedera'', commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa an ...

'' (Ivy) * ''

Helianthus ''Helianthus'' () is a genus comprising about 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers. Except for three South American species, the species of ''Helianthus'' are native to ...

spp.'' (Sunflower) * ''

Helichrysum bracteatum ''Xerochrysum bracteatum'', commonly known as the golden everlasting or strawflower, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to Australia. Described by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in 1803, it was known as ''Helichrysum bracteatum'' for ...

'' (Strawflower) * ''

Heliotropium arborescens ''Heliotropium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the heliotrope family, Heliotropiaceae. There are around 325 species in this almost cosmopolitan genus, which are commonly known as heliotropes (sg. ). It is highly toxic for dogs and cats. Et ...

'' (Heliotrope) *''

Humulus ''Humulus'', hop, is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The hop is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Hops are the female flowers (seed cones, strobiles) of the hop species '' H. lupulus''; as a main ...

'' (Hop) * ''

Impatiens balsamina ''Impatiens balsamina'', commonly known as balsam, garden balsam, rose balsam, touch-me-not or spotted snapweed, is a species of plant native to India and Myanmar. It is an annual plant growing to 20–75 cm tall, with a thick, but soft ste ...

'' (Garden balsam) * '' Impatiens walleriana'' (Busy Lizzie) * ''

Jasminum Jasmine ( taxonomic name: ''Jasminum''; , ) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultiva ...

'' (Jasmine) * ''

Juglans regia ''Juglans regia'', the Persian walnut, English walnut, Carpathian walnut, Madeira walnut, or especially in Great Britain, common walnut, is an Old World walnut tree species native to the region stretching from the Balkans eastward to the Himala ...

'' (English walnut) * ''

Koelreuteria paniculata ''Koelreuteria paniculata'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to eastern Asia (China and Korea). It was introduced in Europe in 1747, and to America in 1763, and has become a popular landscape tree worldwide. Com ...

'' (goldenrain tree) * '' Lampranthus spectabilis'' (Ice plant) * ''

Lathyrus odoratus The sweet pea, ''Lathyrus odoratus'', is a flowering plant in the genus ''Lathyrus'' in the family Fabaceae (legumes), native to Sicily, southern Italy and the Aegean Islands. It is an annual climbing plant, growing to a height of , where suita ...

'' (Sweet pea) * ''Liatris spp.'' (Gayfeather) * ''Ligustrum spp.'' (Privet) * ''Linum usitatissimum'' (Linseed) * ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' (tulip tree) * ''Lobelia erinus'' (Lobelia) * ''Lonicera'' (Honeysuckle) * ''Lupinus polyphyllus'' (Lupin) * ''(#) Lycopersicon esculentum'' (Tomato) * ''Maclura pomifera'' (Osage orange) * ''Magnolia'' (Magnolia) * ''Matthiola incana'' (Stock) * ''Melia azedarach'' (Chinaberry, Persian Lilac) * ''Mentha spp.'' (Mint) * ''Monarda fistulosa'' (Wild Bergamot) * ''Nandina domestica'' (Heavenly bamboo) * ''Nicotiana benthamiana'' (Australian tobacco) * ''Nyssa sylvatica'' (Black Gum) * ''Olea europaea'' (Olive) * ''Osteospermum'' (African daisy) * ''Paeonia (plant), Paeonia spp.'' (Peony) * ''Panax quinquefolius'' (American ginseng) * ''Papaver orientale'' (Oriental poppy) * ''Parthenium argentatum'' (Guayule) * ''Parthenocissus'' (Virginia Creeper) * ''Pelargonium spp.'' (Pelargonium, Geranium) * ''Persea americana'' (Avocado) * ''Petunia'' (Petunia) * ''Pistacia'' (Pistachio) * ''Phlox spp.'' (Phlox) * ''Phellodendron'' (Cork Tree) * ''Physalis alkekengi'' (Chinese lantern plant) * ''Polemonium spp.'' (Polemonium) * ''Populus tremula'' (European aspen) * ''Prunus'' (Cherry, Plum, Peach, Almond, other stone fruit) * ''Pyrola spp.'' (Pyrola) * ''Quercus palustris'' (Pin Oak) * ''Quercus rubra'' (Red oak) * ''Raphanus sativus'' (Radish) * ''Reseda (plant), Reseda odorata'' (Mignonette) * ''Rhaphiolepis'' (India Hawthorn, Yeddo Hawthorn) * ''Rheum (genus), Rheum rhaponticum'' (Rhubarb) * ''Rhododendron'' (Azalea, Rhododendron) * ''Rhus'' (Sumac, Lemonade berry) * ''Ribes'' (Gooseberry, Black, White, Red and other currants) * ''Ricinus communis'' (Castor bean) * ''Robinia pseudoacacia'' (Black Locust) * ''Romneya coulteri'' (Tree poppy) * ''Rorippa islandica'' (Marsh Cress) * ''Rose, Rosa'' (Rose) * ''Rosmarinus officinalis'' (Rosemary) * ''(#) Rubus'' (Black-, Rasp-, Dew- and other berries) * ''Rudbeckia serotinia'' (Black-eyed susan) * ''Salpiglossis sinuata'' (Painted tongue) * ''Salvia farinacea'' (Mealycup sage) * ''Salvia pratensis, Salvia haematodes'' (Sage) * ''Salvia azurea'' (Blue sage) * ''Sambucus spp.'' (Elderberry) * ''Sassafras albidum'' (Sassafras) * ''Schinus'' (Pepper Tree) * ''Schizanthus, Schizanthus pinnatus'' (Butterfly flower) * ''Senecio cruentus'' (Cineraria) * ''Senecio vulgaris'' (Groundsel) * ''Sisymbrium irio'' (London rocket) * ''Solanum aethiopicum'' (Ethiopian Eggplant) * ''Solanum carolinense'' (Carolina horsenettle) * ''Solanum elaeagnifolium'' (White horsenettle) * ''Solanum melongena'' (Eggplant) * ''Solanum nigrum'' (Black nightshade) * ''Solanum sarrachoides'' (Hairy Nightshade) * ''Solanum tuberosum'' (Potato) * ''Sorbus torminalis'' (Wild Service Tree) * ''Spinacia oleracea'' (Spinach) * ''Spirea'' (Meadowsweet, Spirea) * ''Styphnolobium'' (Japanese pagoda tree) * ''Syringa'' (Lilac) * ''Taraxacum officinale'' (Dandelion) * ''Tetragonia tetragonioides'' (formerly ''T. expansa'') (New Zealand spinach) * ''(*) Tilia'' (Lime, Linden) * ''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' (Star jasmine) * ''Tragopogon porrifolius'' (Salsify) * ''Ulmus americana'' (American elm) * ''Ulmus procera'' (English elm) * ''Ulmus rubra'' (Slippery elm) * ''Venidium spp.'' (Namaqualand daisy) * ''Viburnum spp.'' (Viburnum, Wayfaring tree) * ''Vigna sesquipedalis'' (Yard-long bean) * ''Vigna sinensis'' (Cowpea) * ''Vitis'' (Grapevine) * ''Weigela'' (Weigela)

Plants resistant or immune

Clades

* ''Polypodiopsida'' (ferns and allies) * ''Gymnospermae'' (pines, firs, cycads, ginkgos, etc.) * ''Monocotyledoneae'' (grasses, bananas, Arecaceae, palms, Liliaceae, lilies, etc.) * ''Cactaceae'' (cacti)

Species

''Acer pseudoplatanus'' (Sycamore) * ''Ageratum spp.'' (Ageratum) * ''Alnus spp.'' (Alder) * ''Alyssum spp.'' (Alyssum) * ''Althaea rosea'' (Hollyhock) * ''(*) Amelanchier spp.'' (Serviceberry) * ''Anemone spp.'' (Anemone) * ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery) * ''Aquilegia spp.'' (Columbine) * ''Arctostaphylos spp.'' (Manzanita) * ''Asimina triloba'' (Pawpaw) * ''Asparagus officinalis'' (Asparagus) * ''Begonia semperflorens'' (Waxy or fibrous Begonia) * ''Begonia tuberhybrida'' (Tuberous Begonia) * ''Bellis perennis'' (English daisy) * ''Betula spp.'' (Birch, Hophornbeam) * ''Brassica oleracea Italica Group'' (Broccoli) * ''Browallia spp.'' (Browallia) * ''

spp.'' (Boxwood) * ''Calendula officinalis'' (Marigold) * ''Carpinus spp.'' (Ironwood, Hornbeam) * ''Carya'' (Hickory, Pecan) * ''Castanea mollissima'' (Chinese chestnut) * ''Ceanothus spp.'' (Californian Lilac, Ceanothus, Red root) * ''Celtis spp.'' (Hackberry) * ''Cercidiphyllum japonicum'' (Katsura Tree) * ''Cheiranthus cheiri'' (Wallflower) * ''Cistus corbariensis'' (White rock rose) * ''Cistus salvifolius'' (Sage-leaf rock rose) * ''Cistus tauricus'' (Rock rose) * ''Citrus spp.'' (Orange, Lemon, Grapefruit, etc.) * ''Cleome spp.'' (Cleome) * ''(*)

spp.'' (Dogwood) * ''Crataegus spp.'' (Hawthorn) * ''Daucus carota'' (Carrot) * ''Dianthus spp.'' (Carnation, Pink, Sweet William) * ''Eucalyptus spp.'' (Eucalyptus) * ''Beech, Fagus spp.'' (Beech) * ''Ficus carica'' (Fig) * ''Gaillardia spp.'' (Gaillardia) * ''Geum spp.'' (Geum) * ''Gleditsia spp.'' (Honey locust) * ''Gypsophila paniculata'' (Baby's breath) * ''Helianthemum nummularium'' (Sun rose) * ''Helleborus niger'' (Hellebore, Christmas Rose) * ''Heuchera sanguinea'' (Coral bells) * ''Iberis spp.'' (Candytuft) * ''Ilex spp.'' (Holly) * ''Impatiens sultani'' (Hardy Busy Lizzy) * ''Ipomoea batatas'' (Sweet potato) * ''Juglans spp.'' (Walnut, Butternut) * ''Juniperus spp.'' (Juniper) * ''Lactuca spp.'' (Lettuce) * ''Lantana spp.'' (Lantana) * ''Larix spp.'' (larch) * ''Liquidambar styraciflua'' (Sweet gum) * ''Lunaria annua'' (Honesty) * ''(+) Malus spp.'' (Apple) * ''(+) Medicago sativa'' (Alfalfa) * ''Mimulus spp.'' (Monkey flower) * ''Morus (plant), Morus spp.'' (Mulberry) * ''Nemesia strumosa'' (Nemesia) * ''Nemophila menziesii'' (Baby blue eyes) * ''Nerium oleander'' (Oleander) * ''Nierembergia frutescens'' (Cupflower) * ''Oenothera spp.'' (Evening primrose) * ''Penstemon spp.'' (Penstemon) * ''Phaseolus spp.'' (Bean) * ''Pisum sativum'' (Pea) * ''Platanus spp.'' (Sycamore, Plane tree) * ''Platycodon grandiflorus'' (Balloon flower) * ''Populus'' (Poplar) * ''Portulaca grandiflora'' (Moss rose) * ''Potentilla spp.'' (Potentilla) * ''Primula spp.'' (Primrose) * ''Pyracantha spp.'' (Firethorn) * ''(+) Pyrus spp.'' (Pear) * ''Quercus alba'' (White oak) * ''Quercus falcata'' (Southern red oak) * ''Quercus phellos'' (Willow oak) * ''Quercus virginiana'' (Live oak) * ''Ranunculus asiaticus'' (Persian buttercup) * ''Saintpaulia ionantha'' (African violet) * ''Scabiosa atropurpurea'' (Scabious) * ''Salix spp.'' (Willow) * ''Sorbus aucuparia'' (European mountain ash) * ''(*) Tilia'' (Lime, Linden) * ''Torenia fournieri'' (Wishbone plant) * ''Tropaeolum majus'' (Nasturtium) * ''Umbellularia californica'' (Californian laurel) * ''Verbena hybrida'' (Verbena) * Veronica x franciscana, ''Veronica'' x ''franciscana'' (Hebe) * ''Veronica elliptica'' (syn. ''Hebe'' x ''menziesii'') (Hebe) * ''Veronica salicifolia'' (Hebe) * ''Vinca minor'' (Periwinkle) * ''Viola (plant), Viola spp.'' (Pansy, Viola, Violet) * ''Zelkova serrata'' (Zelkova) * ''Zinnia spp.'' (Zinnia)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verticillium Wilt Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Tomato diseases Fungal tree pathogens and diseases Fungus common names