Dame Cicely Veronica Wedgwood, (20 July 1910 – 9 March 1997) was an English historian who published under the name C. V. Wedgwood. Specializing in the history of 17th-century England and continental Europe, her biographies and narrative histories are said to have provided a clear, entertaining middle ground between popular and scholarly works.
Early life
Wedgwood was born in
Stocksfield
Stocksfield is a small, yet sprawling commuter village situated close to the River Tyne, about west of Newcastle upon Tyne in the southern part of Northumberland, England. There are several smaller communities within the parish of Stocksfiel ...
,
Northumberland
Northumberland () is a county in Northern England, one of two counties in England which border with Scotland. Notable landmarks in the county include Alnwick Castle, Bamburgh Castle, Hadrian's Wall and Hexham Abbey.
It is bordered by land on ...
, on 20 July 1910. She was the only daughter of
Sir Ralph Wedgwood, Bt, a railway executive, and his wife
Iris Wedgwood (''née'' Pawson), a novelist and travel writer. Her brother was the politician and industrialist Sir
John Wedgwood. Veronica Wedgwood was a great-great-great-granddaughter of the potter and abolitionist
Josiah Wedgwood
Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist. Founding the Wedgwood company in 1759, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and was the leader in the indust ...
.
Her uncle was the politician
Josiah Wedgwood
Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist. Founding the Wedgwood company in 1759, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and was the leader in the indust ...
, later 1st Baron Wedgwood.
She was educated at home, and then at
Norland Place School
Norland Place School is a co-educational independent preparatory school for boys and girls 4–11 in Holland Park, London. The school was founded in 1876 by Emily Lord.
History
Founded in 1876 by Emily Lord, Norland Place School originally ...
. She earned a
First
First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1).
First or 1st may also refer to:
*World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement
Arts and media Music
* 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and rec ...
in Classics and Modern History at
Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Lady Margaret Hall (LMH) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England, located on the banks of the River Cherwell at Norham Gardens in north Oxford and adjacent to the University Parks. The college is more formall ...
, where
A. L. Rowse said she was "my first outstanding pupil".
In 1932, she enrolled for a PhD at the
London School of Economics
, mottoeng = To understand the causes of things
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £240.8 million (2021)
, budget = £391.1 millio ...
under the supervision of
R. H. Tawney
Richard Henry Tawney (30 November 1880 – 16 January 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic, ethical socialist,Noel W. Thompson. ''Political economy and the Labour Party: the economics of democratic socialism, 1884-2005''. 2nd ...
, but never completed it.
Career
Wedgwood published her first biography, ''Strafford'', at the age of 25 and ''The Thirty Years War'', "her big book ... covering a large canvas", according to Rowse, just three years later,
[ a work ]Patrick Leigh Fermor
Sir Patrick Michael Leigh Fermor (11 February 1915 – 10 June 2011) was an English writer, scholar, soldier and polyglot. He played a prominent role in the Cretan resistance during the Second World War, and was widely seen as Britain's greates ...
called " far the best and most exciting book on the whole period".
She specialised in European history of the 16th and 17th centuries. Her work in continental European history included the major study ''The Thirty Years War'' (1938) and biographies of William the Silent
William the Silent (24 April 153310 July 1584), also known as William the Taciturn (translated from nl, Willem de Zwijger), or, more commonly in the Netherlands, William of Orange ( nl, Willem van Oranje), was the main leader of the Dutch Re ...
and Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu (; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman and statesman. He was also known as ''l'Éminence rouge'', or "the Red Eminence", a term derived from the ...
. She devoted the greater part of her research to English history, especially in the English Civil War
The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians (" Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of re ...
. Her major works included a biography of Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Ki ...
and two volumes of a planned trilogy, ''The Great Rebellion'', which included ''The King's Peace'' (1955) and ''The King's War'' (1958). She continued the story with ''The Trial of Charles I'' (1964). She was known to walk battlefields and experience the same weather and field conditions as the subjects of her histories, mindful that Cromwell had no military experience and most participants in the English Civil War were "talented amateurs" when it came to military manoeuvres.[ The subject was one of great controversy and rival schools of historical interpretations, but she held herself apart, "probably put off by the sheer scholasticism into which the treatment of the subject had degenerated, the rudeness with which academics treated each other over it, when she herself was always courteous and lady-like." Instead, "what was remarkable about Wedgwood's view of the Civil War was the way in which she depicted the sheer confusion of it all, the impossibility of co-ordinating events in three countries, once order from the centre had broken down".][
Of ''William the Silent'' (1944), Rowse wrote that she "displayed not only a mastery of research but maturity of judgement, with a literary capacity not common in academic writing. She wrote indeed to be read, and not surprisingly the book began for her a long procession of prizes and honours..."][ '']The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' singled it out as a landmark: "Miracles do happen. A generation ago the young English woman historian was often tethered to a dry theme until she had nibbled it bald. Today she dares much more to select a major subject", and praised her scholarship for balancing complex details with human drama: "Miss Wedgwood has not faltered before the intricacy or magnitude of this checkered struggle, and hers is a glowing, substantial, ingeniously organized book."
Thirty years after she published a biography of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, (13 April 1593 ( N.S.)12 May 1641), was an English statesman and a major figure in the period leading up to the English Civil War. He served in Parliament and was a supporter of King Charles I. From 1 ...
, she published a much-revised version that was considerably more critical of her subject. In the earlier version she called him a "sincere, brave and able man". After using a collection of his family's papers that had not previously been available, she deemed him greedy and unscrupulous.[
She was well regarded in academic circles and her books were widely read. She was also successful as a lecturer and broadcaster. In 1953 the BBC invited her to present her impressions of the ]coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
The coronation of Elizabeth II took place on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey in London. She acceded to the throne at the age of 25 upon the death of her father, George VI, on 6 February 1952, being proclaimed queen by her privy and executive ...
. She was a tutor at Somerville College, Oxford
Somerville College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, was founded in 1879 as Somerville Hall, one of its first two women's colleges. Among its alumnae have been Margaret Thatcher, Indira Gandhi, Dorothy Hodgkin, Ir ...
, and she was a Special Lecturer at University College London
, mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £143 million (2020)
, budget = ...
from 1962 to 1991.[ According to '']The Economist
''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Econo ...
'', she "had a novelist's talent for entering into the character of the giants of history." She published using her initials ''C.V.'' as a nom de plume to disguise her gender, aware of prejudice against women as serious historians. She wrote as well about the historian's responsibility to do more than analyse or describe. Rather than pose as a disinterested observer, she wrote: "Historians should always draw morals."[ She offered her own alternative to the neatness provided by theory: " e whole value of the study of history is for me its delightful undermining of certainty, its cumulative insistence of the differences of point of view ... it is not lack of prejudice which makes for dull history, but lack of passion."][
]George Steiner
Francis George Steiner, FBA (April 23, 1929 – February 3, 2020) was a Franco-American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator. He wrote extensively about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the ...
, complaining that " ch of what passes for history at present is scarcely literate", set Wedgwood apart:
She acknowledged that contemporary concerns affected her historical assessments. In the 1957 introduction to a new release of ''The Thirty Years War'', which first appeared in 1938, she wrote: "I wrote this book in the thirties, against the background of depression at home and mounting tension abroad. The preoccupations of that unhappy time cast their shadows over its pages." She replied to critics of her attention to biography and the role of the individual in history:[
Her biographies and narrative histories are said to have "provided a clear, entertaining middle ground between popular and scholarly works".]
By 1966 her reputation and notoriety were sufficient to allow the authors of a study of ''The Nature of Narrative'' to invoke her name in reference to the tradition of historical scholarship: "... medieval traditional poetic narratives contained allusions to verifiable historical events lthoughtheir history was not such as Tacitus, Bede, or C. V. Wedgwood might have written."
In 1946 she translated Elias Canetti
Elias Canetti (; bg, Елиас Канети; 25 July 1905 – 14 August 1994) was a German-language writer, born in Ruse, Bulgaria to a Sephardic family. They moved to Manchester, England, but his father died in 1912, and his mother took her t ...
's ''Die Blendung'', as ''Auto-da-Fé
An ''auto-da-fé'' ( ; from Portuguese , meaning 'act of faith'; es, auto de fe ) was the ritual of public penance carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries of condemned heretics and apostates imposed by the Spanish, Portuguese, or Mex ...
'', under the author's supervision, though a modern scholar who considers Wedgwood's work on it "ordinarily quite excellent" doubts Canetti reviewed it in detail. He suspects she hesitated to present discussions of misogyny and antisemitism quite openly.
Her book ''The Last of the Radicals'' (1951), was about her uncle Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood
Colonel Josiah Clement Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood, (16 March 1872 – 26 July 1943), sometimes referred to as Josiah Wedgwood IV, was a British Liberal and Labour politician who served in government under Ramsay MacDonald. He was a promine ...
. She completed just one volume of her planned ''Short History of the World'' (1985) before illness prevented her from continuing the project.[
Her essays, many later published in small collections, appeared originally in Lady Rhondda's '']Time and Tide
Time and Tide (usually derived from the proverb ''Time and tide wait for no man'') may refer to:
Music
Albums
* ''Time and Tide'' (Greenslade album), 1975
* ''Time and Tide'' (Basia album), 1987
* ''Time and Tide'' (Battlefield Band album), ...
'' where she held editor posts from 1944 to 1952, and in the ''Times Literary Supplement
''The Times Literary Supplement'' (''TLS'') is a weekly literary review published in London by News UK, a subsidiary of News Corp.
History
The ''TLS'' first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to ''The Times'' but became a separate publication ...
'', ''The Spectator
''The Spectator'' is a weekly British magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs. It was first published in July 1828, making it the oldest surviving weekly magazine in the world.
It is owned by Frederick Barclay, who also owns ''The ...
'', and other periodicals. Garrett Mattingly
Garrett Mattingly (May 6, 1900 – December 18, 1962) was a professor of European history at Columbia University who specialized in early modern diplomatic history. In 1960 he won a Pulitzer Prize for '' The Defeat of the Spanish Armada''.
Early ...
praised the essays in ''Truth and Opinion'' (1960) for "displaying (or concealing, rather, but always molded and controlled by) that exquisite sense of form, in a medium apparently almost formless, which is the first-rate essayist's most precious gift."
Personal life
She was active in numerous societies, including the London arm of the International Pen Club
PEN International (known as International PEN until 2010) is a worldwide association of writers, founded in London in 1921 to promote friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. The association has autonomous Internation ...
in London, where she was president from 1951 to 1957, as well as the Society of Authors
The Society of Authors (SoA) is a United Kingdom trade union for professional writers, illustrators and literary translators, founded in 1884 to protect the rights and further the interests of authors. , it represents over 12,000 members and as ...
(president, 1972–1977) and the London Library
The London Library is an independent lending library in London, established in 1841. It was founded on the initiative of Thomas Carlyle, who was dissatisfied with some of the policies at the British Museum Library. It is located at 14 St James's ...
. She was appointed as the non-legal member on the Judicial Committee advising Home Secretary on deprivation of citizenship in 1948. She served on the Arts Council from 1958 to 1961 and the Advisory Council of the Victoria and Albert Museum
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and nam ...
from 1960 to 1969, and was twice a trustee of the National Gallery
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director o ...
(1962–1968 and 1969–1976), and its first female trustee. She was a member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts
The Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (widely known as the Historical Manuscripts Commission, and abbreviated as the HMC to distinguish it from the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England), was a United Kingdom Royal Com ...
from 1953 to 1978 and president of the English Association
The English Association is a subject association for English dedicated to furthering the study and enjoyment of English language and literature in schools, higher education institutes and amongst the public in general.
It was founded in 1906 by ...
for 1955–56. She was elected a Fellow of the British Academy
The British Academy is the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences.
It was established in 1902 and received its royal charter in the same year. It is now a fellowship of more than 1,000 leading scholars span ...
in 1975.
In 1947 she attended the first meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society
The Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) is an international organization composed of economists, philosophers, historians, intellectuals and business leaders.Michael Novak, 'The Moral Imperative of a Free Economy', in '' The 4% Solution: Unleashing the E ...
. In 1966 she was one of 49 writers who signed a letter appealing to the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
for the release of Andrei Sinyavsky
Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky (russian: Андре́й Дона́тович Синя́вский; 8 October 1925 – 25 February 1997) was a Russian writer and Soviet dissident known as a defendant in the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial in 1965.
Sinyavsk ...
and Yuli Daniel
Yuli Markovich Daniel ( rus, Ю́лий Ма́ркович Даниэ́ль, p=ˈjʉlʲɪj ˈmarkəvʲɪtɕ dənʲɪˈelʲ, a=Yuliy Markovich Daniel'.ru.vorb.oga; 15 November 1925 — 30 December 1988) was a Russian writer and Soviet dissident k ...
from imprisonment based on the "literary and artistic merits" of their work and rejecting the characterisation of it as "propaganda". In her later years she was an admirer of Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. S ...
.
In her last years she suffered from Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegeneration, neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in short-term me ...
. She died on 9 March 1997 at St Thomas' Hospital
St Thomas' Hospital is a large NHS teaching hospital in Central London, England. It is one of the institutions that compose the King's Health Partners, an academic health science centre. Administratively part of the Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foun ...
in London. She was a lesbian: her partner of almost 70 years, Jacqueline Hope-Wallace (died 2011), who had a career in the British civil service, survived her. Wedgwood and Hope-Wallace together owned a country house near Polegate
Polegate is a town and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England, United Kingdom.OS Explorer map Eastbourne and Beachy Head Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing Date:2009. It ...
in Sussex. Both came from musical families. Wedgwood's father was a cousin of Ralph Vaughan Williams
Ralph Vaughan Williams, (; 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over ...
and the dedicatee of his '' London Symphony''. Hope-Wallace's brother Philip
Philip, also Phillip, is a male given name, derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularize ...
was for various periods music and drama critic of ''The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...
'', ''Time and Tide'', and the ''Manchester Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
''. She edited a collection of his writings as ''Words and Music'' (1981) for which Wedgwood wrote the introduction. In 1997, Hope-Wallace donated a 1944 oil portrait of Wedgwood by Sir Lawrence Gowing
Sir Lawrence Burnett Gowing (21 April 1918 – 5 February 1991) was an English artist, writer, curator and teacher. Initially recognised as a portrait and landscape painter, he quickly rose to prominence as an art educator, writer, and eventuall ...
to the National Portrait Gallery, London
The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people. It was arguably the first national public gallery dedicated to portraits in the world when it ...
.
Honours
Her biography ''William the Silent'' was awarded the 1944 James Tait Black Memorial Prize
The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes are literary prizes awarded for literature written in the English language. They, along with the Hawthornden Prize, are Britain's oldest literary awards. Based at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, Unit ...
. The Netherlands awarded her the Order of Orange-Nassau
The Order of Orange-Nassau ( nl, Orde van Oranje-Nassau, links=no) is a civil and military Dutch order of chivalry founded on 4 April 1892 by the queen regent, Emma of the Netherlands.
The order is a chivalric order open to "everyone who has ...
.[
She received honorary degrees from the universities of ]Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
and Sheffield
Sheffield is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in South Yorkshire, England, whose name derives from the River Sheaf which runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of the City of Sheffield. It is Historic counties o ...
and from Smith College
Smith College is a Private university, private Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts Women's colleges in the United States, women's college in Northampton, Massachusetts. It was chartered in 1871 by Sophia Smith (Smith College ...
, and was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholar ...
in Princeton
Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine ...
from 1952 to 1966. She was elected an honorary fellow of her Oxford college, Lady Margaret Hall.[ In the United States she was elected a member of the ]Academy of Arts and Letters
The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 300-member honor society whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art. Its fixed number membership is elected for lifetime appointments. Its headq ...
(1966), a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
(1973), and the American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
.[ She received the ]Goethe Medal
The Goethe Medal, also known as the Goethe-Medaille, is a yearly prize given by the Goethe-Institut honoring non-Germans "who have performed outstanding service for the German language and for international cultural relations". It is an offici ...
in 1958.
She was appointed a CBE
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations,
and public service outside the civil service. It was established o ...
in 1956, an DBE in 1968, and in 1969, not yet sixty, became the third woman to be appointed a member of the Order of Merit
The Order of Merit (french: link=no, Ordre du Mérite) is an order of merit for the Commonwealth realms, recognising distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. Established in 1902 by K ...
. She termed the last of these honours "excessive".[
]
Writings
* ''Strafford, 1593–1641'' (1935; revised edition: ''Thomas Wentworth, First Earl of Strafford, 1593–1641: A Revaluation'' (1961))
* ''The Thirty Years War'' (1938; new edition 1957; with updated bibliography, 1961)
* ''Oliver Cromwell'' (1939; revised 1973)
* ''William the Silent'' (1944)
* ''Velvet Studies'' (1946), a collection of essays
* ''Seventeenth-Century English Literature'' (1950; 2nd edition 1970)
* ''The Last of the Radicals: Josiah Wedgwood
Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 – 3 January 1795) was an English potter, entrepreneur and abolitionist. Founding the Wedgwood company in 1759, he developed improved pottery bodies by systematic experimentation, and was the leader in the indust ...
, M.P.'' (1951)
*''The Great Rebellion'' (two of three volumes completed)
** ''The King's Peace, 1637–1641'' (1955)
** ''The King's War, 1641–1647'' (1958)
* ''The Trial of Charles I'' (1964; also published as ''A Coffin for King Charles'' and later as ''A King Condemned: The Trial and Execution of Charles I'' (Taurus Parke Paperbacks: London, 2011))
* ''Poetry and Politics Under the Stuarts'' (1960), originally Cambridge lectures
* ''Truth and Opinion'' (1960), a collection of essays
* "Introduction" to Rose Macaulay
Dame Emilie Rose Macaulay, (1 August 1881 – 30 October 1958) was an English writer, most noted for her award-winning novel ''The Towers of Trebizond'', about a small Anglo-Catholic group crossing Turkey by camel. The story is seen as a spiritua ...
, ''They Were Defeated'' (London: Collins, 1960); reprint of 1932 edition of the historical novel
* ''Richelieu and the French Monarchy'' (1962)
* ''Montrose'' (1966)
* ''The Sense of the Past: Thirteen Studies in the Theory and Practice of History'' (Collier Books, 1967)
* ''The World of Rubens'' (Time-Life Books, 1973)
* ''The Spoils of Time: A Short History of the World, Vol. 1: A World History From the Dawn of Civilization Through the Early Renaissance'' (1985)
*''History and Hope: The Collected Essays of C.V. Wedgwood'' (1987); "Most of these essays were originally published in two collections—''Velvet studies'' in 1946 and ''Truth and opinion'' in 1960—although the present volume contains a few later pieces"
Translations
* Carl Brandi, ''The Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-Empire'' (In German Brandi, Karl. 1937. ''Kaiser Karl V: Werden und Schicksal einer Persönlichkeit und eines Weltreiches''. München: Bruckmann.)
*Elias Canetti, ''Auto-da-Fé
An ''auto-da-fé'' ( ; from Portuguese , meaning 'act of faith'; es, auto de fe ) was the ritual of public penance carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries of condemned heretics and apostates imposed by the Spanish, Portuguese, or Mex ...
'' (1946; original in German: ''Die Blendung'')
Notes
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wedgwood, Veronica
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Order of Merit
People from Stocksfield
Writers from Northumberland
1910 births
1997 deaths
People associated with the Victoria and Albert Museum
People associated with the National Gallery, London
Historians of Europe
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
Recipients of the Order of Orange-Nassau
People from Kensington
English LGBT writers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
20th-century English historians
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the English Association
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
People educated at Norland Place School
Daughters of baronets
Historians of the British Isles
British women historians
People from Polegate
20th-century LGBT people
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society
Presidents of the English Centre of PEN