''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of

annual Annual may refer to: * Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook **Literary annual * Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), ...

and

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

herbaceous or semi-woody

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s. The majority of the species are native to the Americas and Asia; however, ''

Verbena officinalis ''Verbena officinalis'', the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to 70 cm high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mau ...

'', the common vervain or common verbena, is the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

and native to Europe.

Naming

In English, the name ''Verbena'' is usually used in the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas elsewhere the terms ''verveine'' or ''vervain'' are in use. When used alone, the terms usually refer to common verbena.

Description

Verbena is an

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

flowering plant, belonging to the Verbenaceae

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

, and may be annual or perennial depending on the

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

. The leaves are usually opposite, simple, and in many species hairy, often densely so. The flowers are small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Typically some shade of blue, they may also be white, pink, or purple, especially in

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

s. The genus can be divided into a

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respecti ...

North American and a

polyploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contain ...

South American lineage, both with a base

chromosome number Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectiv ...

of seven. The European species is derived from the North American lineage. It seems that verbena as well as the related mock vervains (''Glandularia'') evolved from the assemblage provisionally treated under the genus name '' Junellia''; both other genera were usually included in the Verbenaceae until the 1990s. Intergeneric

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it ...

gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between Unicellular organism, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offsprin ...

by an undetermined mechanism – though probably not hybridization – has occurred at least twice from vervains to ''Glandularia'', between the ancestors of the present-day South American lineages and once more recently, between '' V. orcuttiana'' or '' V. hastata'' and '' G. bipinnatifida''. In addition, several species of verbena are of natural hybrid origin; the well-known garden vervain/verbena has an entirely muddy history. The relationships of this close-knit group are therefore hard to resolve with standard methods of

computational phylogenetics Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary hist ...

Cultivation

Some species, hybrids and cultivars of verbena are used as ornamental plants. They are drought-resistant, tolerating full to partial sun, and enjoy well-drained, average soils. Plants are usually grown from seed. Some species and hybrids are not

hardy Hardy may refer to: People * Hardy (surname) * Hardy (given name) * Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter Places Antarctica * Mount Hardy, Enderby Land * Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island * Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands Australia * Hardy, Sout ...

and are treated as half-hardy annuals in

bedding Bedding, also known as bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environm ...

schemes. They are valued in butterfly gardening in suitable climates, attracting Lepidoptera such as the Hummingbird hawk-moth,

Chocolate albatross ''Appias lyncida'', the chocolate albatross, is a butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in south and southeast Asia. Range The chocolate albatross is found in India, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysi ...

, or the Pipevine swallowtail, and also hummingbirds, especially ''V. officinalis'', which is also grown as a

honey plant Honeybees usually collect nectar, pollen, or both from the following species of plants, which are called honey plants, for making honey. Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) *'' Avicennia nitida'' Jacq. or Avicennia ...

. The hybrid cultivars "Silver Anne" and " Sissinghurst" have gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (No ...

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...

Pests and diseases

For some verbena pathogens, see List of verbena diseases. Cultivated verbenas are sometimes parasitized by sweet potato whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'') and spread this pest to other crops.

Uses

Although verbena ("vervain") has been used in

herbalism Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedie ...

and

traditional medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before th ...

, usually as an

herbal tonic In herbal medicine, an herbal tonic (also tonic herbs, tonic herbalism) is used to help restore, tone and invigorate systems in the body or to promote general health and well-being. An herbal tonic is a solution or other preparation made from ...

, there is no high-quality evidence for its effectiveness. Verbena has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare

Bach flower remedies Bach flower remedies (BFRs) are solutions of brandy and water—the water containing extreme dilutions of flower material developed by Edward Bach, an English homeopath, in the 1930s. Bach claimed that the dew found on flower petals retains t ...

, a kind of

alternative medicine Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or evidence from clinical trials. Complementary medicine (CM), complementary and ...

promoted for its effect on health. According to

Cancer Research UK Cancer Research UK (CRUK) is the world's largest independent cancer research organization. It is registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and Isle of Man, and was formed on 4 February 2002 by the merger of The Cancer Research Campaign and t ...

, "essence therapists believe that using essences can help to increase your mental, emotional and spiritual wellbeing. However, essences are not used to prevent, control, or cure cancer or any other physical condition." The essential oil of various species, mainly common vervain, is traded as "Spanish verbena oil". Considered inferior to oil of lemon verbena (''Aloysia citrodora'') in

perfumery Perfume (, ; french: parfum) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. The ...

, it is of some commercial importance for herbalism.

In culture

Verbena has long been associated with divine and other supernatural forces. It was called "tears of

Isis Isis (; ''Ēse''; ; Meroitic language, Meroitic: ''Wos'' 'a''or ''Wusa''; Phoenician language, Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎, romanized: ʾs) was a major ancient Egyptian deities, goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughou ...

" in ancient Egypt, and later called "Hera's tears". In ancient Greece it was dedicated to Eos Erigineia. The generic name is the Latin term for a plant sacred to the ancient Romans.

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ...

describes ''verbena'' presented on

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandt ...

altars; it is not entirely clear if this referred to a verbena rather than the general term for prime sacrificial herbs. Pliny the Elder notes "the Magi especially make the maddest statements about the plant: that

mong other things Mong may refer to: People *A proposed original name for the Hmong people, based on the main group, the Mong community *Bob Mong (), American journalist and academic administrator *Henry Mong (), American surgeon and Presbyterian missionary *Mong M ...

a circle must be drawn with iron round the plant". The common names of verbena in many Central and Eastern European languages often associate it with

iron Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in ...

. These include for example the Dutch ' ("iron-hard"), Danish ' ("medical ironwort"), German ' ("true ironherb"), Slovak ' ("medical ironherb"), and Hungarian ' ("iron grass"). In the early Christian era, folk legend stated that ''V. officinalis'' was used to staunch Jesus' wounds after his removal from the cross. It was consequently called "holy herb" or (e.g. in Wales) "Devil's bane". According to the Wiccan writer

Doreen Valiente Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente (4 January 1922 – 1 September 1999) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much of the early religious liturgy within the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. An author and poet, she also published five ...

, Vervain flowers signify the goddess Diana and are often depicted on '' cimaruta'', traditional Italian amulets. In the 1870 ''The History and Practice of Magic'' by "Paul Christian" (Jean-Baptiste Pitois) it is employed in the preparation of a mandragora charm. The book also describes its antiseptic capabilities (p. 336), and use as a protection against spells (pp. 339, 414). While common vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there and for example the Pawnee have adopted it as an

entheogen Entheogens are psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development or otherwiseRätsch, Christian, ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoact ...

enhancer and in oneiromancy (dream divination), much as '' Calea zacatechichi'' is used in Mexico. An indeterminate vervain is among the plants on the eighth panel of the New World Tapestry (''Expedition to Cape Cod''). In the Victorian

language of flowers Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...

, verbena held the dual meaning of enchantment and sensibility.

Species

The following species are accepted: (See also ''

Aloysia ''Aloysia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are known generally as beebrushes.

'', '' Glandularia'' and '' Junellia'' for species formerly placed here.) *'' Verbena alata'' Otto ex Sweet *''

Verbena alejandrana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' (B.L.Turner) Christenh. & Byng *''

Verbena × allenii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena amoena ''Verbena amoena'' is a plant species in the genus ''Verbena ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering ...

'' Paxton *'' Verbena andalgalensis'' Moldenke *''

Verbena angustilobata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' (Moldenke) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena araucana'' Phil. *''

Verbena aristigera ''Verbena aristigera'' (syns. ''Glandularia aristigera'' and ''Verbena tenuisecta''), variously called the moss verbena, desert verbena, fine leafed verbena, wild verbena, tuber vervain, South American mock vervain, Mayne's curse and Mayne's pest ...

'' S.Moore *''

Verbena atacamensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Reiche *''

Verbena aurantiaca ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Speg. *'' Verbena bajacalifornica'' Moldenke *''

Verbena balansae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Briq. *''

Verbena barbata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' Graham *'' Verbena berteroi'' (Meisn.) Schauer *'' Verbena × bingenensis'' Moldenke *''

Verbena bipinnatifida ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Schauer *''

Verbena × blanchardii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena bonariensis :''This is about the ''Verbena bonariensis'' described by Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus. See also #Taxonomy and systematics, below for a common misapplication of this taxon.'' ''Verbena bonariensis'', the purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, Argentin ...

'' L. – purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, tall verbena, pretty verbena, South American vervain *'' Verbena brachyrhynchos'' (G.L.Nesom & Vorobik) Christenh. & Byng *''

Verbena bracteata ''Verbena bracteata'' is a species of verbena known by the common names bracted vervain, bigbract verbena, prostrate vervain, and carpet vervain. It is native to North America where it is widespread, occurring throughout the continent except for ...

'' Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. – prostrate vervain, large-bracted vervain *'' Verbena brasiliensis'' Vell. – Brazilian verbena, Brazilian vervain *'' Verbena cabrerae'' Moldenke *''

Verbena californica ''Verbena californica'' is a rare species of verbena known by the common names California vervain and Red Hills vervain. This flower is endemic to Tuolumne County, California, where it is known from ten or eleven occurrences in the Red Hills, ...

'' Moldenke – California vervain, Red Hills vervain *'' Verbena calinfera'' G.L.Nesom *''

Verbena canadensis ''Verbena canadensis'' (syn. ''Glandularia canadensis''), commonly known as rose mock vervain, rose verbena, clump verbena or rose vervain is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the verbena family ( Verbenaceae) with showy pink to purple ...

'' (L.) Britton *''

Verbena canescens ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Kunth – gray vervain *''

Verbena caniuensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena carnea ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Medik. *''

Verbena carolina ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' L. *''

Verbena catharinae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena cheitmaniana'' Moldenke *''

Verbena chiricahensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' (Umber) Moldenke *''

Verbena × clemensiorum ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena cloverae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena corymbosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Ruiz & Pav. *''

Verbena cuneifolia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Ruiz & Pav. *''

Verbena dalloniana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Quézel *''

Verbena × deamii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena delicatula ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Mart. & Zucc. *''

Verbena delticola ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Small ex Perry *'' Verbena demissa'' Moldenke *''

Verbena dissecta ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Willd. ex Spreng. *''

Verbena dusenii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena ehrenbergiana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Schauer *''

Verbena elegans ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Kunth *'' Verbena × engelmannii'' Moldenke *''

Verbena ephedroides ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Cham. *''

Verbena falcata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' G.L.Nesom *''

Verbena filicaulis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Schauer *''

Verbena flava ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena glabrata'' Kunth *'' Verbena gooddingii'' Briq. *''

Verbena × goodmanii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena goyazensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena gracilescens'' (Cham.) Herter *''

Verbena gracilis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Desf. *''

Verbena grisea ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' B.L.Rob. & Greenm. *''

Verbena guaibensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' (P.Peralta & V.Thode) Christenh. & Byng *''

Verbena guaranitica ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' (Tronc.) Moldenke *''

Verbena gynobasis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Wedd. *'' Verbena halei'' Small – Texas vervain *''

Verbena hassleriana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Briq. *''

Verbena hastata ''Verbena hastata'', commonly known as American vervain, blue vervain, simpler's joy, or swamp verbena, is a perennial flowering plant in the vervain family Verbenaceae. It grows throughout the continental United States and in much of southern C ...

'' L. – swamp verbena, blue vervain *''

Verbena hatschbachii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena herteri ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena hirta ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Spreng. *''

Verbena hispida ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Ruiz & Pav. *''

Verbena humifusa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Cham. *''

Verbena × illicita ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena incompta ''Verbena incompta'', the purpletop vervain, is a species of plant from the genus ''Verbena''. The species was described in 1995 by P.W. Michael. The species is presumed to be of South American origin, but also appears in Italy and Spain , ima ...

'' P.W.Michael *''

Verbena intermedia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Gillies & Hook. *''

Verbena jessicae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Nesom & G.S.Hinton *''

Verbena jordanensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena kuntzeana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena laciniata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' (L.) Briq. *''

Verbena landbeckii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Phil. *''

Verbena lasiostachys ''Verbena lasiostachys'' is a species of verbena known by the common name western vervain. It is native to western North America from Oregon, throughout California, to Baja California. It is widespread and occurs in many types of habitat, includ ...

'' Link – western vervain *''

Verbena lilacina ''Glandularia lilacina'' is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family known by the common name Cedros Island verbena. It is native to Cedros Island and the adjacent Baja California coast. It is a perennial herb growing to 3 feet tall ...

'' Greene *'' Verbena lilloana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena lindbergii'' Moldenke *''

Verbena lindmanii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Briq. *''

Verbena lipozygioides ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Walp. *''

Verbena litoralis ''Verbena litoralis'' is a species of verbena known by the common names seashore vervain and Brazilian vervain, and in Hawaiian, ''ōwī''. It is native to the Americas from Mexico south through Central and South America to Argentina and Chile. ...

'' Kunth – seashore vervain *''

Verbena livermorensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' B.L.Turner & G.L.Nesom *''

Verbena lobata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Vell. *''

Verbena macdougalii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' A.Heller *'' Verbena macrosperma'' Speg. *''

Verbena madrensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena malmii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena malpaisana'' (T.Van Devender & G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *''

Verbena maritima ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Small *''

Verbena marrubioides ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Cham. *'' Verbena megapotamica'' Spreng. *''

Verbena mendocina ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Phil. *''

Verbena menthifolia ''Verbena menthifolia'' is a species of verbena known by the common name mint-leaved vervain or mint vervain. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it occurs in many types of open, dry habitat such as desert sc ...

'' Benth. – mint vervain *'' Verbena microphylla'' Kunth *''

Verbena moctezumae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender *'' Verbena × moechina'' Moldenke *'' Verbena montevidensis'' Spreng. – Uruguayan verbena *''

Verbena moranii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' G.L.Nesom *''

Verbena multiglandulosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena nana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena neomexicana'' (A.Gray) Briq. – hillside vervain *''

'' L. – common vervain, simpler's joy, holy herb, mosquito plant, wild hyssop, herb of the cross (type species) *''

Verbena × ostenii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena ovata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Cham. *''

Verbena paraguariensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena paranensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena parodii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *''

Verbena paulensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena perennis'' Wooton – pinleaf vervain *''

Verbena × perriana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena × perturbata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena peruviana ''Verbena peruviana'' (syn. ''Glandularia peruviana''), the Peruvian mock vervain, is a species of flowering plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is native to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, but not Peru, and ...

'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena phlogiflora'' Cham. *''

Verbena pinetorum ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena platensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' Spreng. *''

Verbena plicata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Greene *''

Verbena polyantha ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' (Umber) Moldenke *''

Verbena porrigens ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' Phil. *''

Verbena pumila ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Rydb. *''

Verbena quadrangulata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' A.Heller *''

Verbena racemosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Eggert *'' Verbena radicata'' Moldenke *''

Verbena recta ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Kunth *''

Verbena rectiloba ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena regnelliana'' Moldenke *''

Verbena reitzii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena ribifolia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Walp. *'' Verbena rigida'' Spreng. – tuberous vervain *''

Verbena rugosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Mill. *'' Verbena × rydbergii'' Moldenke *''

Verbena sagittalis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Cham. *''

Verbena santiaguensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena scabra'' Vahl – sandpaper vervain *''

Verbena scabrella ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Sessé & Moc. *'' Verbena scrobiculata'' Griseb. *'' Verbena selloi'' Spreng. *'' Verbena sessilis'' (Cham.) Kuntze *''

Verbena simplex ''Verbena simplex'', commonly known as narrowleaf vervain, is a perennial herbaceous plant plant in the Verbenaceae (vervain) family. It is native to central and eastern North America where it is found in open, dry, habitats on calcareous soil. I ...

'' Lehm. – narrow-leaved vervain *''

Verbena sphaerocarpa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' L.M.Perry *''

Verbena stellarioides ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Cham. *'' Verbena stricta'' Vent. – hoary vervain *''

Verbena strigosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Cham. *'' Verbena × stuprosa'' Moldenke *''

Verbena subincana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' (Tronc.) Shinners *''

Verbena sulphurea ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' D.Don *''

Verbena supina ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' L. *''

Verbena tampensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Nash *''

Verbena tecticaulis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Tronc. *''

Verbena tenera ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Spreng. *''

Verbena teucriifolia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' M.Martens & Galeotti *''

Verbena thymoides ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Cham. *''

Verbena tomophylla ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Briq. *''

Verbena townsendii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Svenson *'' Verbena tumidula'' L.M.Perry *''

Verbena turneri ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' (G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *''

Verbena tweedieana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Niven ex Hook. *'' Verbena urticifolia'' L. – white vervain *''

Verbena × uruguayensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena valerianoides ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Kunth *''

Verbena venturii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Ameri ...

'' Moldenke *''

Verbena verecunda ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' (Umber) Moldenke *''

Verbena villifolia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Hayek *'' Verbena xutha'' Lehm. – gulf vervain

Gallery

File:Verbena obsession cascade pink 163940 02.jpg , Verbena obsession cascade pink File:Verbena bracteata NPS-1.jpg, Large-bracted Vervain ('' V. bracteata'') File:Verbena rigida0.jpg, '' Verbena rigida'' File:Verbena speciosa1.jpg, ''

Verbena speciosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Amer ...

'' File:Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry.jpg, Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry File:Verbena stricta NPS-001.jpg,

Hoary Vervain {{Short pages monitor