''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' strain CP.B2 is the first microorganisms isolated from the terrestrial
hot spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow bodies of magma (molten rock) or by circ ...
Champagne Pool
Champagne Pool is a prominent geothermal feature within the Waiotapu geothermal area in the North Island of New Zealand. The terrestrial hot spring is located about southeast of Rotorua and about northeast of Taupo. The name Champagne Pool ...
(75 °C, pH 5.5) in
Waiotapu
Waiotapu (Māori language, Māori for "sacred waters") is an active Geothermal (geology), geothermal area at the southern end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, just north of the Reporoa caldera, in New Zealand's Taupo Volcanic Zone. It is 27 kilo ...
,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
.
Morphology
The cells are motile and slightly curved rods (1.04 to 1.56
µm long and 0.33 to 0.41
µm wide).
Growth conditions
The novel
bacterium
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...
is an obligate
chemolithotroph
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using an inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobi ...
capable of utilizing H
2 as
electron donor
In chemistry, an electron donor is a chemical entity that donates electrons to another compound. It is a reducing agent that, by virtue of its donating electrons, is itself oxidized in the process.
Typical reducing agents undergo permanent chemi ...
, O
2 as corresponding
electron acceptor and CO
2 as carbon source. ''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' gains metabolic energy using the
"Knallgas" reaction H
2 + ½ O
2 → H
2O. For growth either elemental sulphur (S
0) or thiosulfate (S
2O
32−) is required. Growth is observed under thermophilic conditions between 45 °C and 75 °C (optimum 70 °C), under moderate acidophilic conditions between
pH 4.8 and 5.8 (optimum pH 5.4) and under microaerophilic conditions between 1.0% and 10.0% (v/v) O
2 (optimum between 4.0% and 8.0% (v/v) O
2).
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
analysis based on
16S rDNA sequences indicate that strain CP.B2 belongs to the
order ''
Aquificales
The ''Aquificota'' phylum (biology), phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name ''Aquificota'' was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, ''Aquifex'' (“wate ...
'' and represents the type strain of a novel
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of a new
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
within the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
''
Hydrogenothermaceae
The Hydrogenothermaceae family are bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. They have been found in hot springs, sulfur pools, and thermal ocean vents. They are true bacteria as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, ...
''. The
16S rRNA gene sequence for strain CP.B2 is deposited in the
GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part ...
nucleotide sequence database under accession number DQ989208. The
G+C content of the genomic DNA is 29.3 mol% which is the lowest
G+C content reported for a species of the order ''
Aquificales
The ''Aquificota'' phylum (biology), phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name ''Aquificota'' was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, ''Aquifex'' (“wate ...
''.
Tolerance to arsenic and antimony compounds
''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' displays tolerance to relatively high concentrations of arsenic and antimony compounds. Cells grew in the presence of up to 8
mM arsenite
In chemistry, an arsenite is a chemical compound containing an arsenic oxyanion where arsenic has oxidation state +3. Note that in fields that commonly deal with groundwater chemistry, arsenite is used generically to identify soluble AsIII anions. ...
(As
3+), 15
mM trivalent antimony (Sb
3+), and >20
mM arsenate
The arsenate ion is .
An arsenate (compound) is any compound that contains this ion. Arsenates are salts or esters of arsenic acid.
The arsenic atom in arsenate has a valency of 5 and is also known as pentavalent arsenic or As(V).
Arsenate res ...
(As
5+) but growth was not observed when As
3+ and As
5+ were provided as the sole
electron donor
In chemistry, an electron donor is a chemical entity that donates electrons to another compound. It is a reducing agent that, by virtue of its donating electrons, is itself oxidized in the process.
Typical reducing agents undergo permanent chemi ...
and
acceptor pair.
Nomenclature
Ve.ne.ni.vi' bri.o. (Latin: the vibrio of poison) stag.ni.spu.man' tis. (Latin: from the bubbling pool, pertaining to Champagne Pool).
Culture collection
''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' strain CP.B2 is deposited in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms under JCM 14244, in the American Type Culture Collection under ATCC BAA-1398 and in the German Collection of Microorganisms under DSM 18763.
Culture medium
The pH of the medium is adjusted to 5.5, distributed into culture vessels and
autoclave
An autoclave is a machine used to carry out industrial and scientific processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure in relation to ambient pressure and/or temperature. Autoclaves are used before surgical procedures to perform sterilizat ...
d under CO
2. After the
inoculation
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microorganism. It may refer to methods of artificially inducing immunity against various infectious diseases, or it may be used to describe the spreading of disease, as in "self-inoculati ...
the initial gas phase is replaced with H
2 / CO
2 / O
2 (79% / 15% / 6%) and pressurized to 170
kPa
KPA may refer to:
* Keele Postgraduate Association, Keele University, UK, formerly Keele Research Association (KRA)
* Kensington (Olympia) station, London, England, National Rail station code
* Kenya Ports Authority
* ''Kiln phosphoric acid'', a ...
.
The pH of the solution is adjusted to 3.0 with HCl.
References
External links
*
Type strain of ''Venenivibrio stagnispumantis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2512822
Aquificota
Bacteria described in 2008