Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov (Russian: Василий Павлович Кравков; 1859–1920) was an
Imperial Russian Army medical officer, Privy Councilor (1917), and author of diaries of the
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War ( ja, 日露戦争, Nichiro sensō, Japanese-Russian War; russian: Ру́сско-япóнская войнá, Rússko-yapónskaya voyná) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1 ...
and
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
Biography
Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov was born a fourth child in the family of a non-commissioned officer Pavel Alexeyevich Kravkov (1826–1910), who served as a senior clerk in the office of the Chief Enlistment Officer of the
Ryazan Governorate
Ryazan Governorate (russian: link=no, Рязанская губерния, ''Ryazanskaya guberniya'', Government of Ryazan) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, wh ...
. According to the family legend, the scientist's mother Evdokia (Avdotia) Ivanovna (1834–1891), before wedding a «
Kaluga petty bourgeois», was an illegitimate daughter of
Konstantin Kavelin
Konstantin Dmitrievich Kavelin (russian: Константи́н Дми́триевич Каве́лин; November 4, 1818 – May 5, 1885) was a Russian historian, jurist, and sociologist, sometimes called the chief architect of early Russian lib ...
(1818–1885), a famous Russian historian, jurist and sociologist, one of the ideologists of Russian liberalism at the age of the reforms of
Alexander II.
In 1871–1878 Vasily Kravkov attended the First
Ryazan
Ryazan ( rus, Рязань, p=rʲɪˈzanʲ, a=ru-Ryazan.ogg) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Cens ...
Gymnasium. In summer 1878 he left it with a silver medal and was admitted to the
Imperial Military Medical Academy in
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, where he studied in 1878–1883.
In November 1883 Vasily Kravkov joined military service as a junior physician of the 26th «Mogilevsky» Infantry Regiment, then at the end of the year he was transferred to the 159th «Guriysky» Infantry Regiment. In 1884–1885 he was attached to the
Orenburg Military Hospital.
In 1886 Vasily Kravkov was attached to the Orenburg Local Battalion where he served as a senior physician since 1887. Since February 1888 he served at the
Kazan
Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an ...
Military Hospital as a hospital physician.
In February 1888 Vasily Kravkov received a rank of Titular Councilor (IX grade of the Table of Ranks) with precedence since 1883, in May 1888 for long service he was promoted to Collegiate Assessor (VIII grade of the
Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...
) with precedence since 1886. In 1888 he also passed successfully the exams for the degree of the
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin ''Medicinae Doctor'') is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. T ...
at the
Imperial Kazan University.
In 1889 Vasily Kravkov was sent to the
Imperial Military Medical Academy for “improvement in sciences”. By the decree of the Academic Conference of 11 February 1891 Collegiate Assessor Kravkov, a senior physician of the 11th “Fanagoriysky” Grenadiers Regiment, was awarded with the degree of
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin ''Medicinae Doctor'') is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a professional degree. T ...
. In March 1891 he was promoted to Court Councilor (VII grade of the
Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...
).
In subsequent years Vasily Kravkov held posts of senior physician of the 137th “Nezhinsky” Infantry Regiment (1892-1895), of the
Bryansk
Bryansk ( rus, Брянск, p=brʲansk) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Desna (river), River Desna, southwest of Moscow. Population:
Geography Urban la ...
Local Arsenal (1895–1896), of the 138th “Bolkhovsky” Infantry Regiment (1896–1899). In 1899–1900 he was a senior physician of the Compounded Field Hospital of the 1st Brigade of the 35th Infantry Division of the XVII Army Corps in
Ryazan
Ryazan ( rus, Рязань, p=rʲɪˈzanʲ, a=ru-Ryazan.ogg) is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Cens ...
. In 1901 he was promoted to State Councilor (V grade of the
Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...
).
In 1904–1905 Vasily Kravkov took part in the
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War ( ja, 日露戦争, Nichiro sensō, Japanese-Russian War; russian: Ру́сско-япóнская войнá, Rússko-yapónskaya voyná) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1 ...
. At the
Battle of Liaoyang he worked for several days under the enemy fire. In 1906 he was promoted to Actual State Councilor (IV grade of the
Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...
).
In 1906–1908 Vasily Kravkov served in Moscow as a Corps physician, in 1908–1910 in
Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl ( rus, Ярослáвль, p=jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city is a World Heritage Site, and is located at the confluenc ...
, where he was a physician of the 53rd and later 62nd Infantry Reserve Brigade. In 1910 he was transferred to the post of the XXV Army Corps physician and returned to
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...
.
In 1914–1917 Vasily Kravkov took part in
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. In August–September 1914 in the XXV Army Corps (
5th Army,
Southwestern front) he took part in the
Battle of Galicia
The Battle of Galicia, also known as the Battle of Lemberg, was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I in 1914. In the course of the battle, the Austro-Hungarian armies were severely defeated and ...
, since September 1914 to December 1915 was the Cheef Assistant of the
10th Army Sanitary Department (
Northwestern, later
Western front), in December 1915 he was appointed XXXVII Army Corps doctor (
12th Army,
Northern front). Since April 1916 Vasily Kravkov served as a VII Siberian Army Corps doctor. In May 1917 he was promoted to Privy Councilor (III grade of the
Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (russian: Табель о рангах, Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a ...
) by the
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or ...
. In July 1917 he retired from the army and returned to
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...
.
During the first years of the Soviet power Vasily Kravkov took part in the organization of the army medical bodies of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
. In October 1918 under his guidance an ambulatory care clinic of the Administration of Affairs of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (
Revvoyensoviet) was set up. Vasily Kravkov was in charge of it up to the autumn of 1919. Later he kept on cooperating with
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
medical bodies.
5 July 1920 Vasily Kravkov was arrested by the
VcheKa accused of abuses in the registration of dismissals from the military conscription. 13 July 1920 he was sentenced to capital punishment by the Presidium of the
VCheKa.
Heritage
In 1880–1900th Vasily Kravkov published a number of works on certain problems of practical medicine. In 1910 in
Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl ( rus, Ярослáвль, p=jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historic part of the city is a World Heritage Site, and is located at the confluenc ...
his book «Zaraznye faktory ludskogo zlopoluchiya» (Infectious factors of human affliction) dedicated to the problems of health work and environment was issued.
Vasily Kravkov's war diaries are the most important part of his heritage from historic point of view. He left notes of the periods of 1904–1906 and 1914–1917. In 1919 Kravkov donated his manuscripts to the
Rumyantsev Museum
The Rumyantsev Museum evolved from the personal library and historical collection of Count Nikolay Rumyantsev (1754–1826). Its origin was in St. Petersburg in the Rumyantsev house or mansion, building number 44 on the English Embankment overlo ...
in
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...
, now they are kept in the Department of personal funds of the
Russian State Library
The Russian State Library (russian: Российская государственная библиотека, Rossiyskaya gosudarstvennaya biblioteka) is one of the three national libraries of Russia, located in Moscow. It is the largest librar ...
.
An important fragment of his diary of the
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War ( ja, 日露戦争, Nichiro sensō, Japanese-Russian War; russian: Ру́сско-япóнская войнá, Rússko-yapónskaya voyná) was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1 ...
dealing with the
Battle of Liaoyang (1904) was published in the «Vremya i sudby» almanac (1991). In 2014 appeared the first Russian edition of the abbreviated Kravkov's diary of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
period.
Memory
File:Memorial kravkov ryazan.jpg, Vasily and Sergey Kravkovs plaque in Ryazan's ulitsa Saltykova-Shchedrina
File:Мемориальная доска в честь Кравковых.jpg, Plaque on house in Ryazan's ulitsa Lenina (former Astrakhanskaya)
Awards
*
Order of St. Stanislaus
The Order of Saint Stanislaus ( pl, Order Św. Stanisława Biskupa Męczennika, russian: Орден Святого Станислава), also spelled Stanislas, was a Polish order of knighthood founded in 1765 by King Stanisław August Ponia ...
3rd Class (1888)
*
Order of Saint Anna
The Imperial Order of Saint Anna (russian: Орден Святой Анны; also "Order of Saint Anne" or "Order of Saint Ann") was a Holstein ducal and then Russian imperial order of chivalry. It was established by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Hol ...
3rd Class (1895)
*
Order of St. Stanislaus
The Order of Saint Stanislaus ( pl, Order Św. Stanisława Biskupa Męczennika, russian: Орден Святого Станислава), also spelled Stanislas, was a Polish order of knighthood founded in 1765 by King Stanisław August Ponia ...
2d Class (1899)
*
Order of Saint Anna
The Imperial Order of Saint Anna (russian: Орден Святой Анны; also "Order of Saint Anne" or "Order of Saint Ann") was a Holstein ducal and then Russian imperial order of chivalry. It was established by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Hol ...
2d Class (1903, since 1904 with Swords)
*
Order of Saint Vladimir
The Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir (russian: орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian order established on by Empress Catherine II in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptize ...
4th Class with Swords and Ribbon (1904)
*
Order of Saint Vladimir
The Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir (russian: орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian order established on by Empress Catherine II in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptize ...
3rd Class with Swords (1905)
*
Order of St. Stanislaus
The Order of Saint Stanislaus ( pl, Order Św. Stanisława Biskupa Męczennika, russian: Орден Святого Станислава), also spelled Stanislas, was a Polish order of knighthood founded in 1765 by King Stanisław August Ponia ...
1st Class (1915)
*
Order of Saint Anna
The Imperial Order of Saint Anna (russian: Орден Святой Анны; also "Order of Saint Anne" or "Order of Saint Ann") was a Holstein ducal and then Russian imperial order of chivalry. It was established by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Hol ...
1st Class (1915, since 1917 with Swords)
Family
In 1892 Vasily Kravkov married Elena Alexeyevna Lukina (1870 – c. 1922), from the family of hereditary gentry of
Ryazan Governorate
Ryazan Governorate (russian: link=no, Рязанская губерния, ''Ryazanskaya guberniya'', Government of Ryazan) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, wh ...
. His son
Sergey Vasilyevich Kravkov (1893-1951) was a Soviet psychologist and psychophysiologist. His daughter was Elizaveta Vasilyevna Kravkova (1895-1972).
Vasily Kravkov's brother was
Nikolai Kravkov (1865-1924), a prominent Russian pharmacologist. His another brother was
Sergey Pavlovich Kravkov (1873-1938), Professor of
Saint Petersburg University
Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU; russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the G ...
, one of the first Russian soil scientists.
His nephew was
Maximilian Alexeyevich Kravkov (1887-1937), a Soviet Siberian writer.
Works (Russian)
* Кравков В.П. К вопросу об участии лимфатических желёз и костного мозга в острой малярийной инфекции / В.П. Кравков // Русская медицина. – 1885. – №45. – С. 782–784.
* Кравков В.П. Чего нужно ожидать от прогресса оперативной хирургии в деле экстракции зубов / В.П. Кравков // Зубоврачебный вестник. – 1886. – №10. – С. 36-37.
* Кравков В.П. Предварительные сообщение о желудочном пищеварении при болезни почек / В.П. Кравков // Больничная газета Боткина. – 1890. – №30.
* Кравков В.П. К вопросу о деятельности желудка в течении затяжных заболеваний почек: дис…. д-ра медицины / В.П. Кравков. – СПб, 1891.
* Кравков В.П. К казуистике малярийных нефритов / В.П. Кравков // Больничная газета Боткина. – 1894. – №45.
* Кравков В.П. Фибринозная пневмония в войсках рязанского гарнизона за минувшую зиму и весну / В.П. Кравков // Военно – медицинский журнал. – 1894. – №1. – С. 12-14.
* Кравков В.П. Случай гнойного воспаления печени на почве малярийного заболевания / В.П. Кравков // Медицинское обозрение. – 1894. – № 9. – С. 324-325.
* Кравков В.П. О результатах кожного втирания гваякола и креозота у лихорадящих больных / В.П. Кравков // Врач. – 1894. – №16. – С. 541-543.
* Кравков В.П. К вопросу о реабилитации военно-санитарного строя / В.П. Кравков // Русский инвалид. – 1903. – №105. – С.1063-1065.
* Кравков В.П. Заразные факторы людского злополучия и рациональные нормы практической постановки мер личной, общественной и правительственной борьбы с ними /В.П. Кравков. – Ярославль, 1910. – 500 с.
* Кравков В.П. Записки о семейной жизни: 1907-1914. / В.П. Кравков - М.: Книга по требованию, 2014. - 122 с. - .
* Кравков В.П. Великая война без ретуши. Записки корпусного врача / В.П. Кравков. - М.: Вече, 2014 - 416 с. - .
References
* Головко Н.Г. Ровесница Советской Армии. // Центральная поликлиника № 1 Министерства обороны СССР. 50 лет. 1918-1968 гг. Материалы юбилейной врачебной научно-практической конференции. - Москва, 1968 – С 3.
* Поддубный М.В. Корпусный врач В. П. Кравков и его дневник Первой мировой войны. // Военно-медицинский журнал, т.336, No 2, 2015 - C. 85-88
* Российский М.А. 10-я Армия в Восточной Пруссии. Зимние операции 1914–1915 гг. в дневниках В.П. Кравкова // Известия лаборатории древних технологий, No 4 (13), 2014 - C. 45 - 72.
* Российский М.А. Дневники В.П. Кравкова за 1914–1917 гг. как исторический источник // Великая война: сто лет / под ред. М. Ю. Мягкова, К. А. Пахалюка. — М. ; СПб. : Нестор-История, 2014, с. 237-250, 302-322
* Российский М.А. Первая мировая война глазами доктора Кравкова. // История без купюр: от прошлого к настоящему. – М.: Международная жизнь (специальный выпуск), 2013, с. 89-137
* Российский М.А. Рига в 1916 году: взгляд русского военного врача. // Baltfort, No 4 (29), декабрь 2014 - C. 58 -68
* Российский М.А. «Смерть какого-то проходимца Распутина заслонила… все события фронта и тыла; и это — в момент великой трагедии, решающей судьбы русского народа!» Первая мировая война в дневниках В.П. Кравкова // Военно-исторический журнал, No 6, июнь 2015 - C. 63 - 69.
* Свет милосердия. Дневник участника русско-японской войны (1904-1905) дивизионного врача В.П. Кравкова // Время и судьбы. «Военные мемуары». Вып. 1. - М., «Воениздат» 1991. - С. 259–286.
* Узбекова Д.Г. Кравковы: два поколения ученых из Рязани / Д.Г.Узбекова – М.:Вече, 2014 – 352 с.
* Узбекова Д.Г. В.П. Кравков - военный санитарный врач Русской императорской армии (К 100-летию начала Первой мировой войны // Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины, №4, 2014 - с. 51-54.
External links
* Российский М.А. (2014
Великая война глазами доктора В.П. Кравкова* Российский М.А. (2014
* Российский М.А. (2014) [http://www.inion.ru/index.php?page_id=528 7-й Сибирский армейский корпус в июньском наступлении 1917 года (по материалам личного фонда В.П. Кравкова в НИОР РГБ).]
* Назаров О.Г. (2014
Нагая правда* Назаров О.Г. (2014
*
ttp://school10-rzn.ru/o-shkole/istoricheskaya-spravka Историческая справка, семья КравковыхРусская армия в Галицийской битве. Из дневников военного врача В.П. Кравкова, август-сентябрь 1914 г.*
ttp://mediaryazan.ru/news/detail/268330.html В Рязани открыли памятную доску Василию Павловичу и Сергею Васильевичу КравковымКнига уроженца г. Рязани В. П. Кравкова «Великая война без ретуши. Записки корпусного врача» была представлена в областной библиотеке имени Горького* Сизова И. В. (2014
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kravkov, Vasily
1859 births
1920 deaths
People from Ryazan
Military doctors of the Russian Empire
Memoirists from the Russian Empire
Russian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy alumni