Vargulin,
also called Cypridinid luciferin,
Cypridina luciferin, or Vargula luciferin, is the
luciferin
Luciferin (from the Latin ''lucifer'', "light-bearer") is a generic term for the light-emitting compound found in organisms that generate bioluminescence. Luciferins typically undergo an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with molecular oxygen. The result ...
found in the
ostracod
Ostracods, or ostracodes, are a class of the Crustacea (class Ostracoda), sometimes known as seed shrimp. Some 70,000 species (only 13,000 of which are extant) have been identified, grouped into several orders. They are small crustaceans, typic ...
''
Cypridina hilgendorfii
''Vargula hilgendorfii'', sometimes called the sea-firefly and one of three bioluminescent species known in Japan as umi-hotaru (海蛍), is a species of ostracod crustacean. It is the only member of genus '' Vargula'' to inhabit Japanese waters ...
'', also named ''
Vargula hilgendorfii
''Vargula hilgendorfii'', sometimes called the sea-firefly and one of three bioluminescent species known in Japan as umi-hotaru (海蛍), is a species of ostracod crustacean. It is the only member of genus '' Vargula'' to inhabit Japanese wate ...
''. These bottom dwelling ostracods emit a light stream into water when disturbed presumably to deter predation. Vargulin is also used by the midshipman fish,
''Porichthys''.
History
A partial extraction procedure was developed in 1935 which involved reacting the compound with
benzoyl chloride
Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula . It is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour, and consists of a benzene ring () with an acyl chloride () substituent. It is ...
to allow it to be separated from the water-soluble components. The compound was first isolated and purified to crystals by
Osamu Shimomura
was a Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist, and Professor Emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and Boston University School of Medicine. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the ...
. The structure of the compound was confirmed some years later.
Feeding experiments suggest that the compound is synthesized in the animal from three amino-acids:
tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W)
is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic ...
,
isoleucine
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprot ...
, and
arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. The molecule features a guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework. At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) and both the am ...
.
Biochemistry
Vargulin is oxidized by the
Vargula luciferase,
a 62 kDa
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ...
, to produce blue light at 462 nm (max emission, detected with a 425 to 525 nm filter).
The vargulin does not cross react with luciferases using
coelenterazine
Coelenterazine is a luciferin, a molecule that emits light after reaction with oxygen, found in many aquatic organisms across eight phyla. It is the substrate of many luciferases such as ''Renilla reniformis'' luciferase (Rluc), ''Gaussia'' lucif ...
or
Firefly luciferin
Firefly luciferin (also known as beetle luciferin) is the luciferin, or light-emitting compound, used for the firefly (Lampyridae), railroad worm (Phengodidae), starworm (Rhagophthalmidae), and click-beetle (Pyrophorini) bioluminescent systems. I ...
.
Uses
Vargulin (with the associated luciferase) has applications in
biotechnology
Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used b ...
:
* in a variety of assays, to report gene or
gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, protein or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype, as the final effect. The ...
after luciferase have been genetically introduced in cells,
* to detect ATP, that is used in the vargulin/luciferase reaction (
cell viability assays)
Although less stable, the Cypridina system is useful because can be used in multiplex assays with other (red-emitting) luciferin assays.
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Viability Assay
Luciferins
Bioluminescence
Indoles
Guanidines
Imidazopyrazines
Lactams
Laboratory techniques
Microbiology techniques
Toxicology tests