AKT2, also known as RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase,
is an
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''AKT2''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
It influences metabolite storage as part of the
insulin signal transduction pathway
The insulin transduction pathway is a Metabolic pathway, biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into Adipocyte, fat and Muscle cell, muscle cells and reduces the gluconeogenesis, synthesis of glucose in the liver an ...
.
Function
This gene is a putative
oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels. encoding a protein belonging to the
AKT
Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transc ...
subfamily of
serine/threonine kinases
A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human protei ...
that contain
SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins.
AKT2 has important roles in controlling
glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. This process is activated during rest periods following the Cori cycle, in the liver, and also activated by insulin in re ...
,
gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrat ...
, and
glucose transport as part of the
insulin signal transduction pathway
The insulin transduction pathway is a Metabolic pathway, biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into Adipocyte, fat and Muscle cell, muscle cells and reduces the gluconeogenesis, synthesis of glucose in the liver an ...
.
Clinical significance
The gene was shown to be amplified and overexpressed in 2 of 8 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and 2 of 15 primary
ovarian tumor
Ovarian tumors, or ovarian neoplasms, are tumors arising from the ovary. They can be benign or malignant (ovarian cancer). They consist of mainly solid tissue, while ovarian cysts contain fluid.
Histopathologic classification
Ovarian tumors are ...
s. Overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a subset of human ductal
pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cell (biology), cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a Neoplasm, mass. These cancerous cells have the malignant, ability to invade other parts of t ...
s.
Mice lacking Akt2 have a normal body mass, but display a profound diabetic phenotype, indicating that Akt2 plays a key role in
signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellula ...
downstream of the
insulin receptor
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeo ...
. Mice lacking Akt2 show worse outcome in
breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a re ...
initiated by the
large T antigen
The large tumor antigen (also called the large T-antigen and abbreviated LTag or LT) is a protein encoded in the genomes of polyomaviruses, which are small double-stranded DNA viruses. LTag is expressed early in the infectious cycle and is essent ...
as well as the
neu oncogene.
Interactions
AKT2 has been shown to
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with:
*
APPL1
Adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1), or DCC-interacting protein 13-alpha (DIP13alpha), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APPL1'' gene. APPL1 contains several key interactory domain ...
,
*
CHUK
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha (IKK-α) also known as IKK1 or conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK) is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''CHUK'' gene. IKK-α is part of the IκB kinase co ...
,
*
SH3RF1
Putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SH3RF1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SH3RF1'' gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein containing an N-terminus RING-finger, four SH3 domains, and a region implicated in binding of the Rh ...
and
*
TCL1A
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TCL1A'' gene.
Interactions
TCL1A has been shown to interact with AKT1 and AKT2
AKT2, also known as RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase, is an enzyme that ...
.
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{Portal bar, Biology, border=no
EC 2.7.11
Protein kinases