Big Nambas ( native name ''V'ənen Taut'') is a

Malayo-Polynesian language The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast ...

spoken by about people () in northwest Malekula, Vanuatu. Approximately nineteen villages in the Big Nambas region of the Malekula Interior use the language exclusively with no variation in dialect. It was studied in-depth over a period of about 10 years by missionary Dr. Greg. J. Fox, who published a grammar and dictionary in 1979. A Big Nambas translation of the Holy Bible has been completed recently by Andrew Fox.

Phonology

The consonant phonemes of Big Nambas are as shown in the following table: * are aspirated word finally. is not noted as behaving likewise. * are rounded before the front vowels * The voiced fricatives are devoiced word initially and finally. * is realized as word finally or when adjacent to , and as when adjacent to word medially. Big Nambas has a 5- vowel system with the following phonemes: Big Nambas has a complex

syllable A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the phonological "bu ...

structure with a large amount of consonant clusters possible. Additionally, clusters of up to four vowels are permitted (eg. nauei "water"). Stress in Big Nambas is phonemic, but partly predictable. The consonants /t β r l n/ all exhibit phonemic gemination when two identical ones occur between syllables. Linguolabial consonants are often marked with an apostrophe in the orthography to distinguish them from their bilabial counterparts.

Grammar

Big Nambas is a synthetic, head-marking language.

Nouns

Nouns in Big Nambas are capable of phrasal expansion. There are three

noun classes In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some a ...

in Big Nambas: # Obligatorily possessed nouns, most commonly constituent parts of any object (body parts, tree parts, ordinals,

possessive A possessive or ktetic form (abbreviated or ; from la, possessivus; grc, κτητικός, translit=ktētikós) is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict owne ...

) # Optionally possessed nouns, with the subclasses: ## Nouns taking the third singular possessives ''nan'' or ''nen'' ## Nouns taking the prefix ''ar-'' "all" ## Title nouns (names and kinship terms) # Unpossessed nouns (personal and interrogative pronouns) Big Nambas features a system of complex nouns, formed by derivation. Derived nouns can be of one of five types: # Abstract nouns, formed by suffixing -ien to verb stems (eg. tkar "be pregnant" vs. tkar-ien "pregnancy") # Articled nouns, formed by prefixing na- or n- to a verb stem beginning with a vowel (i-u "it rains" vs. n-u "(the) rain") # Ordinal nouns, formed by prefixing the nominalizer ni- and suffixing the possessive -a (tl "three" vs. ni-tl-a "the third of") # Determinative nouns, formed by prefixing ter- to some adjective stems (p'arei "long" vs. ter-p'arei "the long one") # Reverential nouns, formed by suffixing -et to some nouns (nut "place" vs. nutet "a sacred place", cf. nap' "fire" vs. nep'et "sacred fire") Nouns in Big Nambas may be compounded by following them with a verb stem.

References

Bibliography

External links

V'enen Taut recordings

Video about the language
Malekula languages Languages of Vanuatu {{SOceanic-lang-stub