Classification
The classification of Urarina remains contentious: academics have placed the language in at least four different language families including Panoan, Tupian, Macro-Tucanoan, and Amerind. However, the proposed language families share few similarities with Urarina, meaning it is likely best described as either “unclassified” or as aLanguage contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theStatus
Urarina is currently spoken by the 2,000-3,000 members of the Urarina tribe, the majority of whom have retained the ability to speak the language. However, bilingualism and use of Spanish in everyday life is on the rise, as more and more Spanish-speaking mestizos have immigrated to the valley where the Urarina live. While there is a bilingual education system, most bilingual schools almost exclusively use Spanish, as the majority of the teachers do not speak Urarina. The version of Urarina that is spoken by younger generations has lost a substantial degree of grammatical complexity and vocabulary, as correlated to the loss of traditional cultural practices and beliefs. The language is considered potentially endangered.Phonology
The following is the phonology of Urarina as described by Olawsky.Consonants
Vowels
Grammar
Urarina has several rare grammatical characteristics. The language follows the OVS word order: of all the languages that use OVS word order, Urarina is among the strictest adherents to this word order in speech. Another feature of Urarina is its complex system on all verbs (excluding borrowings). Every verb is marked according to one of three paradigms, as determined by a complicated set of pragmatic and syntactic conditions. Urarina follows a similarly unique word class system. Numerals and adjectives that are borrowed from Quechua and Spanish are placed in a completely separate class from indigenous Urarina words. Urarina also follows syntactic rules wherein the pitch-accent system changes the tone of a word, based on the preceding word class. The language's set of unique features has recently garnered special attention from linguists. However, Urarina's distinctive grammatical features are gradually disappearing as younger generations speak a Urarina that is being influenced by a growing bilingualism in Spanish Like many other Amazonian languages, Urarina follows a polysynthetic, agglutinative word morphology in relating to verbs.Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itucale. :Flora and fauna
List of selected plant and animal names in Urarina:References
*Further reading
*Olawsky, K. (2006). ''A Grammar of Urarina''. (Mouton Grammar Library, 37). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. *Wise, Mary Ruth. (1999). "Small Language Families and Isolates in Peru" in ''The Amazonian Languages''. Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra (ed.) {{South American languages Language isolates of South America Object–verb–subject languages Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Endangered language isolates