The University of Bologna ( it, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, UNIBO) is a

public In public relations Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency A government or state agency, sometimes an appointed comm ...

research university in

Bologna Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different na ...

, Italy. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students (''studiorum''), it is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning. At its foundation, the word ''universitas'' was first coined.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde
''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''
Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 47–55 With over 90,000 students, it is the second largest university in Italy after La Sapienza in Rome. It was the first place of study to use the term ''universitas'' for the corporations of students and masters, which came to define the institution (especially its law school) located in Bologna. The university's emblem carries the motto, ''Alma Mater Studiorum'' ("Nourishing mother of studies"), the date ''A.D. 1088''. It has campuses in Cesena, Forlì,

Ravenna Ravenna ( , , also ; rgn, Ravèna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or i ...

and

Rimini Rimini ( , ; rgn, Rémin; la, Ariminum) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It sprawls along the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia (the ancient ''Ariminus ...

and a branch center abroad in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It also has a school of excellence named ''Collegio Superiore di Bologna''. An associate publisher of the University of Bologna is the Bononia University Press. The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university, Bettisia Gozzadini, and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, Laura Bassi. It is commonly ranked amongst the best universities in Italy, and is especially renowned for its studies in law, medicine, and the natural sciences.Dieci volte prima: l’Università di Bologna ancora al top in Italia tra i mega atenei
University of Bologna had a central role in the sciences during the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated Nicholas Copernicus as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians.

History

The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain, but believed by most accounts to have been 1088.
- Università di Bologna The university was granted a charter (''

Authentica habita ''Authentica habita'',"Authentica Habita."
'' Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator The Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was ...

Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world. However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that “it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term ''university'' before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s.” The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as ''universitates scholarium'') of foreign students called " nations" (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from the city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ''ars dictaminis'' ( scrivenery). The lectures were given in informal schools called ''scholae''. In time the various ''universitates scholarium'' decided to form a larger association, or ''Studium''—thus, the university. The ''Studium'' grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with the city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming ''collegia doctorum'' (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it a chartered

public university A public university or public college is a university or college that is in owned by the state or receives significant public funds through a national or subnational government, as opposed to a private university Private universities ...

The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law; indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the '' Digest,'' a central text in

Roman law Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'' (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor J ...

, which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of medieval Roman law. Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate. Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree. She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university. In 1477, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, authorizing the creation of Uppsala University in Sweden, the bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna - a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of

theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing t ...

, law (

Canon Law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is t ...

and

), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. Laura Bassi was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five.Laura Bassi
at Encyclopedia.com Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732. In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on ''Philosophica Studia'' at the Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico. The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May. She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after

Elena Cornaro Piscopia Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (, ; 5 June 1646 – 26 July 1684) or Elena Lucrezia Corner (), also known in English as Helen Cornaro, was a Venetian philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ...

in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as Bolognese

Minerva Minerva (; ett, Menrva) is the Roman goddess of wisdom Wisdom, sapience, or sagacity is the ability to contemplate and act using knowledge Knowledge can be defined as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also ...

. On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics. She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world, thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732. Bassi became the most important populariser of Newtonian mechanics in Italy. In 1971, the Graecist Benedetto Marzullo in company with Umberto Eco, Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS (

acronym An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in '' NATO'' (''North Atlantic Treaty Organization''), but sometimes use syllables, a ...

of ''discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo'', "Dicipline of Arts,

Music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an a ...

s and

Performance A performance is an act of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function. Management science In the work place ...

"). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred the DAMS murders (in Italian: ''Delitti del DAMS''), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of Umberto Eco), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani.

Organization

Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different "'' Laurea''" or "''Laurea breve''" first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 "''Laurea specialistica''" or "''Laurea magistrale''" second-level degrees (two years). However, 11 other courses have maintained preceding rules of "''Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico''" or "''Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico''", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry which requires six years of courses. After the "''Laurea''" one may attain first level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a Postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second level Master, specialisation schools (residency), or doctorates of research (PhD). The 11 Schools (which replace the preexisting 23 faculties) are: * School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine * School of Economics, Management and Statistics * School of Engineering and Architecture * School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Interpretation and Translation * School of Law * School of Arts, Humanities, and Cultural Heritage * School of Medicine and Surgery * School of Pharmacy, Biotechnologies and Sport Sciences * School of

Political Sciences Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance Governance is the process of interactions through the laws, norms, power or language Language is a structured ...

* School of Psychology and Education Sciences * School of Sciences The university is structured in 33 departments (there were 66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015. The 33 departments are: * Architecture - DA * Cultural Heritage - DBC * Chemistry " Giacomo Ciamician" - CHIM * Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" - CHIMIND * Arts - DARvipem * Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FaBiT *

Classical Philology Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centred ...

and Italian Studies - FICLIT * Philosophy and

Communication Studies Communication studies or communication science is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication Human communication, or anthroposemiotics, is a field of study dedicated to understanding how human Humans ( ...

- FILCOM * Physics and Astronomy - DIFA * Computer Science and Engineering - DISI * Civil,

Chemical A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., w ...

, Environmental, and Materials Engineering - DICAM * Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI *

Industrial Engineering Industrial engineering is an engineering profession that is concerned with the optimization of complex processes, system A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified who ...

- DIN * Interpreting and

Translation Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''transl ...

- DIT * Modern Languages, Literatures, and Cultures - LILEC * Mathematics - MAT * Experimental Medicine, Diagnostic Medicine and Specialty Medicine - DIMES * Psychology - PSI * Agricultural Sciences - DipSA * Management - DiSA *

Biological Biology is the scientific study of life Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from that which does not, and is defined by the capacity for ...

Geological Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System ...

, and Environmental Sciences - BiGeA * Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - DIBINEM * Education Studies "Giovanni Maria Bertin" - EDU *

Agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryote Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms ...

and Food Sciences - DISTAL * Economics - DSE * Legal Studies - DSG * Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC * Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET * Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI * Political and

Social Sciences Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology Sociology is a social ...

- SPS * Statistical Sciences " Paolo Fortunati" - STAT *

Sociology Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of Interpersonal ties, social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of Empirical ...

and Business Law - SDE * History and Cultures - DiSCi

Affiliates and other institutions

Il Mulino

In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in

. In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It. ''Società editrice il Mulino'') was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo.

Collegio Superiore

The ''Collegio Superiore'' is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes. The institution was founded in 1998 as ''Collegio d'Eccellenza''. Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study. The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at the University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework. All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted a full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and the additional courses. Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019.

Notable people

Altichiero, ritratto di Francesco Petrarca

Alumni

* Adone Zoli, former Prime Minister of

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, s ...

. * Cardinal Alberto Bolognetti * Pope Alexander VI * Álvaro de Figueroa, former Prime Minister of

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

. * Anna M. Borghi, Italian cognitive psychologist * Augusto Righi, pioneer in the study of

electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes charged matter to experience a force In physics Physics ...

* Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright * Carlo Rovelli, Italian theoretical physicist * Carlo Severini * Saint Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Milan * Corrado Gini, Italian

statistician A statistician is a person who works with theoretical or applied statistics Statistics (from German: '' Statistik'', "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpre ...

, demographer and sociologist who developed the Gini coefficient/ratio. *

Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieri (; – 14 September 1321), probably baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri and often referred to as Dante (, ), was an Italian poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry Poetry (derived from ...

, Italian poet, writer and philosopher * Daria de Pretis, Italian jurist, Constitutional Judge of the Constitutional Court of Italy. * Diego Della Valle, chairman of the Italian leather goods company '' Tod's'' * Enzo Ferrari, Italian racing driver, engineer and entrepreneur * Erasmus of Rotterdam * Fabrizio Zilibotti, Italian economist and Professor of International and Development Economics at

Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut New Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut Connecticut () is the southernmost state in the New England region of the Northeastern United St ...

. * Fawziya Abikar Nur, Minister for Health and Social Care -

Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constitut ...

. * Gabriele Paleotti * Gasparo Tagliacozzi, pioneer of plastic and reconstructive surgery * Giacomo Matteotti * Giovanni Pascoli * Pope Gregory XIII (Ugo Boncompagni); * Pope Gregory XV * Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, Italian mathematician and the inventor of tensor calculus. *

Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi (; 25 April 187420 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer Electrical engineering is an engineering Engineering is the use of scientific principles to ...

, Italian inventor and radio pioneer * Henry of Susa (Hostiensis); * Pope Innocent IX * Irnerius, founder of the School of Glossators * Joaquín Chapaprieta, former Prime Minister of

. * Juan Fernando López Aguilar, former Minister of Justice -

. * Julius Caesar Aranzi, the pioneer human anatomists and surgeons. * Laura Bassi, the world's first woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies * Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian priest, biologist and physiologist * Leon Battista Alberti; * Luigi Galvani; * Manuel Olivencia, lawyer and academic; * Mauro Moretti, former CEO and general manager of Leonardo S.p.A. *

Marcello Malpighi Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 30 November 1694) was an Italian biologist A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but ...

; * Michelangelo Antonioni; * Nicolaus Copernicus, formulator of the heliocentric universal model; * Cardinal Paolo Burali d'Arezzo; * Paracelsus, founder of the discipline of toxicology; * Patrizio Bianchi, Minister of Public Education in the Draghi Cabinet *

Petrarch Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicer ...

; * Pico della Mirandola; * Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian Structural engineer and architect of UNESCO Headquarters Paris (1950). *

Pier Paolo Pasolini Pier Paolo Pasolini (; 5 March 1922 – 2 November 1975) was an Italian poet, filmmaker, writer and intellectual who also distinguished himself as a journalist, novelist, translator, playwright, visual artist and actor. He is considered one of ...

; * Pierluigi Collina, Chairman of the

FIFA FIFA (; stands for ''Fédération Internationale de Football Association'' ( French), meaning International Association Football Federation ) is the international governing body of association football Association football, more commonly ...

referees committee * Piero Gnudi, Minister of Tourism and Sports in the Monti cabinet. * Pietro Mengoli; * Remo Gaspari, Minister of Relationships with the Parliament and Minister of Public Function in the Bettino Craxi and Giulio Andreotti Cabinet. * Stefano Domenicali, CEO of Formula One Group, former CEO of Italian sports car manufacturer Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. and Team Principal of

Formula One Formula One (also known as Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship ...

team

Scuderia Ferrari Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. () is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One Formula One (also known as Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of international racing ...

. * Archbishop

Thomas Becket Thomas Becket (), also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket (21 December 1119 or 1120 – 29 December 1170), was an English nobleman who served as Lord Chancellor The lord chancellor, ...

; * Tommaso Perelli, Italian astronomer *

Torquato Tasso Torquato Tasso ( , also , ; 11 March 154425 April 1595) was an Italian poet of the 16th century, known for his 1591 poem ''Gerusalemme liberata'' ( Jerusalem Delivered), in which he depicts a highly imaginative version of the combats between ...

; * Ulisse Aldrovandi; * Umberto Eco, Italian semiotician, philosopher and writer

Faculty and staff

Notable former faculty include: * 11th century ** Irnerius * 12th century ** Bulgarus ** Gratian ** Martinus Gosia ** Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem **

William of Tyre William of Tyre ( la, Willelmus Tyrensis; 113029 September 1186) was a Middle Ages, medieval prelate and chronicler. As Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tyre, archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from his p ...

* 13th century ** Benvenutus Scotivoli ** Bettisia Gozzadini ** Guido Guinizelli ** Henry of Susa (''Hostiensis'') ** Paul, Dominican martyr ** Sylvester Gozzolini ** William of Saliceto * 14th century ** Manuel Chrysoloras ** Giovanni de' Marignolli ** Francesco Petrarca (also known as ''Petrarch'') **

Coluccio Salutati Coluccio Salutati (16 February 1331 – 4 May 1406) was an Italian humanist and notary, and one of the most important political and cultural leaders of Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in ...

* 15th century ** Leon Battista Alberti ** Nicolaus Copernicus ** Lippo Bartolomeo Dardi ** Yuriy Drohobych (also known as ''Georgius de Drohobycz'') **

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, ...

* 16th century ** Ulisse Aldrovandi ** Giovanni Antonio Magini ** Camillo Baldi ** Girolamo Cardano ** Ignazio Danti ** Giovanni Della Casa ** Girolamo Maggi ** Virgilio Malvezzi ** Paracelsus * 17th century ** Giovanni Cassini ** Niall Ó Glacáin **

** Pietro Mengoli * 18th century ** Laura Bassi ** Luigi Galvani ** Maria Gaetana Agnesi ** Carlo Goldoni * 19th century ** Augusto Righi ** Giacomo Ciamician ** Giosuè Carducci ** Giovanni Pascoli ** Pellegrino Rossi **

Francesco Selmi Francesco Selmi (7 April 1817 – 13 August 1881) was an Italian chemist and patriot, one of the founders of colloid chemistry. Selmi was born in Vignola, then part of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio The Duchy of Modena and Reggio ( Emili ...

* 20th century ** Umberto Eco ** Beppo Levi **

Romano Prodi Romano Antonio Prodi (; born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create ...

* 21st century ** Hamida Barmaki ** Özalp Babaoğlu ** Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume ** Pier Cesare Bori ** Augusto Barbera ** Gualtiero Calboli ** Ivano Dionigi ** Luciano Floridi

Rankings and reputation

The 2022

QS World University Rankings ''QS World University Rankings'' is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). The QS system comprises three parts: the global overall ranking, the subject rankings (which name the world's top universities for th ...

ranked the University of Bologna 166th in the world and 71st (first in Italy) with reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same company, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability (84th). In the 2021

Times Higher Education World University Rankings The ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' (often referred to as the THE Rankings) is an annual publication of university rankings by the ''Times Higher Education'' (THE) magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarel ...

, it claimed the 167th place globally. In the THE Impact Rankings of the same year, measuring the universities' commitment to sustainable development in compliance with the UN 2030 Agenda, Bologna took first place in Europe and sixth in the world. Nationally, in 2020 Bologna topped Italy's main ranking of large public universities (> 40,000 students) for the eleventh year in a row, produced by the Italian Center for Social Investment Studies.

Points of interest

* Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna *

References

External links

University of Bologna Website
** (also has a Chinese version) *
Scholars and Literati at the University of Bologna (1088–1800)
i
Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE
{{DEFAULTSORT:University Of Bologna 1088 establishments in Europe 11th-century establishments in Italy Buildings and structures in Bologna Education in Bologna Bologna, University of Medical schools in Italy