United States Colored Troops

The United States Colored Troops (USCT) were regiments in the United States Army composed primarily of African-American ( colored) soldiers, although members of other minority groups also served within the units. They were first recruited during the American Civil War, and by the end of the war in 1865, the 175 USCT regiments constituted about one-tenth of the manpower of the Union Army. About 20% of USCT soldiers died, a rate about 35% higher than that of white Union troops. Many USCT soldiers fought with distinction, with 16 receiving the Medal of Honor and numerous others receiving other honors.

The USCT regiments were precursors to the Buffalo Soldier regiments in the American Old West.

History

The Confiscation Act

The U.S. Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1862 in July 1862. It freed slaves whose owners were in rebellion against the United States, and the Militia Act of 1862 empowered the President to use free blacks and former slaves from rebels states in any capacity in the army. President Abraham Lincoln was concerned with public opinion in the four border states that remained in the Union, as they had numerous slaveholders, as well as with northern Democrats who supported the war but were less supportive of abolition than many northern Republicans. Lincoln opposed early efforts to recruit African-American soldiers, although he accepted the Army using them as paid workers. In September 1862, Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, announcing that all slaves in rebellious states would be free as of January 1. Recruitment of colored regiments began in full force following the Proclamation in January 1863.

The United States War Department issued General Order Number 143 on May 22, 1863, establishing the Bureau of Colored Troops to facilitate the recruitment of African-American soldiers to fight for the Union Army. Regiments, including infantry, cavalry, engineers, light artillery, and heavy artillery units were recruited from all states of the Union.

Approximately 175 regiments comprising more than 178,000 free blacks and freedmen served during the last two years of the war. Their service bolstered the Union war effort at a critical time. By war's end, the men of the USCT made up nearly one-tenth of all Union troops.

The USCT suffered 2,751 combat casualties during the war, and 68,178 losses from all causes. Disease caused the most fatalities for all troops, both black and white. In the last year-and-a-half and from all reported casualties, approximately 20% of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives. Notably, their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers:

The above statistics need to be noted that the Regular Army troops made up approximately only 3% of total US Troops who fought in the war

USCT regiments were led by white Union officers, while rank advancement was limited for Black soldiers, though they could become non-commissioned officers. Approximately 110 blacks did managed to become commissioned officers before the end of the war, primarily as surgeons or chaplains. The Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments in Philadelphia opened the Free Military Academy for Applicants for the Command of Colored Troops at the end of 1863. For a time, black soldiers received less pay than their white counterparts, but they and their supporters lobbied and eventually gained equal pay. Notable members of USCT regiments included Martin Robinson Delany and the sons of abolitionist Frederick Douglass.

The USCT engineers built Fort Pocahontas, a Union supply depot, in Charles City, Virginia.

The courage displayed by colored troops during the Civil War played an important role in African Americans gaining new rights. As Frederick Douglass wrote:

Volunteer regiments

Before the USCT was formed, several volunteer regiments were raised from free black men, including freedmen in the South. In 1863 a former slave, William Henry Singleton, helped recruit 1,000 former slaves in New Bern, North Carolina for the First North Carolina Colored Volunteers. He became a sergeant in the 35th USCT. Freedmen from the Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, established in 1863 on the island, also formed part of the Free North Carolina Colored Volunteers (FNCCV) and subsequently the 35th."The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony"
''Carolina Country Magazine'', date?, accessed November 10, 2010 Nearly all of the volunteer regiments were converted into USCT units.

In 1922 Singleton published his memoir (in a slave narrative) of his journey from slavery to freedom and becoming a Union soldier. Glad to participate in reunions, years later at the age of 95, he marched in a Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) event in 1938.

State volunteers

Four regiments were considered Regular units, rather than auxiliaries. Their veteran status allowed them to get valuable federal government jobs after the war, from which African Americans had usually been excluded in earlier years. However, the men received no formal recognition for combat honors and awards until the turn of the 20th century.

These units were:
* 5th Regiment Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry
* 54th Massachusetts (Colored) Volunteer Infantry Regiment
* 55th Massachusetts (Colored) Volunteer Infantry Regiment
* 29th Connecticut (Colored) Volunteer Infantry Regiment
* 30th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment
* 31st Infantry Regiment (Colored)

1st Louisiana Native Guard (Corps d'Afrique)

The 1st Louisiana Native Guard, one of many Louisiana Union Civil War units, was formed in New Orleans after the city was taken and occupied by Union forces. It was formed in part from the Confederacy's former unit of the same name, which had been made up of property-owning free people of color (''gens de couleur libres''). These men had wanted to prove their bravery and loyalty to the Confederacy like other Southern property owners by joining the Confederate blacks, but the Confederacy did not allow them to serve and confiscated their arms.

For the new unit, the Union also recruited freedmen from the refugee camps. Liberated from nearby plantations, they and their families had no means to earn a living and no place to go. Local commanders, starved for replacements, started equipping volunteer units with cast-off uniforms and obsolete or captured firearms. The men were treated and paid as auxiliaries, performing guard or picket duties to free up white soldiers for maneuver units. In exchange their families were fed, clothed and housed for free at the Army camps; often schools were set up for them and their children.

Despite class differences between free people of color and freedmen, the troops of the new guard served with distinction, including under Captain Andre Cailloux at the Battle of Port Hudson and throughout the South. Its units included:
* 4 Regiments of Louisiana Native Guards (renamed the 1st–4th Corps d'Afrique Infantry, later renamed as the 73rd–76th US Colored Infantry on April 4, 1864).
* 1st and 2nd Brigade Marching Bands, Corps d'Afrique (later made into Nos. 1 and 2 Bands, USCT).
* 1st Regiment of Cavalry (1st Corps d'Afrique Cavalry, later made into the 4th US Colored Cavalry).
* 22 Regiments of Infantry (1st–20th, 22nd, and 26th Corps d'Afrique Infantry, later converted into the 77th–79th, 80th–83rd, 84th–88th, and 89th–93rd US Colored Infantry on April 4, 1864).
* 5 Regiments of Engineers (1st–5th Corps d'Afrique Engineers, later converted into the 95th–99th US Colored Infantry regiments on April 4, 1864) whose work building Bailey's Dam saved the Union navy's Mississippi River Squadron.
* 1 Regiment of Heavy Artillery (later converted into the 10th US Colored (Heavy) Artillery on May 21, 1864).

Right Wing, XVI Corps (1864)

Colored troops served as laborers in the 16th Army Corps' Quartermaster's Department and Pioneer Corps.
* Detachment, Quartermaster's Department.
* Pioneer Corps, 1st Division (Mower), 16th Army Corps.
* Pioneer Corps, Cavalry Division ( Grierson), 16th Army Corps.

USCT Regiments

* 6 Regiments of Cavalry st–6th USC Cavalry* 1 Regiment of Light Artillery nd USC (Light) Artillery* 1 Independent USC (Heavy) Artillery Battery
* 13 Heavy Artillery Regiments st and 3rd–14th USC (Heavy) Artillery* 1 unassigned Company of Infantry ompany A, US Colored Infantry* 1 Independent USC Company of Infantry (Southard's Independent Company, Pennsylvania (Colored) Infantry)
* 1 Independent USC Regiment of Infantry owell's Regiment, US Colored Infantry* 135 Regiments of Infantry st–138th USC Infantry(The 94th, 105th, and 126th USC Infantry regiments were never fully formed)

;Details
* The 2nd USC (Light) Artillery Regiment (2nd USCA) was made up of nine separate batteries grouped into three nominal battalions of three batteries each. The batteries were usually detached.
** I Battalion: A,B & C Batteries.
** II Battalion: D, E & F Batteries.
** III Battalion: G, H & I Batteries.
* The second raising of the 11th USC Infantry (USCI) was created by converting the 7th USC (Heavy) Artillery into an infantry unit.
* The second raising of the 79th USC Infantry (USCI) was formed from the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry.
* The second raising of the 83rd USC Infantry (USCI) was formed from the 2nd Kansas Colored Infantry.
* The second raising of the 87th USCI was formed from merging the first raisings of the 87th and 96th USCI.
* The second raising of the 113th USCI was formed by merging the first raisings of the 11th, 112th, and 113th USCI.

Gallery

File:Flag of the 3rd United States Colored Troops (obverse).png, 3rd US Colored Troops banner
File:Flag of the 22nd Regiment, United States Colored Troops.png, 22th US Colored Troops banner
File:Flag of the 24th Regiment, United States Colored Troops.png, 24th US Colored Troops banner
File:26th Regiment USCT colors.png, 26th US Colored Troops banner
File:27th US Colored Troops banner.jpg, 27th US Colored Troops banner
File:45th US Colored Troops banner.jpg, 45th US Colored Troops banner
File:Gem portrait, soldier with kepi. Cased tintype, ninth plate.jpg
File:Three quarter portrait, young soldier seated, in Union uniform with kepi; tents (possibly painted backdrop) in background. Cased tintype, sixth plate.jpg
File:Three quarter portrait, young Civil War soldier in kepi. Cased tintype, ninth plate.jpg
File:Three quarter length portrait, young solder seated, kepi and cigar. Cased tintype, sixth plate.jpg
File:Full length portrait, man seated in Union uniform. Cased tintype, sixth plate.jpg
File:Harriet Tubman, with rescued slaves, New York Times.JPG, Harriet Tubman with family and ex-slaves; sitting at left is Tubmans 2nd husband Nelson Davis (8th USCT veteran)

Notable actions

The first engagement by African-American soldiers against Confederate forces during the Civil War was at the Battle of Island Mound in Bates County, Missouri on October 28–29, 1862. African Americans, mostly escaped slaves, had been recruited into the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers. They accompanied white troops to Missouri to break up Confederate guerrilla activities based at Hog Island near Butler, Missouri. Although outnumbered, the African-American soldiers fought valiantly, and the Union forces won the engagement. The conflict was reported by ''The New York Times'' and '' Harper's Weekly''."Affairs In The West.; A Negro Regiment in Action – The Battle of Island Mounds – Desperate Bravery of the Negros – Defeat of the Guerrillas – An Attempted Fraud"
''The New York Times'', 19 November 1862, accessed 22 February 2016
Island Mound website, accessed 12 Oct 2009 In 2012 the state established the Battle of Island Mound State Historic Site to preserve this area; the eight Union men killed were buried near the battleground.

USCT regiments fought in all theaters of the war, but mainly served as garrison troops in rear areas. The most famous USCT action took place at the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg. Regiments of USCT suffered heavy casualties attempting to break through Confederate lines. Other notable engagements include Fort Wagner, one of their first major tests, and the Battle of Nashville.

USCT soldiers were among the first Union forces to enter Richmond, Virginia, after its fall in April 1865. The 41st USCT regiment was among those present at the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox. Following the war, USCT regiments served among the occupation troops in former Confederate states.

U.S. Army General Ulysses S. Grant praised the competent performance and bearing of the USCT, saying at Vicksburg that:

Prisoners of war

USCT soldiers suffered extra violence at the hands of Confederate soldiers, who singled them out for mistreatment. They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities by Confederates, most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee, at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia, and at the Battle of Olustee in Florida. They were often murdered when captured by Confederate soldiers, as the Confederacy announced that former slaves fighting for the Union were traitors and would be immediately executed.Cornish, ''The Sable Arm'', pp. 173–80.

The prisoner exchange protocol broke down over the Confederacy's position on black prisoners-of-war. The Confederacy had passed a law stating that white officers commanding black soldiers and blacks captured in uniform would be tried as rebellious slave insurrectionists in civil courts — a capital offense with automatic sentence of death. In practice, USCT soldiers were often murdered by Confederate troops without being taken to court. This law became a stumbling block for prisoner exchange, as the U.S. government in the Lieber Code objected to such discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of ethnicity. The Republican Party's platform during the 1864 presidential election also condemned the Confederacy's mistreatment of black U.S. soldiers. In response to such mistreatment, General Ulysses S. Grant, in a letter to Confederate officer Richard Taylor, urged the Confederates to treat captured black U.S. soldiers humanely and professionally, and not to murder them. He stated the U.S. government's official position, that black U.S. soldiers were sworn military men. The Confederacy had said they were escaped slaves who deserved no better treatment.

Numbers of colored troops by state, North and South

The soldiers are classified by the state where they were enrolled; Northern states often sent agents to enroll formerly enslaved from the South. Note that many soldiers from Delaware, D.C., Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia were formerly enslaved as well. Most of the troops credited to West Virginia, however, were not actually from that state.

Postbellum

The USCT was disbanded in the fall of 1865. In 1867, the Regular Army was set at ten regiments of cavalry and 45 regiments of infantry. The Army was authorized to raise two regiments of black cavalry (the 9th and 10th (Colored) Cavalry) and four regiments of black infantry (the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st (Colored) Infantry), who were mostly drawn from USCT veterans. The first draft of the bill that the House Committee on Military Affairs sent to the full chamber on March 7, 1866, did not include a provision for regiments of black cavalry; however, this provision was added by Senator Benjamin Wade prior to the bill's passing. In 1869 the Regular Army was kept at ten regiments of cavalry but cut to 25 regiments of Infantry, reducing the black complement to two regiments (the 24th and 25th (Colored) Infantry).

The two black infantry regiments represented 10 percent of the size of all twenty-five infantry regiments. Similarly, the black cavalry units represented 20 percent of the size of all ten cavalry regiments.

From 1870 to 1898 the strength of the US Army totaled 25,000 service members with black soldiers maintaining their 10 percent representation. USCT soldiers fought in the Indian Wars in the American West, where they became known as the Buffalo Soldiers, thus nicknamed by Native Americans who compared their hair to the curly fur of bison.

Awards

Soldiers who fought in the Army of the James were eligible for the Butler Medal, commissioned by that army's commander, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler. In 1861 at Fort Monroe in Virginia, Butler was the first to declare refugee slaves as contraband and refused to return them to slaveholders. This became a policy throughout the Union Army; it started when a few slaves escaped to Butler's lines in 1861. Their owner, a Confederate colonel, came to Butler under a flag of truce and demanded that they be returned to him under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Butler informed him that since Virginia claimed to have left the Union, the Fugitive Slave Law no longer applied, declaring the slaves to be contraband of war.

Sixteen African-American USCT soldiers earned the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest award, for service in the war:
* Sergeant William Harvey Carney of the 54th Massachusetts (Colored) Volunteer Infantry was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Fort Wagner in July 1863. During the advance, Carney was wounded but still went on. When the color-bearer was shot, Carney grabbed the flagstaff and planted it in the parapet, while the rest of his regiment stormed the fortification. When his regiment was forced to retreat, he was wounded two more times while he carried the colors back to Union lines. He did not relinquish it until he handed it to another soldier of the 54th. Carney received his medal 37 years after the battle.
* Fourteen African-American soldiers, including Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood and Sergeant Alfred B. Hilton (mortally wounded) of the 4th USCT, were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm in September 1864, during the campaign to take Petersburg.
* Corporal Andrew Jackson Smith of the 55th Massachusetts (Colored) Volunteer Infantry was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Honey Hill in November 1864. Smith prevented the regimental colors from falling into enemy hands after the color sergeant was killed. Due to a lack of official records, he was not awarded the medal until 2001.

Legacy

The historian Steven Hahn proposes that when slaves organized themselves and worked with the Union Army during the American Civil War, including as some regiments of the USCT, their actions comprised a slave rebellion that dwarfed all other slave revolts.

The African American Civil War Memorial Museum helps to preserve pertinent information from the period.

Tributes

* In 1924, the Grand Army of the Republic unveiled the Colored Soldiers Monument in Frankfort, Kentucky.
* In September 1996, a national celebration in commemoration of the service of the United States Colored Troops was held.
* The African American Civil War Memorial (1997), featuring ''Spirit of Freedom'' by sculptor Ed Hamilton, was erected at the corner of Vermont Avenue and U Street NW in the capital, Washington, D.C. It is administered by the National Park Service.
* In 1999 the African American Civil War Museum opened nearby.
* In July 2011, the African American Civil War Museum celebrated a grand opening of its new facility at 1925 Vermont Avenue Northwest, Washington DC, just across the street from the memorial.

Other

The history of the USCT's wartime contribution was kept alive within the U.S. black community by historians such as W. E. B. Du Bois. Since the 1970s and the expansion of historical coverage of minorities, the units and their contributions have been the subject of more books and movies. During the war years, the men had difficulty gaining deserved official recognition for achievement and valor. Often recommendations for decorations were filed away and ignored. Another problem was that the government would mail the award certificate and medal to the recipient, who had to pay the postage due (whether he were white or black). Most former USCT recipients had to return the medals for lack of funds to redeem them..The last USCT soldier Joseph Clovese died in 1951.

The motion picture '' Glory'', starring Denzel Washington, Morgan Freeman, and Matthew Broderick, portrayed the African-American soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. It showed their training and participation in several battles, including the second assault on Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863. Although the 54th was not a USCT regiment, but a state volunteer regiment originally raised from free blacks in Boston, similar to the 1st and 2nd Kansas Colored Infantry, the film portrays the experiences and hardships of African-American troops during the Civil War. Richard Walter Thomas, black scholar of race relations, observed that the relationship between white and black soldiers in the Civil War was an instance of what he calls "the other tradition": "… after sharing the horrors of war with their black comrades in arms, many white officers experienced deep and dramatic transformations in their attitudes toward blacks."

Similar units

* 92nd Infantry Division (United States)
* 93d Infantry Division (United States)
* 366th Infantry Regiment (United States)
* 369th Infantry Regiment (United States)
* 761st Tank Battalion (United States)
* 1st Louisiana Native Guard (CSA)

See also

* Corps of Colonial Marines
* Ethiopian Regiment
* List of United States Colored Troops Civil War units
* Military history of African Americans
* Marching Song of the First Arkansas
* Native Americans in the American Civil War

Notes

References

* Cornish, Dudley Taylor. ''The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865.'' New York: W.W. Norton, 1965.
* Dobak, William A. ''Freedom by the Sword: The US Colored Troops, 1862–1867.'' Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 2011.
* Gladstone, William A. ''United States Colored Troops, 1863–1867.'' Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1996.
* Johnson, Jesse J. ''Black Armed Forces Officers 1736–1971.'' Hampton Publications, 1971.
* Matthews, Harry Bradshaw, ''African American Freedom Journey in New York and Related Sites, 1823–1870: Freedom Knows No Color'', Cherry Hill, NJ: Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008.
* McPherson, James M., ''The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union.'' New York: Pantheon Books, 1965.
*
* Smith, John David, ''Lincoln and the U.S. Colored Troops'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2013). 156 pp.
* Williams, George W.
''A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion.''
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1887.
* Film review, James M. McPherson, "The 'Glory' Story," ''The New Republic'', January 8 & 15, 1990, pp. 22–27

Further reading

* ''The Employment of Negro Troops''. By Dr. Ulysses Lee. Published by the Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1966. 740 pp.

External links

19th USCT service record cards

United States Colored Troops in the Civil War

United States Colored Troops
US Army

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Colored Troops
African Americans in the American Civil War

1863 establishments in the United States
1865 disestablishments in the United States
Native American history
Military units and formations established in 1863
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Slave soldiers
Fugitive American slaves