United Kingdom by-election records
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Parliamentary A parliamentary system, or parliamentarian democracy, is a system of democracy, democratic government, governance of a sovereign state, state (or subordinate entity) where the Executive (government), executive derives its democratic legitimacy ...
by-election A by-election, also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines, a bye-election in Ireland, a bypoll in India, or a Zimni election (Urdu: ضمنی انتخاب, supplementary election) in Pakistan, is an election used to f ...
s in the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
occur when a
Member of Parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
(MP) vacates a
House of Commons The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. ...
seat (due to
resignation Resignation is the formal act of leaving or quitting one's office or position. A resignation can occur when a person holding a position gained by election or appointment steps down, but leaving a position upon the expiration of a term, or choos ...
, death, disqualification or expulsion) during the course of a parliament.


Scope of these records

Although the history of Parliament is much older, most of these records concern only the period since
1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Januar ...
. Earlier exceptional results are listed separately. Parliaments of
England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
,
Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
and the various unions of these Kingdoms had been assembled since the medieval period, though these bodies only gradually evolved to be democratically elected by the populace and records are incomplete. England and Wales had numerous "
rotten boroughs A rotten or pocket borough, also known as a nomination borough or proprietorial borough, was a parliamentary borough or constituency in England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom before the Reform Act 1832, which had a very small electora ...
" with tiny and tightly controlled electorates until the
Reform Act of 1832 The Representation of the People Act 1832 (also known as the 1832 Reform Act, Great Reform Act or First Reform Act) was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom (indexed as 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) that introduced major changes to the electo ...
. The most recent significant expansions of the electoral franchise were the Representation of the People Act 1918 which allowed some women to vote for the first time and greatly expanded the franchise of men, overall more than doubling the size of the electorate, and the
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This act expanded on the Representation of the People Act 1918 which had given some women the vote in Parliamentary elections for the ...
which expanded the franchise of women to be equal to that of men. Furthermore, there are various additional factors complicating comparisons between earlier results and modern cases. Among the most significant aspects of historical elections which are no longer present are: *Frequent interventions and withdrawals of parties in different seats. *Frequent coalitions between parties, splits within parties and floor-crossing by members. *
Uncontested election An uncontested election is an election in which the number of candidates is the same as or fewer than the number of places available for election, so that all candidates are guaranteed to be elected. An uncontested single-winner election is one w ...
s and truces between parties, in particular during both World Wars. *Generally more significant competition from independent candidates and minor parties. * Multi-member seats and university seats (abolished 1950). *Higher frequency of by-elections, partly due to the practice of often uncontested
ministerial by-elections A ministerial by-election is a by-election to fill a vacancy triggered by the appointment of the sitting member of parliament (MP) as a minister in the cabinet. The requirement for new ministers to stand for re-election was introduced in the Ho ...
which ended in 1926. *Generally higher turnouts, although several wartime elections exhibited the lowest recorded turnouts. *Generally higher variation in size of constituency electorates. Since 1945, the legal and general political situation regarding by-elections has been broadly stable, allowing for meaningful comparison of records. These records include those from
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
. However, the politics of Northern Ireland is mostly separate from that of Great Britain so comparisons can be problematic.


Glossary

For comparison purposes the following definitions have been adopted. *Gain - victory by a party that was not victorious at the immediate previous election *Loss - defeat of a party that was victorious at the immediate previous election *Hold - victory by a party that was victorious at the immediate previous election *Win - victory by a party. ambiguous term that could mean either a gain or a hold *Incumbent - the party that held the seat at the immediately previous election, irrespective of any intervening change of candidate or candidate's change of party *Third party - In England, since
1922 Events January * January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. * January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éirean ...
, the "third party" has been the
Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...
and its successor, the Liberal Democrats. Additionally, in
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
and
Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
the
Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party (SNP; sco, Scots National Pairty, gd, Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba ) is a Scottish nationalist and social democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from ...
(SNP) and
Plaid Cymru Plaid Cymru ( ; ; officially Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales, often referred to simply as Plaid) is a centre-left to left-wing, Welsh nationalist political party in Wales, committed to Welsh independence from the United Kingdom. Plaid wa ...
are also considered to be third parties. Prior to 1922, the third party was the Labour Party. *Minor party - parties smaller than the third party *Uncontested - an election where only one candidate is put forward. No votes are actually cast and the candidate is by definition the victor.


Numerical records

For more information about what is meant by the term "swing", see Swing (United Kingdom)


Largest swings in percentage share of votes

1 By-elections where the seat was held by the incumbent MP.
2 By-elections contested by the incumbent MP, who failed to gain re-election.
3 By-elections where the seat was held by the incumbent party.


Largest swings to an incumbent governing party

It is rare to see any swing towards the governing party in by-elections. However, there are some examples of it happening. *BOLD indicates winning party


Largest fall in percentage share of vote

A party's share of the vote at a general election is not always matched at subsequent by-elections, but given the five-year maximum term of a Parliament, reductions of 20% or more are unusual. Those of 25% or more are listed below: In the 1934 Merthyr by-election the Independent Labour Party share dropped from 69.4% in the 1931 general election to 9.8% (a record 59.6% loss) losing the seat to the Labour Party. However, the 1931 election had no Labour Party candidate, and the MP, R. C. Wallhead, had previously been elected as a Labour candidate in prior elections, when the ILP was affiliated to Labour. Prior to his death, Wallhead joined the Labour Party, so this result could be classed as a Labour hold. The 1919 East Antrim by-election saw the
Irish Unionist Unionism is a political tradition on the island of Ireland that favours political union with Great Britain and professes loyalty to the British Crown and constitution. As the overwhelming sentiment of Ireland's Protestant minority, follow ...
party face its first Unionist opposition in the seat since 1906 (in the 1918 general election the heavily unionist area gave the Irish Unionist 94.6% of the vote in a contest with a Sinn Féin candidate). An
Independent Unionist Independent Unionist has been a label sometimes used by candidates in elections in the United Kingdom, indicating a support for British unionism (not to be confused with trade unionism). It is most popularly associated with candidates in elect ...
candidate won the seat, with the Irish Unionist share dropping by 52.8% Worst results for other parties: Note: *a Compared with the Brexit Party candidate at the general election.


Largest increase in percentage share of vote


Largest winning share of the vote

Winning shares of the vote above 90%, since 1918:


Largest numerical majority overturned

Majorities A majority, also called a simple majority or absolute majority to distinguish it from related terms, is more than half of the total.Dictionary definitions of ''majority'' aMerriam-Webster1920 Stockport by-election, was held to elect two MPs. The winners' shares of the total vote were 25.6% and 25.1%. However, as each voter could cast two votes, the situation is not readily comparable to other by-elections in this period. At the 1909 Sheffield Attercliffe by-election, the winning candidate took only 27.5% of the vote.


Lowest share of the vote


Major parties

Major parties winning 2% or less share of votes cast in a by-election, since 1918: The worst Conservative performance was in the
1995 North Down by-election The 1995 North Down by-election, in the North Down constituency, was held on 15 June, following the death of James Kilfedder, who had represented the constituency since the 1970 general election. Kilfedder had formed the Ulster Popular Unionis ...
, where they took 2.1% of the votes cast. The 'continuation'
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
(SDP) took 0.4% of the vote at both the 1990 Upper Bann by-election and the Bootle by-election the following week.


Candidates winning fewer than ten votes

:Since 1918:1 :1 F. R. Lees, a
Temperance Temperance may refer to: Moderation *Temperance movement, movement to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed *Temperance (virtue), habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite or passion Culture *Temperance (group), Canadian danc ...
Chartist, won no votes in the 1860 Ripon by-election, as his supporters mistakenly believed that he had withdrawn. :2 Bevan put his occupation of "Systems Designer" in the description field of the nomination paper, which appeared on the ballot paper. He was an independent candidate.


Smallest majorities

All majorities of less than 1,000 since the Second World War. Bold entries indicate a new record. Still smaller majorities have been recorded since 1918. The majority in the 1921 Penrith and Cockermouth by-election, was only 31 votes, and in the 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election it was 43 votes, while at the 1928 Carmarthen by-election it was 47 votes. At the 1892 Cirencester by-election a majority of 3 for the Unionists was overturned on petition, where it was found that both candidates had an equal number of votes. A fresh by-election was called, which was won by the Liberals.


Turnout

Turnout is the percentage of registered electors who voted.


Highest turnout

The highest turnouts since 1918.


Turnout increased from general election

It is highly unusual for a by-election to attract a higher turnout in a seat than the previous general election.


Lowest turnout

During the Second World War the electoral register was not kept up to date despite significant population movements, especially in the London area (which contains all three constituencies listed below). Consequently, only those eligible to vote in the constituency at the outbreak of war were eligible to vote in the by-elections and many voters were physically unable to as they were located elsewhere; in addition the major parties did not compete against each other. The lowest turnout in peacetime since 1918 was 18.2% at the 2012 Manchester Central by-election. The lowest turnouts since 1918 have been: * 1942 Poplar South by-election: 9.3% * 1941 Harrow by-election: 10.7% * 1944 Camberwell North by-election: 11.2% Turnouts of less than 30% since 1945 (bold indicates a new post-war record)


Most candidates

Under current UK electoral law there is no upper or lower limit for candidature numbers, with the only required stipulation being the valid nomination of ten electors from the constituency. By-elections often attract "fringe" or novelty candidates, single-issue candidates, or independents. As with nominations in a general election, candidates must pay a £500 deposit, which is only refunded if the candidate wins 5% of the votes cast. All by-elections with more than ten candidates are listed. Elections are listed in alphabetical order. Those that created a new record number appear in bold. In 2017, the countermanded poll in
Manchester Gorton Manchester Gorton is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Labour's Afzal Khan, who was elected at the 2017 general election. It is the safest Labour seat in Greater Manchester by numerical majority and ...
had 11 candidates.


Fewest candidates

:*1 The most recent mainland UK instance only is given. :*2 Four of these eight were between the Unionist incumbent and a " paper candidate" using the name " Peter Barry", the name of the then Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs.


Candidate records


Durable by-election candidates


Major parties

Former Labour cabinet minister
Tony Benn Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), known between 1960 and 1963 as Viscount Stansgate, was a British politician, writer and diarist who served as a Cabinet of the United Kingdom, Cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s. ...
contested no fewer than four by-elections during his career, topping the poll on each occasion:
Bristol South East Bristol South East was a constituency in the city of Bristol that returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, mainly from t ...
in 1950,
1961 Events January * January 3 ** United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba ( Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015). ** Aero Flight 311 ...
and
1963 Events January * January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...
, and Chesterfield in 1984. His first and last by-election victories were 33 years and 3 months apart. Former cabinet minister and European Commissioner Roy Jenkins fought two different by-elections for the
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
only eight months apart. He narrowly failed in the 1981 Warrington by-election before winning the 1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election. He had been first elected as a Labour MP almost 34 years previously in the 1948 Southwark Central by-election. Former
Speaker of the House of Commons Speaker of the House of Commons is a political leadership position found in countries that have a House of Commons, where the membership of the body elects a speaker to lead its proceedings. Systems that have such a position include: * Speaker of ...
,
Betty Boothroyd Betty Boothroyd, Baroness Boothroyd (born 8 October 1929) is a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich and West Bromwich West from 1973 to 2000. From 1992 to 2000, she served as Speaker of the House of ...
finally secured election at her third by-election attempt at the 1973 West Bromwich by-election. She had previously failed in the
1957 Leicester South East by-election The 1957 Leicester South East by-election was held on 28 November 1957. It was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Charles Waterhouse. The by-election was won by the Conservative candidate John Peel whose only oppon ...
and the
1968 Nelson and Colne by-election The 1968 Nelson and Colne by-election was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Nelson and Colne on 27 June 1968, following the death of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Sydney Silverman. The constituency was cons ...
as well as the general elections of 1959 and 1970. John Bickley of
UKIP The UK Independence Party (UKIP; ) is a Eurosceptic, right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom. The party reached its greatest level of success in the mid-2010s, when it gained two members of Parliament and was the largest p ...
contested three by-elections (all in
Greater Manchester Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county and combined authority, combined authority area in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million; comprising ten metropolitan boroughs: City of Manchester, Manchester, City of Salford, Salford ...
) within two years -
Wythenshawe and Sale East Wythenshawe and Sale East is a parliamentary constituency in the city of Manchester and the borough of Trafford. It returns one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past ...
in February 2014, Heywood and Middleton in October 2014 and Oldham West and Royton in December 2015. He was defeated on each occasion, coming closest in Heywood and Middleton where he lost by less than 700 votes. Bickley also contested Heywood and Middleton at the 2015 general election, making a total of four parliamentary elections contested in fewer than 24 months.


Minor parties and independents

Perennial fringe candidates include such personalities as Bill Boaks, whose highest vote was at the 1982 Beaconsfield by-election with 99 votes.
Screaming Lord Sutch Screaming Lord Sutch (10 November 1940 – 16 June 1999), who had his name legally changed from David Edward Sutch, was an English musician and perennial parliamentary candidate. He was the founder of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party an ...
was for most of his career the leader of the
Official Monster Raving Loony Party The Official Monster Raving Loony Party (OMRLP) is a political party established in the United Kingdom in 1982 by the musician David Sutch, also known as "Screaming Lord Sutch, 3rd Earl of Harrow", or simply "Lord Sutch". It is notable for its ...
. His highest vote total was 1,114 at the 1994 Rotherham by-election.
Lindi St Clair Marian June Akin (born 11 August 1952), formerly known professionally as Lindi St Clair or Lindi St Claire, is a British author, leader of the Corrective Party, and campaigner for prostitutes' rights. Originally a prostitute, but now retired an ...
of the Corrective Party contested eleven by-elections without success, her highest total being 216 votes as 'Lady Whiplash' at the 1990 Eastbourne by-election. Sutch's successor as leader of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party, Alan "Howling Laud" Hope, has, as of the 2021 North Shropshire by-election, contested eighteen by-elections. John Cartwright of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party has contested three by-elections without success, his most successful total being 188 at the 2007 Ealing Southall by-election. Under various ballot paper descriptions, David Bishop of the Church of the Militant Elvis label has stood at five by-elections, receiving 99 votes at the 2012 Corby by-election, an increase over his previous high of 93 at the 2011 Feltham and Heston by-election.


Pre-1945

Arthur Henderson Arthur Henderson (13 September 1863 – 20 October 1935) was a British iron moulder and Labour politician. He was the first Labour cabinet minister, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934 and, uniquely, served three separate terms as Leader of th ...
was distinguished in being successful in no fewer than five by-elections in different seats, in
Barnard Castle Barnard Castle (, ) is a market town on the north bank of the River Tees, in County Durham, Northern England. The town is named after and built around a medieval castle ruin. The town's Bowes Museum's has an 18th-century Silver Swan automato ...
,
Widnes Widnes ( ) is an Industrial city, industrial town in the Borough of Halton, Cheshire, England, which at the 2011 United Kingdom census, 2011 census had a population of 61,464. Historic counties of England, Historically in Lancashire, it is on t ...
, Newcastle upon Tyne East,
Burnley Burnley () is a town and the administrative centre of the wider Borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England, with a 2001 population of 73,021. It is north of Manchester and east of Preston, at the confluence of the River Calder and River Bru ...
, and
Clay Cross Clay Cross is a town and a civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. It is a former industrial and mining town, about south of Chesterfield. It is directly on the A61. Surrounding settlements include North W ...
.
Joseph Gibbins Joseph Gibbins, JP (1888 – 26 August 1965) was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. Early life Joseph Gibbins was born in the Toxteth Park district of Liverpool in early 1888. He was educated at evening classes at Liverpool ...
is the only person in modern times to gain the same seat twice in two different by-elections. He triumphed for Labour in the
1924 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election "The 1924 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election was held on 22 May 1924. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Robert Houston. It was won by the Labour candidate Joseph Gibbins Joseph Gibbins, JP ( ...
and the
1935 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election The 1935 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election was held on 16 July 1935. The by-election was held due to the appointment as a metropolitan police magistrate of the incumbent Conservative MP, Clyde Tabor Wilson. It was won by the Labour candidate ...
.
William O'Brien William O'Brien (2 October 1852 – 25 February 1928) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher, author and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of ...
won four by-elections, in Mallow in 1883, North East Cork in 1887 and then
Cork City Cork ( , from , meaning 'marsh') is the second largest city in Ireland and third largest city by population on the island of Ireland. It is located in the south-west of Ireland, in the province of Munster. Following an extension to the city' ...
in 1904 and
1914 This year saw the beginning of what became known as World War I, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. It als ...
. On these last two occasions, he was re-elected having resigned the seat. Prime Minister
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
contested five by-elections in his long career: * 1899 Oldham by-election in which he was not elected * 1908 Manchester North West by-election where he was defeated * 1908 Dundee by-election where he was elected * 1917 Dundee by-election where he was re-elected. * 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election in which he was unsuccessful
John Wilkes John Wilkes (17 October 1725 – 26 December 1797) was an English radical journalist and politician, as well as a magistrate, essayist and soldier. He was first elected a Member of Parliament in 1757. In the Middlesex election dispute, he fo ...
won the 1757 Aylesbury by-election, and was then elected in the Middlesex by-elections of February, March and April 1769, on each occasion being subsequently expelled from the House of Commons.


Former MPs making a comeback at a by-election

Notes: 1 by-election gain lost at the subsequent general election 2 by-election gain held at the subsequent general election


Former MPs failing in a by-election

* 2022 Birmingham Erdington by-election: Former
Labour Labour or labor may refer to: * Childbirth, the delivery of a baby * Labour (human activity), or work ** Manual labour, physical work ** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer ** Organized labour and the labour ...
MP for Coventry South East
Dave Nellist David John Nellist (born 16 July 1952) is a British Trotskyist activist who was the MP for the constituency of Coventry South East from 1983 to 1992. Elected as a Labour MP, his support for the Militant tendency led to his eventual expulsion f ...
stands for the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition, coming third with 2.1% of the vote. * 2021 Batley and Spen by-election: Former Glasgow Kelvin,
Bethnal Green and Bow Bethnal Green and Bow is a constituency in Greater London, represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Rushanara Ali of the Labour Party. Boundaries Since the 2014 boundary changes, the constituency has contained the ...
, and
Bradford West Bradford West is a List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies, constituency represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, UK Parliament since 2015 United Kingdom gene ...
MP
George Galloway George Galloway (born 16 August 1954) is a British politician, broadcaster, and writer who is currently leader of the Workers Party of Britain, serving since 2019. Between 1987 and 2010, and then between 2012 and 2015, Galloway was a Member o ...
, formerly of Labour and then Respect Party, Respect and now representing the Workers Party of Britain, wins 21% of the vote. *2021 Hartlepool by-election: Former Stockton South (UK Parliament constituency), Stockton South MP Paul Williams (Labour politician), Paul Williams, the Labour candidate, lost the seat in the party's greatest-ever reverse while in Opposition. Former Labour Colne Valley (UK Parliament constituency), Colne Valley MP Thelma Walker also stands as an Independent politician, independent; and former Labour Lancaster and Wyre (UK Parliament constituency), Lancaster and Wyre MP Hilton Dawson stands for the North East Party. Neither win more than 1% of the vote. *2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election: Previous incumbent Chris Davies (Conservative politician), Chris Davies runs again after being removed by a recall petition and loses the seat to the Liberal Democrats. *2019 Newport West by-election: Former Conservative Tatton (UK Parliament constituency), Tatton MP Neil Hamilton (politician), Neil Hamilton stands for the UK Independence Party, winning 8.6% of the votes. *2016 Richmond Park by-election: Incumbent Richmond Park MP Zac Goldsmith stands as an independent Conservative to protest against a third runway at Heathrow. He loses to the Liberal Democrats. *2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election: Former Vale of Glamorgan (UK Parliament constituency), Vale of Glamorgan MP Walter Sweeney (politician), Walter Sweeney stands as an independent, winning 1% of the votes. *2005 Cheadle by-election: Stephen Day (British politician), Stephen Day fails to regain for the Conservatives a seat he lost by only 33 votes four years previously. *1997 Winchester by-election: Gerald Malone fails to regain the seat for the Conservatives, after losing by only 2 votes six months previously. *1993 Christchurch by-election: Robert Hayward, Baron Hayward, Robert Hayward loses one of the Conservatives' safest seats to the Liberal Democrats. * 1990 Eastbourne by-election: Richard Hickmet fails to defend the seat for the Conservatives, after publicly stating that for electors not to support him would be a moral victory for the Provisional Irish Republican Army. *1989 Pontypridd by-election: Tom Ellis (politician), Tom Ellis, former Labour and SDP MP, stands for the Liberal Democrats (UK), Social and Liberal Democrats, losing his deposit. *1986 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election: Owen Carron fails to regain the seat for Sinn Féin that he held 1981–83. *1982 Peckham by-election: Dick Taverne, former Labour and Democratic Labour MP, stands for the SDP, fails to take Labour seat. *1982 Gower by-election: Gwynoro Jones, former Labour MP, stands for the SDP, fails to take Labour seat. * 1982 Beaconsfield by-election: Paul Tyler fails for the Liberals in a by-election held during the Falklands War. * 1981 Warrington by-election: Roy Jenkins narrowly fails to win for the SDP from Labour in its first parliamentary contest. *April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election: Harry West fails to regain his old seat against Bobby Sands *1978 Hamilton by-election: Margo MacDonald fails to repeat the SNP's 1967 triumph. *1978 Ilford North by-election: Thomas Iremonger, who had sat for the seat 1954–74, stands as an independent Conservative, winning a mere 1.5% of the vote. *1977 Birmingham Stechford by-election: Terry Davis (politician), Terry Davis loses a safe Labour seat. *1976 Walsall North by-election: David Winnick loses a safe Labour seat. *1971 Liverpool Scotland by-election: Peter Mahon (UK politician), Peter Mahon stands as an Independent Labour Anti-Abortion candidate, securing 10.3% of the vote. *1969 Brighton Pavilion by-election: Thomas Skeffington-Lodge stands for Labour in a safe Conservative seat, 19 years after losing his seat. *1967 Nuneaton by-election: Air Vice-Marshal Don Bennett, Donald Bennett stands as a National Party candidate, 22 years after losing his seat as a Liberal MP. *1965 Salisbury by-election: Horace Trevor-Cox stands as an independent Conservative, 20 years after losing his seat. *1965 Leyton by-election: Patrick Gordon Walker narrowly loses a supposed safe seat. *1962 South Dorset by-election: Angus Maude narrowly loses. *1960 Bolton East by-election: Frank Byers stands for the Liberals. *1956 Hereford by-election: Frank Owen (politician), Frank Owen fails to regain for the Liberals the seat he previously sat for 1929–1931. *1956 Mid Ulster by-election: Michael O'Neill (politician), Michael O'Neill fails to regain the seat, a year after retiring as its MP. *1948 Croydon North by-election: Air Vice-Marshal Don Bennett, Donald Bennett stands for the Liberals, losing his deposit, and Harold Nicolson, for Labour, but fail to take a Conservative seat three years after both lost their respective seats. *1941 Hornsey by-election, 1941 Hampstead by-election and two others: Noel Pemberton Billing fails to take a seat, 20 years after standing down as an independent MP. * 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election:
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
narrowly fails to take the seat, as a Constitutionalist. *1923 Anglesey by-election: Edward Thomas John failed to defend the seat. *1921 Woolwich East by-election: Ramsay MacDonald loses a supposed safe Labour seat. *1921 Westminster Abbey by-election: Arnold Lupton failed to take a Conservative seat, coming third, ten years after standing down. *1921 Cardiganshire by-election: W. Llewelyn Williams defeated in this race, as anti-Coalition Liberal contesting against a Coalition Liberal, three years after abolition of his previous seat. *1920 Dartford by-election: Thomas Edward Wing failed to defend the seat, over a year after losing his previous seat, losing it to Labour.


=Re-election of Ministers

= Until the Re-election of Ministers Acts 1919 and 1926 there were many cases of members having to seek re-election on appointment to ministerial office. In eight instances they were unsuccessful: *1922 Pontypridd by-election Thomas Arthur Lewis was defeated after being appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury. *1921 Dudley by-election Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen was defeated after being appointed Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Minister of Agriculture. *1914 Ipswich by-election Charles Masterman was defeated in a subsequent attempt to return to the House of Commons. *1914 Bethnal Green South West by-election Charles Masterman was defeated after being appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. *1912 Manchester South by-election Sir Arthur Haworth was defeated after being appointed a Junior Lord of the Treasury. *1911 North Ayrshire by-election Andrew Macbeth Anderson was defeated after being appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. * 1908 Manchester North West by-election
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
was defeated after being appointed President of the Board of Trade *1905 Brighton by-election Gerald Loder, 1st Baron Wakehurst, Gerald Loder was defeated after being appointed Lord Commissioner of the Treasury


Shortest-serving by-election victors

Note this list covers ''completed'' service only; it excludes any current MPs.


Since 1945

Notes *1 died *2 defeated at next general election *3 disqualified (Beattie was never elected. He was awarded the seat on the disqualification of his predecessor, only to be found to be disqualified himself) *4 retired at next general election (seat abolished by redistribution and failed to secure alternative seat) *5 retired at next general election due to personal difficulties *a returned to Parliament at a subsequent election *b had served previously as an MP


Pre-1945

*Henry Francis Compton, Conservative 1905 New Forest by-election 46 days 2 *Ronald Bell (UK politician), Ronald Bell, Conservative 1945 Newport by-election 70 days 2a *Don Bennett, Donald Bennett, Liberal 1945 Middlesbrough West by-election 73 days 2 *John Dumphreys, Conservative 1909 Bermondsey by-election 83 days 2 *Seaborne Davies, Liberal 1945 Caernarvon Boroughs by-election 91 days 2 *Ruth Dalton, Labour 1929 Bishop Auckland by-election 92 days 3 *Joseph Andrews (British politician), Joseph Ormond Andrews, Liberal 1905 Barkston Ash by-election 97 days 2 *Dr Robert McIntyre (politician), Robert McIntyre, SNP 1945 Motherwell by-election 104 days 2 *George Knox Anderson, Conservative 1918 Canterbury by-election 113 days 3 *Herbert Evans (politician), Herbert Evans, Labour 1931 Gateshead by-election 121 days 1 *Andrew Bathgate Clarke, Andrew Clarke, Labour 1929 Midlothian and Peebles Northern by-election 121 days 2b *Sir Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet, Henry Wilson, Unionist February 1922 North Down by-election 121 days 5 *Joseph Henderson, 1st Baron Henderson of Ardwick, Joseph Henderson, Labour 1931 Manchester Ardwick by-election 135 days 2a *Evan Cotton, Liberal 1918 Finsbury East by-election 151 days 2 *David Hardie (politician), David Hardie, Labour 1931 Rutherglen by-election 159 days 2 *Lord Arthur Hill, Unionist 1907 West Down by-election 193 days 7b *Oswald Cawley, Liberal January 1918 Prestwich by-election 202 days 1 *Francis Norie-Miller, Liberal National 1935 Perth by-election 212 days 3 *George Banton, Labour 1922 Leicester East by-election 230 days 2a *William Henry Somervell, Liberal 1918 Keighley by-election 232 days 2 *Noel Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton, Noel Edward Buxton, Liberal 1905 Whitby by-election 238 days 2a *Leslie Orme Wilson, Conservative 1922 Portsmouth South by-election 243 days 7b *Leah Manning, Labour 1931 Islington East by-election 250 days 2a *Frederick William Gibbins, Liberal 1910 Mid Glamorgan by-election 253 days 3 *Charles Frederick Palmer, C. V. F. Palmer, Independent February 1920 The Wrekin by-election 261 days 1 *Maurice Healy, Ind. Nationalist 1909 Cork City by-election 262 days 2ab *John Edward Sutton, Labour 1922 Manchester Clayton by-election 270 days 2ab *James Chuter Ede, Labour 1923 Mitcham by-election 278 days 2a *J. J. Cleary, Labour 1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election 281 days 2 *Sir William Beveridge, Liberal 1944 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election 282 days 2 *W. P. Sidney, Conservative 1944 Chelsea by-election 288 days 4 *Sir John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, John Reith, National Government (United Kingdom), National February 1940 Southampton by-election 293 days 6 *W. E. Gibbons, Conservative 1944 Bilston by-election 309 days 2 *Lord Charles Beresford, Conservative 1902 Woolwich by-election 320 days 7ab *
Arthur Henderson Arthur Henderson (13 September 1863 – 20 October 1935) was a British iron moulder and Labour politician. He was the first Labour cabinet minister, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934 and, uniquely, served three separate terms as Leader of th ...
, Labour 1923 Newcastle-upon-Tyne East by-election 323 days 2ab *James Henry Hall, Labour 1930 Whitechapel and St Georges by-election 328 days 2a *Thomas Naylor (UK politician), Thomas Naylor, Labour 1921 Southwark South East by-election 336 days 2a *1 died *2 defeated at next general election *3 retired at next general election *4 retired at next general election, upon succession to a peerage *5 assassinated by IRA *6 elevated to the Peerage *7 resigned *a returned to Parliament at a subsequent election *b had served previously as an MP


Youngest by-election victors

* Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount Rothermere, Esmond Harmsworth, elected on 15 November 1919 from Isle of Thanet (UK Parliament constituency), Isle of Thanet aged 21 years 170 days. * Youngest woman: Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, Bernadette Devlin, elected on 17 April 1969 from Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster aged 21 years 359 days.


Babies of the House elected at by-elections

''See'' Baby of the House of Commons


Oldest by-election victors

Debuts in Parliament: *John Benbow (MP), John Benbow was 75 or 76 when he held the 1844 Dudley by-election for the Conservatives. *Hucks Gibbs, 1st Baron Aldenham, Hucks Gibbs was 71 when he held the April 1891 City of London by-election for the Conservatives. *Philip Manfield was 71 or 72 when he held the 1891 Northampton by-election for the Liberals. *Sir Robert Pullar was 79 (less 6 days) when he held the 1907 Perth by-election for the Liberals. *David Cleghorn Hogg was 73 when he gained the 1913 Londonderry City by-election for the Liberals. *Swire Smith, Sir Swire Smith was 73 when he held the 1915 Keighley by-election for the Liberals. *William Frederick Hicks Beach was 74 when he held the 1916 Tewkesbury by-election for the Conservatives. *Sir George Reid (Australian politician), George Reid was 70 when he held the 1916 St George's, Hanover Square by-election for the Conservatives. He was a former Prime Minister of Australia. *Sir John Fleming (Scottish politician), John Fleming was 69 or 70 when he held the 1917 Aberdeen South by-election for the Liberals. *George Edwards (UK politician), George Edwards was almost 70 when he gained the 1920 South Norfolk by-election for Labour. He was a former agricultural labourer. *Henry Bruce Armstrong was almost 77 when he held the 1921 Mid Armagh by-election for the Ulster Unionists. *William Nathaniel Jones was 70 when he held the 1928 Carmarthen by-election for the Liberals. *Francis Norie-Miller was 76 when he gained the 1935 Perth by-election for the Liberal Nationals. *James Little (British politician), James Little was 70 when he held the 1939 Down by-election for the Ulster Unionists. *John Evans (Ogmore MP), John Evans was 70 when he held the 1946 Ogmore by-election for Labour. Comebacks to Parliament: *John Blaquiere, 1st Baron de Blaquiere, John Blaquiere was 71 when he held the June 1803 Downton by-election for the Tories. He was previously MP for Rye (UK Parliament constituency), Rye in 1801–02. *Bartholomew Bouverie was 73 when he held the 1826 Downton by-election for the Tories. He was previously MP for the same seat from 1819 until the United Kingdom general election, general election earlier in 1826. *Quintin Dick was 71 when he held the 1848 Aylesbury by-election for the Conservatives. He was previously MP for Maldon (UK Parliament constituency), Maldon in 1830–47. *James William Freshfield was 77 when he won the 1851 Boston by-election for the Conservatives. He was previously MP for Penryn and Falmouth (UK Parliament constituency), Penryn and Falmouth in 1835–41. *William Johnson Fox was 71 when he held the 1857 Oldham by-election for the Liberals. He was previously MP for the same seat from 1852 until the 1857 United Kingdom general election, general election earlier in 1857. *William Cubitt (politician), William Cubitt was 71 when he held the 1862 Andover by-election for the Conservatives. He was previously MP for the same seat in 1847–61. *John Morgan Cobbett was 71 when he won the 1872 Oldham by-election for the Conservatives. He had been previously MP for the same seat as a Liberal in 1852–65. *James Patrick Mahon was 79 when he held the 1879 Clare by-election and 87 when he held the 1887 County Carlow by-election for the Irish Nationalists. *Isaac Holden was 75 when he held the 1882 West Riding of Yorkshire by-election for the Liberals. He had previously been MP for Knaresborough (UK Parliament constituency), Knaresborough in 1865–68. *Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton, Sir Wilfrid Lawson was 74 when he held the 1903 Camborne by-election for the Liberals. He had previously been MP for Cockermouth (UK Parliament constituency), Cockermouth in 1886–1900. *John Frederick Cheetham was 70 when he won the 1905 Stalybridge by-election for the Liberals. He had served previously as MP for North Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency), North Derbyshire 1880-85 prior to that seat's abolition. *Alfred Hopkinson, Sir Alfred Hopkinson was 74 when he won the 1926 Combined English Universities by-election for the Conservatives. He had previously been MP for Cricklade (UK Parliament constituency), Cricklade 1895-98 before resigning. *Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter, Arthur Salter was 70 when he held the 1951 Ormskirk by-election for the Conservatives. He had served previously as MP for Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency), Oxford University 1937-50 prior to that seat's abolition. In defence of a previously held seat: *Enoch Powell was 73 when he successfully defended his seat at the 1986 South Down by-election for the Ulster Unionists, after a protest resignation against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, although he had been an MP almost continuously since 1950.


First women by-election victors

The first woman to be elected in a by-election was Nancy Astor, who succeeded her husband at the 1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election, becoming the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons. The first woman to gain a seat in a by-election was Susan Lawrence who won the 1926 East Ham North by-election, although she had previously sat for the same seat between 1923 and 1924.1 The first woman to gain a seat ''ab initio'' in a by-election was Jennie Lee, Baroness Lee of Asheridge, Jennie Lee who won the 1929 North Lanarkshire by-election, at the same time becoming the first woman Baby of the House, Baby of the House of Commons. Note 1 Mabel Philipson succeeded her husband at the 1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election. He had been elected as a National Liberal Party (UK, 1922), National Liberal Party candidate. She won as a Conservative Party (UK), Conservative so this could arguably be classed as the first gain by a woman.


First ethnic minority by-election victors

Whilst the first ethnic minority Members of Parliament were elected at general elections as early as the 1890s, it would be almost 100 years before one was returned at a by-election. The first ethnic minority candidate to be elected in a by-election was Ashok Kumar (UK politician), Ashok Kumar who gained the 1991 Langbaurgh by-election for Labour. *David Lammy held the 2000 Tottenham by-election for Labour. *Mark Hendrick held the 2000 Preston by-election for Labour. *Parmjit Singh Gill gained the 2004 Leicester South by-election for the Liberal Democrats. *Seema Malhotra held the 2011 Feltham and Heston by-election for Labour, the first woman to win it. The first by-election in which all three major-party candidates were from the ethnic minorities was the 2007 Ealing Southall by-election, held by Labour.


First by-election victors from specific religions

When the UK Parliament was established in 1801, non-Anglicans were prevented from taking their seats as MPs under the Test Act 1672. However, Methodists took communion at Anglican churches until 1795, and some continued to do so, and many Presbyterians were prepared to accept Anglican communion, thus ensuring that members of these creeds were represented in the Parliament. Some Unitarianism, Unitarians were also elected. The first by-election victor (and first ever MP) to be an adherent of the Eastern Orthodox Church was Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, The Honourable Frederick North who was elected in 1792 for Banbury (UK Parliament constituency), Banbury (to succeed his brother who had entered the House of Lords), having converted to the faith the previous year. The first Roman Catholic by-election victor in the UK Parliament was Daniel O'Connell in the 1828 Clare by-election. He was not permitted to take his seat until the following year. The first atheist by-election victor was Charles Bradlaugh, at the 1881 Northampton by-election. As an atheist, Bradlaugh was not allowed to swear the Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom), Oath of Allegiance, and the by-election was re-run in 1882 Northampton by-election, 1882 and 1884 Northampton by-election, 1884. Both were also won by Bradlaugh, who eventually was able to take his seat after the 1885 United Kingdom general election, 1885 general election. * David Salomons was the first Jewish by-election victor, at the 1851 Greenwich by-election. * Terry Rooney (politician), Terry Rooney was the first Mormon by-election victor, at the 1990 Bradford North by-election. * Parmjit Singh Gill became the first Sikh by-election victor, at the 2004 Leicester South by-election. * Virendra Sharma became the first Hindu by-election victor, at the 2007 Ealing Southall by-election. * Rosena Allin-Khan was the first Muslim by-election victor, at the 2016 Tooting by-election.


Physically disabled by-election victors

Most physically disabled MPs in the history of the parliament entered in the intakes of general elections. Those known to have been disabled when entering parliament at by-elections are rarer and include: *John Horne Tooke, who lost sight of an eye in a boyhood fight, won the 1801 Old Sarum by-election. *Fulk Greville Howard, who lost sight of an eye in the Helder expedition in 1799, won the 1808 Castle Rising by-election. *William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, Sir William Carr Beresford, who lost sight of an eye in an accident on military service in 1786, won the 1811 County Waterford by-election. *Samuel Shepherd, increasingly deaf from 1790, won the 1814 Dorchester by-election. *Arthur MacMurrough Kavanagh, born without hands and feet, won the 1866 Wicklow County by-election. *Michael Davitt, who lost his right arm in a factory accident in 1857, won the 1882 Meath by-election, although he was disqualified from sitting because he was in prison. *Aubrey Herbert, who was almost blind from childhood, won the 1911 South Somerset by-election. *John Dugdale (Labour politician), John Dugdale, who was partly deaf from childhood, won the 1941 West Bromwich by-election. *Cecil Manning, who lost his right arm in action in World War I, won the 1944 Camberwell North by-election. *Hervey Rhodes, Baron Rhodes, Hervey Rhodes, who walked with a limp since severe wounding in World War I, won the 1945 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election. *William Rees-Davies (Conservative politician), William Rees-Davies, who lost his right arm in action in World War II, won the 1953 Isle of Thanet by-election.


By-elections losers awarded seats on disqualification of winner

*Malcolm St. Clair (UK politician), Malcolm St Clair, 1961 Bristol South East by-election (resigned in 1963 to enable 1963 Bristol South East by-election, another by-election) *Charles Beattie, 1955 Mid Ulster by-election (he too was disqualified a few weeks later, causing 1956 Mid Ulster by-election, another by-election) *Pre-1945: Stephen Moore (MP), Stephen Moore, March 1875 Tipperary by-election (retired in 1880 United Kingdom general election in Ireland, 1880)


Two or more former MPs contest by-election

* 2021 Hartlepool by-election1 (three former MPs) * 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election2 * 1997 Winchester by-election * 1986 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election * 1982 Beaconsfield by-election * 1981 Warrington by-election * 1969 Brighton Pavilion by-election * 1965 Salisbury by-election * 1956 Mid Ulster by-election * 1948 Croydon North by-election * 1933 Altrincham by-election (three former MPs) * 1930 Glasgow Shettleston by-election * 1930 Nottingham Central by-election (three former MPs) * 1928 Cheltenham by-election 1Hilton Dawson, Thelma Walker, and Paul Williams 2 Conservative MPs David Davis and Walter Sweeney


Frequency and duration records


Longest period without a by-election

The years 1998 and 2020 stand as the two in modern British history without any Westminster election. 1992, 1998, 2010 and 2020 are the four full calendar years in history without a single by-election.


Longest period between a vacancy arising and a by-election writ being moved

*1941 The Wrekin by-election: 357 days. James Baldwin-Webb was presumed killed as a result of enemy action when SS City of Benares was torpedoed on 17 September 1940; the writ was moved on 9 September 1941. *1941 King's Norton by-election: 327 days. Ronald Cartland was killed in action on 29–30 May 1940. Initially posted missing, his death was not presumed until January 1941. The writ was moved on 22 April 1941. *1941 Hitchin by-election: 272 days. Sir Arnold Wilson was presumed killed in action on 31 May 1940; the writ was moved on 27 February 1941. *1969 Newcastle-under-Lyme by-election: 236 days. Stephen Swingler died on 19 February 1969; the writ was moved on 13 October 1969. *1969 Swindon by-election: 220 days. Francis Noel-Baker resigned on 7 March 1969; the writ was moved on 13 October 1969.


Longest period without a seat changing hands

The longest period without a seat changing hands in a by-election was the five years between the Conservative victories in the 1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election and the 1953 Sunderland South by-election. During the short Parliaments of 1910, 1950-1 and 1974 no seats changed hands in a by-election.


Longest period between by-election gains for a party

The Liberal Party endured 29 years without a single by-election gain between the 1929 Holland with Boston by-election and the 1958 Torrington by-election. It did not win a single by-election in the thirteen years between holding the 1945 Middlesbrough West by-election and gaining Torrington. Until the 2008 Crewe and Nantwich by-election, the opposition Conservative Party had not gained a seat in almost 26 years, the last being the 1982 Mitcham and Morden by-election, which occurred during the unique circumstances of the Falklands War and the sitting Labour MP defecting to the Social Democratic Party and seeking re-election under his new party label. The Conservatives' last gain while in Opposition was 30 years previously at the 1978 Ilford North by-election. Labour's longest lean stretch was almost 18 years, between gaining the 1939 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election and the 1957 Lewisham North by-election.1 As of , the most recent gains for each currently active party were: Notes 1 The Labour Party were the official opposition in the Parliament elected in 1935, but after the major parties agreed an electoral truce on the outbreak of war in 1939, they did not contest any Conservative or Liberal seats for the remainder of the Parliament, a period of six years, and were members of the Churchill war ministry, wartime coalition government between May 1940 and May 1945.
2 Notional gain: incumbent Conservative stood as UKIP. No UKIP candidate has ever defeated an incumbent of a different party
3 The UUP were also declared winners of the 1955 Mid Ulster by-election after the Sinn Féin candidate was disqualified, but the UUP candidate was also disqualified shortly after.
4 Sinn Féin have not gained a seat at a by-election since 1918. However, the Anti H-Block party, an Irish Republican group that merged into Sinn Féin, gained Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), Fermanagh and South Tyrone in the April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, April 1981 by-election ( ago).


Longest period between by-election holds for a party

The Conservatives did not successfully defend a single by-election in the eight years between their holds of the 1989 Richmond (Yorks) by-election and the 1997 Uxbridge by-election, losing a record 15 consecutive seats where they were the incumbents. By the time of the by-election in Uxbridge, the victor in Richmond, William Hague, had become leader of the Conservative Party. Labour's worst run was 4 consecutive by-election losses, which has occurred three times since 1945: * between holding the 1976 Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central by-election and the 1977 Grimsby by-election. * between holding the 1967 Manchester Gorton by-election and the 1968 Sheffield Brightside by-election. * between holding the 1967 Rhondda West by-election and the 1967 Manchester Gorton by-election.


Longest period between by-election losses for a party

Between the 1988 Glasgow Govan by-election and the 2003 Brent East by-election, Labour successfully defended every seat it held at by-elections, for a total of 30 holds (not counting 2000 Falkirk West by-election, Falkirk West and 2000 West Bromwich West by-election, West Bromwich West, represented by a Labour MP turned independent and a Labour speaker respectively and both won by Labour). The span of is the longest period without a by-election defeat for either of the two main parties. The Conservatives did not lose a seat between the 2000 Romsey by-election and the 2012 Corby by-election, a span of . However, they only defended 3 seats in that time. In terms of total number, their longest run of by-election holds was 51, between the 1945 Chelmsford by-election and the 1957 Lewisham North by-election, a span of . Since their formation, the Liberal Democrats have held every Lib Dem seat contested at a by-election, of which there have been 3. Including their successor parties, their most recent by-election loss was the 1982 Mitcham and Morden by-election, lost by the SDP ago. The SDP candidate had however defected from Labour – the last seat lost by either party that had been won at a previous election was the 1957 Carmarthen by-election, lost by the Liberals ago. Since 1982, the Liberal Democrats and predecessors together have defended 4; since 1957 they have defended 5 seats. By-elections in seats held by minor and nationalist parties are rare, and so most have never lost a seat – the DUP and Plaid Cymru have defended but never lost a seat at a by-election, Sinn Féin have only lost seats by disqualification, and the UUP have never lost more than one seat in a row. No by-election has ever been called in an SDLP held seat.


Longest period without an opposition gain

For a period of 11 years, until the 2008 Crewe and Nantwich by-election, the principal opposition Conservative Party failed to register a by-election gain against the incumbent Labour Government. This is the longest period of such failure since records began, and more than twice the previous record of the five years it took the then Labour opposition to gain the 1957 Lewisham North by-election. The present Labour opposition did not register a gain for over nine years, between the 2012 Corby by-election and the 2022 Wakefield by-election Apart from the brief parliaments of 1910, 1950-1 and 1974, the parliaments of 1951-5 and 1997-2001 are the only occasions when the Government did not lose a by-election.


Most by-elections in one day

The largest number of by-elections held on a single day occurred on 23 January 1986 when 1986 Northern Ireland by-elections, 15 simultaneous contests were held in Northern Ireland. The elections had been engineered by the incumbent Unionist parties as a protest against the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985. They intended the results to be interpreted as a referendum on the treaty. The elections were boycotted by the main Nationalist parties except in four seats where they had a reasonable prospect of victory. In the event, the Social Democratic and Labour Party gained one seat, Newry and Armagh (UK Parliament constituency), Newry and Armagh, from the Ulster Unionist Party. Apart from the above example, it is common for UK mainland parties to schedule several by-elections on the same day. Motivations include attempting to divide opponents' resources and getting bad news (expected losses) out of the way. Since 1945, the largest number of simultaneous mainland by-elections has been 6, held on 16 November 1960. On four occasions, 5 by-elections have been held on the same day, most recently on 9 June 1994. Groupings of two or three are very common. Before November 2012, the last day on which three by-elections had been held was 23 November 2000. In November 2012 there were two such groupings of three (15 November and 29 November). The last time there were six by-elections in one calendar month was in June 1994.


Most by-election losses in one day

The largest number of by-elections lost on a single day is three, when the Labour party lost 1968 Acton by-election, Acton, 1968 Dudley by-election, Dudley and 1968 Meriden by-election, Meriden on 28 March 1968, all to the Conservatives. Occasions since 1945 when two seats have fallen are:


Seats with more than one by-election in a single Parliament

*Bootle (UK Parliament constituency), Bootle: May 1990 Bootle by-election, May and November 1990 Bootle by-election, November 1990. *Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), Fermanagh and South Tyrone: April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, April and August 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, August 1981. *
Bristol South East Bristol South East was a constituency in the city of Bristol that returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, mainly from t ...
:
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1963 Events January * January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...
. *Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster: 1955 Mid Ulster by-election, 1955 and 1956 Mid Ulster by-election, 1956. *Edinburgh East (UK Parliament constituency), Edinburgh East: 1945 Edinburgh East by-election, 1945 and 1947 Edinburgh East by-election, 1947. *Middlesbrough West (UK Parliament constituency), Middlesbrough West: 1940 Middlesbrough West by-election, 1940 and 1945 Middlesbrough West by-election, 1945. *Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency), Combined Scottish Universities: 1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1936, 1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1938 and 1945 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1945. *Berwick-upon-Tweed (UK Parliament constituency), Berwick-upon-Tweed: 1941 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, 1941 and 1944 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, 1944. *
Clay Cross Clay Cross is a town and a civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England. It is a former industrial and mining town, about south of Chesterfield. It is directly on the A61. Surrounding settlements include North W ...
: 1936 Clay Cross by-election, 1936 and 1944 Clay Cross by-election, 1944. *West Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency), West Derbyshire: 1938 West Derbyshire by-election, 1938 and 1944 West Derbyshire by-election, 1944. *Buckingham (UK Parliament constituency), Buckingham: 1937 Buckingham by-election, 1937 and 1943 Buckingham by-election, 1943. *Manchester Gorton (UK Parliament constituency), Manchester Gorton: 1937 Manchester Gorton by-election, 1937 and 1942 Manchester Gorton by-election, 1942. *Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency), Dunbartonshire: 1936 Dunbartonshire by-election, 1936 and 1941 Dunbartonshire by-election, 1941. *Greenock (UK Parliament constituency), Greenock: 1936 Greenock by-election, 1936 and 1941 Greenock by-election, 1941. *Doncaster (UK Parliament constituency), Doncaster: 1938 Doncaster by-election, 1938 and 1941 Doncaster by-election, 1941. *Southampton (UK Parliament constituency), Southampton: February 1940 Southampton by-election, February and November 1940 Southampton by-election, November 1940. *Preston (UK Parliament constituency), Preston: 1936 Preston by-election, 1936 and 1940 Preston by-election, 1940. *Wandsworth Central (UK Parliament constituency), Wandsworth Central: 1937 Wandsworth Central by-election, 1937 and 1940 Wandsworth Central by-election, 1940. *City of London (UK Parliament constituency), City of London: 1938 City of London by-election, 1938 and 1940 City of London by-election, 1940. *Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency), Combined Scottish Universities: 1934 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1934 and 1935 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1935. *Eastbourne (UK Parliament constituency), Eastbourne: 1932 Eastbourne by-election, 1932 and 1935 Eastbourne by-election, 1935. *Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency), Twickenham: 1932 Twickenham by-election, 1932 and 1934 Twickenham by-election, 1934. *Portsmouth South (UK Parliament constituency), Portsmouth South: 1922 Portsmouth South by-election, 1922 and 1923 Portsmouth South by-election, 1923. *North Down (UK Parliament constituency), North Down: 1921 North Down by-election, 1921, February 1922 North Down by-election, February and July 1922 North Down by-election, July 1922. *West Down (UK Parliament constituency), West Down: 1921 West Down by-election, 1921 and 1922 West Down by-election, 1922. *South Londonderry (UK Parliament constituency), South Londonderry: 1921 South Londonderry by-election, 1921 and 1922 South Londonderry by-election, 1922. *Louth, Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency), Louth: 1920 Louth by-election, 1920 and 1921 Louth by-election, 1921. *The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency), The Wrekin: February 1920 The Wrekin by-election, February and November 1920 The Wrekin by-election, November 1920. *Londonderry North (UK Parliament constituency), Londonderry North: 1919 Londonderry North by-election, 1919 and 1922 Londonderry North by-election, 1922. *Prestwich (UK Parliament constituency), Prestwich: January 1918 Prestwich by-election, January and October 1918 Prestwich by-election, October 1918. *Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (UK Parliament constituency), Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities: 1916 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, 1916 and 1917 Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities by-election, 1917. *St George's Hanover Square (UK Parliament constituency), St George's Hanover Square: 1913 St George's, Hanover Square by-election, 1913, 1916 St George's, Hanover Square by-election, 1916 and 1918 St George's, Hanover Square by-election, 1918. *Portsmouth (UK Parliament constituency), Portsmouth: 1912 Portsmouth by-election, 1912 and 1916 Portsmouth by-election, 1916. *City of London (UK Parliament constituency), City of London: February 1906 City of London by-election, February and June 1906 City of London by-election, June 1906. *Oswestry (UK Parliament constituency), Oswestry: 1901 Oswestry by-election, 1901 and 1904 Oswestry by-election, 1904. *Southport (UK Parliament constituency), Southport: 1898 Southport by-election, 1898 and 1899 Southport by-election, 1899. *City of London (UK Parliament constituency), City of London: April 1891 City of London by-election, April and June 1891 City of London by-election, June 1891. *Buckingham (UK Parliament constituency), Buckingham: 1889 Buckingham by-election, 1889 and 1891 Buckingham by-election, 1891. *Ayr Burghs (UK Parliament constituency), Ayr Burghs: 1888 Ayr Burghs by-election, 1888 and 1890 Ayr Burghs by-election, 1890. *Northampton (UK Parliament constituency), Northampton: 1881 Northampton by-election, 1881, 1882 Northampton by-election, 1882 and 1884 Northampton by-election, 1884. *Preston (UK Parliament constituency), Preston: 1881 Preston by-election, 1881 and February 1882 Preston by-election, February and November 1882 Preston by-election, November 1882. *Bath (UK Parliament constituency), Bath: May 1873 Bath by-election, May, June 1873 Bath by-election, June and October 1873 Bath by-election, October 1873. *South Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency), South Shropshire: 1866 South Shropshire by-election, 1866 and 1867 South Shropshire by-election, 1867. *East Gloucestershire (UK Parliament constituency), East Gloucestershire: January 1854 East Gloucestershire by-election, January and December 1854 East Gloucestershire by-election, December 1854. *Greenwich (UK Parliament constituency), Greenwich: 1851 Greenwich by-election, 1851 and 1852 Greenwich by-election, 1852. *South Nottinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency), South Nottinghamshire: 1849 South Nottinghamshire by-election, 1848 and 1852 South Nottinghamshire by-election, 1852. *Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency), Buckinghamshire: 1837 Buckinghamshire by-election, 1837 and 1839 Buckinghamshire by-election, 1839 and 1842 Buckinghamshire by-election, 1842 and 1845 Buckinghamshire by-election, 1845, within two successive parliaments.


Other seats with by-elections less than five years apart

* Batley and Spen (UK Parliament constituency), Batley and Spen: 2016 Batley and Spen by-election, 2016 and 2021 Batley and Spen by-election, 2021 *Hemsworth (UK Parliament constituency), Hemsworth: 1991 Hemsworth by-election, 1991 and 1996 Hemsworth by-election, 1996. *Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency), Upper Bann: 1986 Upper Bann by-election, 1986 and 1990 Upper Bann by-election, 1990. *Belfast South (UK Parliament constituency), Belfast South: 1982 Belfast South by-election, 1982 and 1986 Belfast South by-election, 1986. *Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), Fermanagh and South Tyrone: August 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, August 1981 and 1986 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, 1986. *Nuneaton (UK Parliament constituency), Nuneaton: 1965 Nuneaton by-election, 1965 and 1967 Nuneaton by-election, 1967. *Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency), Ormskirk: 1951 Ormskirk by-election, 1951 and 1953 Ormskirk by-election, 1953. *Liverpool Wavertree (UK Parliament constituency), Liverpool Wavertree: 1931 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, 1931 and 1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, 1935. *Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency), Twickenham: 1929 Twickenham by-election, 1929, 1932 Twickenham by-election, 1932 and 1934 Twickenham by-election, 1934. *Westminster Abbey (UK Parliament constituency), Westminster Abbey: 1921 Westminster Abbey by-election, 1921 and 1924 Westminster Abbey by-election, 1924.


By-election days

British Parliamentary elections are invariably held on a Thursday. The last by-election not held on a Thursday was the 1978 Hamilton by-election, held on Wednesday 31 May due to a FIFA World Cup, World Cup opening match on the Thursday evening. Due to an administrative oversight, the 1973 Manchester Exchange by-election was held on Wednesday 27 June 1973. Prior to that, the last by-elections not held on a Thursday were the 1965 Saffron Walden by-election held on Tuesday 23 March, and the 1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election held the following day. Until the mid-1960s, it was common to hold by-elections on any day of the week (other than Sunday).


Countermanded poll

Very occasionally, a scheduled by-election may be overtaken by the calling of a general election and the dissolution of Parliament, in which case the poll is countermanded by the Returning Officer. There have been only three occasions since 1918: a by-election was scheduled to take place in Warwick and Leamington (UK Parliament constituency), Warwick and Leamington on 21 November 1923, but was cancelled by a dissolution of Parliament on 16 November. A by-election was scheduled to poll between 13 and 17 October 1924 in London University (UK Parliament constituency), London University but was cancelled by a dissolution of Parliament on 9 October. In 2017 the 2017 Manchester Gorton by-election, Manchester Gorton by-election was cancelled by a Motion in the House of Commons following the calling of the 2017 United Kingdom general election.


Seats left vacant

Occasionally seats are left vacant for a substantial period. No by-election writ was moved for any seat held by Sinn Féin after the 1918 general election. Four Sinn Féin candidates were elected in two different seats and would have had to decline one of them if they had wanted to take their seats. They were Éamon de Valera (East Clare (UK Parliament constituency), East Clare and East Mayo (UK Parliament constituency), East Mayo), Arthur Griffith (East Cavan (UK Parliament constituency), East Cavan and North West Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), North West Tyrone), Eoin MacNeill (Londonderry City (UK Parliament constituency), Londonderry City and National University of Ireland (constituency), National University of Ireland) and Liam Mellowes (East Galway (UK Parliament constituency), East Galway and North Meath (UK Parliament constituency), North Meath). By the end of the Parliament, the following Sinn Féin MPs had died without being replaced: Pierce McCan (East Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency), East Tipperary) of 1918 flu pandemic, influenza on 6 March 1919, Terence MacSwiney (Mid Cork (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Cork) following a hunger strike in HM Prison Brixton, Brixton prison on 25 October 1920, Frank Lawless (North Dublin (UK Parliament constituency), North Dublin) as a result of a riding injury on 16 April 1922, Joseph McGuinness (Longford (UK Parliament constituency), Longford) on 31 May 1922, Cathal Brugha (County Waterford (UK Parliament constituency), Waterford) in action during the Irish Civil War on 7 July 1922, Harry Boland (South Roscommon (UK Parliament constituency), South Roscommon) shot while being arrested on 2 August 1922, Arthur Griffith (East Cavan (UK Parliament constituency), East Cavan and North West Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), North West Tyrone) on 12 August 1922, and Michael Collins (Irish leader), Michael Collins (South Cork (UK Parliament constituency), South Cork assassinated on 22 August 1922). In each case their seats were abolished in 1922 as a result of the establishment of the Irish Free State. Other than these cases the longest time a seat has been left vacant with no by-election held is when Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn, Dennis Vosper was elevated to the Peerage on 20 April 1964, and no writ was moved by the time Parliament was dissolved on 25 September 1964.


Causes of by-elections


By-elections prompted by assassination


By-elections prompted by suicide

Note :1Death by hunger strike.


By-elections prompted by accidental death

*2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election: Jim Dobbin died from alcohol poisoning. *2000 Romsey by-election: Michael Colvin was killed by a house fire. *1994 Eastleigh by-election: Stephen Milligan accidentally choked himself while attempting autoerotic asphyxia. *1994 Bradford South by-election: Bob Cryer was killed in a car crash. *1987 Truro by-election: David Penhaligon was killed in a car crash. *1980 Glasgow Central by-election: Thomas McMillan (British politician), Thomas McMillan died from injuries received in falling from a bus. *1963 Rotherham by-election: Jack Jones (Rotherham politician), Jack Jones was killed in a car crash. *1959 South West Norfolk by-election: Sidney Dye was killed in a car crash. *1958 Islington North by-election: Wilfred Fienburgh was killed in a car crash. *1957 Ipswich by-election: Richard Stokes (politician), Richard Stokes died from injuries received in a car crash. *1953 North Down by-election: Sir Walter Smiles was killed in the MV Princess Victoria disaster during the storm surge. *1952 Dundee East by-election: Thomas Cook (Scottish politician), Thomas Cook was killed in a car crash. *1948 Edmonton by-election: Evan Durbin was drowned while swimming. *1948 Stirling and Falkirk by-election: Joseph Westwood was killed in a car crash. *1948 Armagh by-election: Sir William Allen (UK politician), William Allen died from injuries received in a road accident. *1947 Liverpool Edge Hill by-election: Dr Richard Clitherow died due to an overdose of barbiturates after he had been "run down and jaded".A verdict of accidental death was recorded at the inquest. Clitherow was a medical doctor and had taken seven barbitone tablets, described by the pathologist as a "bold dose". See ''The Times'', 19 June 1947, p. 2. *1947 Jarrow by-election: Ellen Wilkinson was killed by an accidental overdose of medication. *1946 Glasgow Cathcart by-election: Francis Beattie was killed in a car crash. *1945 Smethwick by-election: Alfred Dobbs was killed in a car crash. *1945 Motherwell by-election: James Walker (Labour politician), James Walker was killed in a road accident. *1944 Bury St Edmunds by-election: Lieut-Col. Frank Heilgers was killed in a train crash. *1942 Manchester Clayton by-election: John Jagger (MP), John Jagger was killed in a motorcycle accident. *1939 Stretford by-election: Anthony Crossley was killed in an air crash. *1933 Hitchin by-election: Antony Bulwer-Lytton, Viscount Knebworth, Viscount Knebworth was killed in a plane crash.


By-elections prompted by posthumous election of MP

*1945 Bromley by-election: Sir Edward Taswell Campbell died before his election declaration at the 1945 general election. *1945 Monmouth by-election: Leslie Pym died before his election declaration at the 1945 general election. *1935 Combined Scottish Universities by-election: Noel Skelton died before his election declaration at the 1935 general election. *1906 North Galway by-election: Thomas Higgins (Irish politician), Thomas Higgins died before his election declaration at the 1906 general election.


By-elections prompted by scandal

*2022 City of Chester by-election: Chris Matheson (politician), Chris Matheson resigned after being suspended for serious sexual misconduct. *2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election: Neil Parish resigned after admitting watching pornography in the House of Commons. *2022 Wakefield by-election: Imran Ahmad Khan resigned after his conviction of sexual assault on a 15-year-old boy. * 2021 North Shropshire by-election: Owen Paterson resigned amid controversy surrounding a report by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards that found that him United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy, broken paid advocacy rules. *2021 Hartlepool by-election: Mike Hill (British politician), Mike Hill resigned in advance of an employment tribunal verdict that he had assaulted, harassed and victimised a parliamentary worker. *2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election: the seat was declared vacant after Chris Davies (Conservative politician), Chris Davies pleaded guilty to filing false expenses claims, and a recall petition was successful. *2019 Peterborough by-election: the seat was declared vacant after Fiona Onasanya was convicted of perverting the course of justice in relation to motoring penalty points issued in 2017. This was the first successful recall petition under the provisions of the Recall of MPs Act 2015. *2018 West Tyrone by-election: Barry McElduff resigned after becoming embroiled in a social media controversy. *2014 Newark by-election: Patrick Mercer resigned after being suspended from the House of Commons for six months by the Parliamentary Standards Committee for asking parliamentary questions in exchange for money. *2013 Eastleigh by-election: Chris Huhne resigned after pleading guilty to perverting the course of justice in relation to persuading his wife to accept motoring penalty points in 2003. *2012 Rotherham by-election: Denis MacShane resigned after Standards and Privileges Committee, House of Commons Standards and Privileges Committee recommended he be suspended from the service of the House for twelve months; their inquiry arose from the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal. *2011 Barnsley Central by-election: Eric Illsley resigned after pleading guilty to charges of false accounting arising from the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal. *2009 Glasgow North East by-election: Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn, Michael Martin resigned as Speaker rather than face a vote of no-confidence, amid criticism of his actions arising from the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal. *2009 Norwich North by-election: Ian Gibson (politician), Ian Gibson resigned after being debarred as a Labour candidate, due to allegations arising from the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal. *1997 Beckenham by-election: Piers Merchant resigned after a newspaper story revealed that his previous denials of an affair were lies. *1977 Bournemouth East by-election: John Cordle resigned after he was criticised by a Select Committee for business links to corrupt architect John Poulson. *1976 Walsall North by-election: John Stonehouse resigned after being convicted of insurance fraud. *1973 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election: Antony Lambton resigned after his visits to prostitutes and use of cannabis were exposed by the ''News of the World''. *1963 Stratford by-election, 1963 Stratford-upon-Avon by-election: John Profumo resigned after his denials of an affair with Christine Keeler were shown to be lies. *1959 Harrow East by-election: Ian Harvey (politician), Ian Harvey resigned after conviction for gross indecency with a guardsman in Hyde Park. *1953 Paddington North by-election: William J. Field, Bill Field resigned after conviction for importuning for immoral purposes in a public lavatory. *1949 Sowerby by-election: John Belcher (politician), John Belcher resigned after being found to have accepted gifts from businessmen for political favours. *1941 Scarborough and Whitby by-election: Sir Paul Latham, 2nd Baronet, Sir Paul Latham resigned after he was arrested to be tried by court-martial on 13 charges of disgraceful conduct. *1936 Derby by-election: James Henry Thomas resigned after being found to have disclosed budget secrets. *1936 Balham and Tooting by-election: Sir Alfred Butt resigned after being found to have disclosed budget secrets. *1931 Pontypridd by-election: Thomas Isaac Mardy Jones, Thomas Mardy Jones resigned after being found to have abused a travel voucher. *1926 Buckrose by-election: Guy Gaunt resigned after being cited as co-respondent in a divorce case.


By-elections prompted to provide seat for seat-less personality

*1965 Nuneaton by-election: For Frank Cousins (British politician), Frank Cousins. *1965 Leyton by-election: For Patrick Gordon-Walker (defeated). *1950 Sheffield Neepsend by-election: For Frank Soskice. *February 1940 Southampton by-election: For Sir John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, John Reith. *1940 Wandsworth Central by-election: For Ernest Bevin. *1922 Portsmouth South by-election: For Leslie Orme Wilson. *February 1906 City of London by-election: For Arthur Balfour. *1896 Montrose Burghs by-election: For John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, John Morley.


By-elections prompted by party disputes and defections

By-elections are ostensibly to vote for a 'person', not a 'party', meaning that a member switching parties mid-term is not cause for a by-election. However, some members do seek re-election under their new party as a point of principle.


By-elections resulting from Members resigning on principle

*2016 Richmond Park by-election: Zac Goldsmith resigned to force a by-election on the issue of Expansion of Heathrow Airport, the expansion of Heathrow Airport, and contested as an Independent. He was defeated by Sarah Olney of the Liberal Democrats. Goldsmith later regained his seat the following year at the 2017 United Kingdom general election, 2017 general election. *2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election: David Davis (British politician), David Davis resigned to force a by-election on the issue of civil liberties. He was re-elected with neither of the other main parties contesting the seat. *1986 Northern Ireland by-elections: Fifteen Unionist MPs resigned and re-contested their seats in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement. All but one was re-elected. *1963 Bristol South East by-election: Malcolm St. Clair (UK politician), Malcolm St Clair honoured a pledge to stand down if law changed to allow
Tony Benn Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), known between 1960 and 1963 as Viscount Stansgate, was a British politician, writer and diarist who served as a Cabinet of the United Kingdom, Cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s. ...
to disclaim his peerage. *1938 Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election, 1938 Kinross-shire and Perthshire by-election: The Katharine Marjory Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl, Duchess of Atholl resigned in protest at Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy and sought re-election. She was defeated. *1927 Southwark North by-election: Leslie Haden-Guest resigned from the Labour Party over its policy on China, and re-contested the seat as an Independent Constitutionalist with Conservative support. He was defeated, finishing bottom of the poll. The Liberals gained the seat. *1927 Leith by-election: William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate, William Wedgwood Benn resigned following his resignation from the Liberal party and joining the Labour Party. He did not contest the by-election out of fairness to the existing Labour candidate. The seat was narrowly held by a new Liberal candidate. *1914 Cork City by-election:
William O'Brien William O'Brien (2 October 1852 – 25 February 1928) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher, author and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of ...
resigned to submit himself to the voters after the Irish Parliamentary Party, Irish Nationalists had made council gains in Cork. He was returned unopposed. *1912 Bow and Bromley by-election: George Lansbury resigned to contest his seat on the issue of Women's Suffrage, although he was disenchanted with a range of Labour party policies. He was defeated. *1909 Stratford-on-Avon by-election: Thomas Kincaid-Smith resigned from the Liberal Party on the issue of compulsory national service. He stood as an Independent with National Service League support. He was defeated, finishing bottom of the poll. *1906 Mid Cork by-election: D. D. Sheehan resigned and re-contested his seat following his expulsion from the Irish Nationalist group for not signing the party pledge. Re-elected as an independent.


By-elections prompted by Member's desire to contest another seat

*1918 East Tyrone by-election: William Redmond (1886–1932), William Redmond resigned in order to defend his late father's seat at Waterford City (UK Parliament constituency), Waterford City. He was successful. *1914 East Worcestershire by-election: Austen Chamberlain resigned in order to defend his late father's seat at Birmingham West (UK Parliament constituency), Birmingham West. He was successful. *1911 East Wicklow by-election: John Muldoon (politician), John Muldoon resigned in order to contest the East Cork (UK Parliament constituency), East Cork by-election. He was successful.


By-elections caused by the previous result being declared void

*2011 Oldham East and Saddleworth by-election: The result of the 2010 United Kingdom general election, 2010 general election was declared void because the victor was found guilty of knowingly making false statements about a rival candidate. *1997 Winchester by-election: The result of the 1997 United Kingdom general election, 1997 general election was declared void because ballot papers which had not received the official mark would have affected the result, if counted. Liberal Democrat Mark Oaten massively increased the minute majority he had achieved in the 1997 United Kingdom general election, general election. *1924 Oxford by-election: The result of the 1923 United Kingdom general election, 1923 general election was declared void because there were irregularities in the election expenses of the successful candidate. *1923 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election: The result of the 1922 United Kingdom general election, 1922 general election was declared void because there were irregularities in the election expenses of the successful candidate. *1911 North Louth by-election: The result of the December 1910 United Kingdom general election, December 1910 general election was declared void because of corrupt practices and bribery on the part of the successful candidate.


By-elections prompted by disqualification of the sitting Member

*1961 Bristol South East by-election:
Tony Benn Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), known between 1960 and 1963 as Viscount Stansgate, was a British politician, writer and diarist who served as a Cabinet of the United Kingdom, Cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s. ...
had inherited a Peerage of the United Kingdom, Peerage from his father. Although by-elections were routinely called where Members had succeeded to the Peerage, the seat was not considered vacated until the Member had received a Hereditary peer#Writs of summons, Writ of Summons to the House of Lords, and Benn, who refused to accept the Peerage, did not apply for one. The seat was declared vacant by a resolution of the House of Commons. *1956 Mid Ulster by-election: Charles Beattie was found to be disqualified through membership of National Assistance panels. A bill indemnifying him from the consequences of acting as an MP while disqualified was passed by the House of Commons; Beattie did not stand in the by-election. *1955 Mid Ulster by-election: Tom Mitchell (Irish politician), Tom Mitchell was disqualified as a felon (resolution of the House). *1950 Belfast West by-election: Rev James Godfrey MacManaway was found by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to be disqualified, as a Minister of the Church of Ireland. *1925 Walsall by-election: William Preston (UK politician), William Preston was found to be disqualified owing to his holding government contracts. A bill indemnifying him was passed by the House of Commons and Preston was re-elected at the by-election. *1924 Dover by-election: John Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, John Astor was disqualified for voting before he took the oath. He was returned unopposed at the by-election. *1913 Whitechapel by-election: Sir Stuart Samuel was found to be disqualified owing to his holding government contracts. A bill indemnifying him was passed by the House of Commons and Samuel was narrowly re-elected at the by-election. *1904 City of London by-election: Alban Gibbs, 2nd Baron Aldenham, Alban Gibbs was found to be disqualified owing to his holding government contracts. Gibbs resigned and was re-elected unopposed at the by-election. *1904 St Albans by-election: Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP), Vicary Gibbs was found to be disqualified owing to his holding government contracts. Gibbs resigned and was narrowly defeated at the by-election.


By-elections prompted by expulsion from the House

*1955 South Norfolk by-election: Peter Baker (UK politician), Peter Baker was expelled after being convicted of uttering forged documents. *1947 Gravesend by-election: Garry Allighan was expelled after being found to be in extreme contempt of the House by his peers after selling details of private parliamentary meetings to the ''Evening Standard''. *1922 Hackney South by-election: Horatio Bottomley was expelled after being convicted of fraud, perjury and false accounting. *1903 Galway Borough by-election: the seat was declared vacant after Arthur Lynch (politician), Arthur Alfred Lynch was convicted of high treason after fighting on the Boer side in the Second Boer War.


By-elections prompted by lunacy

*1916 Colne Valley by-election: Charles Leach was adjudged a lunatic and his seat declared vacant.


By-elections prompted by bankruptcy

*1928 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election: Cornelius Homan lost his seat after being declared bankrupt. *1922 Camberwell North by-election: Henry Newton Knights lost his seat after being declared bankrupt. *1914 North Galway by-election: Richard Hazleton resigned before being declared bankrupt. He discharged his bankruptcy and was returned in the by-election. *1912 Hackney South by-election: Horatio Bottomley resigned after filing a bankruptcy petition. *1909 South Kilkenny by-election: Nicholas Joseph Murphy was declared bankrupt.


By-elections prompted for miscellaneous reasons

*1916 Widnes by-election: William Walker, 1st Baron Wavertree, William Hall Walker resigned to permit him to donate his thoroughbred racing stock to create a National Stud in an "arms-length" transaction. He was returned unopposed at the by-election.


By-elections prompted by death of member on wartime active service


Second World War

*1945 Chelmsford by-election: John Macnamara was killed in action fighting in Italy. *1944 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election: George Charles Grey was killed in action fighting in Normandy, France. *1944 Bury St Edmunds by-election: Frank Heilgers was killed in a train crash in Ilford. *1943 Acton by-election: Hubert Duggan died of tuberculosis contracted on active service. a *1943 Darwen by-election: Stuart Russell (politician), Stuart Russell died of fever on active service in Egypt. *1943 Chippenham by-election: Victor Cazalet was killed in a plane crash in Gibraltar while escorting General Sikorski. *1943 Birmingham Aston by-election: Edward Orlando Kellett was killed in action fighting in North Africa. *1943 Buckingham by-election: John Whiteley (politician), John Whiteley was killed in a plane crash in Gibraltar while escorting General Sikorski. *1943 Bristol Central by-election: Allen Bathurst, Lord Apsley, Lord Apsley was killed in action in a plane crash in the Middle-East. *1943 King's Lynn by-election: Somerset Arthur Maxwell, Somerset Maxwell died of wounds received at the Battle of El Alamein. *1942 Salisbury by-election: James Despencer-Robertson died suddenly, apparently from overwork as military secretary at Southern Command Headquarters. b *1942 Llandaff and Barry by-election: Patrick Munro died while taking part in an exercise for the Home Guard at Westminster. *1941 The Wrekin by-election: James Baldwin-Webb drowned when the SS City of Benares was torpedoed. *1941 Dudley by-election: Dudley Joel was killed in action while serving with the Royal Navy. *1941 Bodmin by-election: John Rathbone (Bodmin), John Rathbone was killed in action on bombing operations over Germany. *1941 Hitchin by-election: Sir Arnold Wilson was killed in action over northern France while a gunner in Bomber Command *1941 King's Norton by-election: Ronald Cartland was killed in action during the retreat to Dunkirk. *1940 Manchester Exchange by-election: Peter Eckersley (cricketer), Peter Eckersley was killed in action in a plane crash while serving with the Fleet Air Arm. *1940 Heywood and Radcliffe by-election: Richard Whitaker Porritt, Richard Porritt was killed in action fighting in Belgium. *1939 Wells by-election: Anthony Muirhead committed suicide owing to his fear that a leg-injury might prevent his service in the War. b :Notes: The above list is of those members either mentioned as having died on War Service in a written Commons answer from Prime Minister
Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
on 19 January 1945, or who appear in the ''House of Commons Book of Remembrance'' unveiled in 1949. :a Mentioned in the written Commons answer, but does not appear in the ''House of Commons Book of Remembrance''. :b Not mentioned in the written Commons answer, but does appear in the ''House of Commons Book of Remembrance''. :NB: The above list does not include the names of three members whose deaths on active service were overtaken by the 1945 general election. For a complete list see Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom#Second World War


First World War

*October 1918 Prestwich by-election: Oswald Cawley had been killed in action in France. *1918 Bath by-election: Lord Alexander Thynne had been killed in action in France. *1918 Canterbury by-election: Francis Bennett-Goldney had been killed by an on-duty car accident in France. *1918 Ross by-election: Percy Clive had been killed in action in France. *1918 Manchester South by-election: Philip Glazebrook had been killed in action in Palestine. *1917 Wisbech by-election: The Hon Neil Primrose (politician), Neil Primrose died of wounds received in Palestine. *1917 Spalding by-election: The Hon Francis McLaren had been killed in a flying accident serving with the Royal Flying Corps. *1917 East Clare by-election: Willie Redmond had been killed in action in Belgium. *1917 Henley by-election: Valentine Fleming had been killed by shell fire in France. *1916 North Ayrshire by-election: Duncan Frederick Campbell had died in England of wounds received from a landmine on the Western Front. *1916 Winchester by-election: The Hon Guy Baring had been killed in the Battle of the Somme in France. *1916 Tewkesbury by-election: Michael Hicks Beach, Viscount Quenington had died of wounds in Egypt. *1915 St Austell by-election: The Hon Thomas Agar-Robartes had died of wounds received in the Battle of Loos in France. *1915 Cardiff by-election: Lord Ninian Crichton-Stuart had been killed in action in France. *1915 Uxbridge by-election: The Hon Charles Thomas Mills had been killed in action in France. *1915 Heywood by-election: Harold Thomas Cawley had been killed in action in the Battle of Gallipoli. *1915 Kilmarnock Burghs by-election: William Glynne Charles Gladstone had been killed in action in France. *1915 Mid Antrim by-election: The Hon Arthur O'Neill had been killed in action in the Ypres Salient in Belgium.


Miscellaneous records


Incumbents fall directly from first place to third place

*1995 Littleborough and Saddleworth by-election Conservatives loss, gained by the Liberal Democrats *1995 Perth and Kinross by-election Conservative loss, gained by the SNP *1994 Eastleigh by-election Conservative loss, gained by the Liberal Democrats *1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election Conservative loss, gained by the Liberals *1982 Mitcham and Morden by-election1 Labour loss, gained by the Conservatives *1958 Rochdale by-election Conservative loss, gained by Labour * 1934 Merthyr by-election ILP loss, gained by Labour *1929 Holland with Boston by-election Conservative loss, gained by the Liberals *1927 Bosworth by-election Conservative loss, gained by the Liberals *1926 Kingston upon Hull Central by-election2 Liberal loss, gained by Labour *1920 South Norfolk by-election Liberal loss, gained by Labour :1 Bruce Douglas-Mann had been re-elected as Labour MP for the seat in the 1979 general election. In 1981, along with several other MPs, he defected to the newly formed
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
. Against his new colleagues' advice, he honoured a pledge to face his electors under his new party colours and precipitated a by-election. He came second in the by-election which was won by the Conservatives. The new Labour candidate finished third. :2 the Liberal MP, Lt-Commander the Hon. Joseph Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi, Joseph Montague Kenworthy, defected to Labour and sought re-election under his new colours. He was successful, and the new Liberal candidate lost his deposit.


Incumbent government gains seats

These records show the rare occasions when the government won a seat they had not won at the previous general election.


Notes

:1 Seat awarded by Election Court to Conservative runner-up because Labour victor deemed ineligible. :2 An arguable gain; Stockport was a two-member seat; in the 1918 general election it was won by two supporters of the Coalition Government, one a Liberal and one a Labour member. After a death and a resignation, a by-election was held for both seats. The seats were again won by two Coalition Government supporters, but this time a Conservative and a Liberal, while a Labour candidate who did not support the government was unsuccessful. :3 National Liberal elected in 1922 election had his election declared void (electoral fraud). Resulting by-election was a gain for the Conservatives. :4 Uncontested gain from Irish Nationalist. :5 Liberal MP defected to Labour and was re-elected as Labour at a by-election the Liberals did not contest. :aLabour won both the 2000 West Bromwich West by-election and 2009 Glasgow North East by-election, regarded as a gain from the contest at the United Kingdom general elections in 1997 and 2005 respectively as those seats had been contested by the then Speakers of the House of Commons. Prior to assuming the Speakership they had both been elected as Labour MPs. :bThe Conservatives were in Coalition government, led by the Liberal Prime Minister, David Lloyd George.


Principal Opposition loses seats

These records show the rare occasions when the official Opposition failed to hold on to a seat they had won at the previous General election. :1A confused situation, where the victorious Empire Free Trade Crusade candidate was effectively a right-wing unofficial Conservative, who subsequently took the whip and was re-elected as official Conservative candidate. :2seat awarded by Election Court to Conservative runner-up because Labour victor Tony Benn, Viscount Stansgate was deemed ineligible. :3Sir Owen Thomas (politician), Owen Thomas had been elected as Independent Labour, took the whip for a while, before reverting to Independent Labour. :4Lost to Coalition Conservatives (see Coalition Coupon)


By-election holds overturned at next general election

On rare occasions a party has failed to overturn an incumbent in the by-election yet has gone on to gain the seat at the subsequent general election.


By-election victors had not contested previous general election

It is unusual for a political party which has not contested a seat at a general election to take it at a subsequent by-election. Independent candidates are not included. Notes: :1 Alliance partner the Liberal party had contested the seat. :2 The victor was the sitting MP, who had left the Labour party. :3 Candidate endorsed by the coalition government. :4 The victor was the sitting MP, who had left the Conservative party.


Additional victories by minor parties

In addition to the above section, other minor party successes include the following. For a complete list, see the list of UK minor party and independent MPs elected.


Victory from third or lower place

* 2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election, gained by the Liberal Democrats * 2021 North Shropshire by-election, gained by the Liberal Democrats. * 2012 Bradford West by-election, gained by Respect, from fifth place * 2004 Leicester South by-election, gained by the Liberal Democrats * 2003 Brent East by-election, gained by the Liberal Democrats * 1988 Glasgow Govan by-election, gained by the SNP, from fourth place * 1987 Greenwich by-election, gained by the SDP * 1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, gained by the Liberals * 1983 Bermondsey by-election, gained by the Liberals * 1981 Croydon North West by-election, gained by the Liberals * 1973 Glasgow Govan by-election, gained by the SNP * 1973 Berwick-upon-Tweed by-election, gained by the Liberals * 1973 Ripon by-election, gained by the Liberals * 1972 Sutton and Cheam by-election, gained by the Liberal * 1966 Carmarthen by-election, gained by Plaid Cymru * 1962 Orpington by-election, gained by the Liberals * 1929 Holland with Boston by-election, gained by the Liberals


Incumbent party did not contest

*2016 Richmond Park by-election (incumbent Conservative MP ran as an Independent with party backing) *
1995 North Down by-election The 1995 North Down by-election, in the North Down constituency, was held on 15 June, following the death of James Kilfedder, who had represented the constituency since the 1970 general election. Kilfedder had formed the Ulster Popular Unionis ...
(Ulster Popular Unionist Party disintegrated before by-election) *1963 Bristol South East by-election (Conservative candidate awarded seat after 1961 by-election had agreed to stand aside, if law changed to permit disqualified Labour candidate to take his seat) *1942 Cardiff East by-election (Conservatives stood aside to allow election of National Government minister) *1940 City of London by-election (Conservatives stood aside to allow election of National Government minister) *February 1940 Southampton by-election (National Liberals stood aside to allow election of National Government minister) *1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election (National Labour stood aside to allow election of National Government minister) *1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election (National Liberals stood aside to allow election of National Government minister from National Labour) *1936 Combined Scottish Universities by-election (Conservatives stood aside to allow election of National Government minister from National Labour) *1935 Perth by-election (Conservatives stood aside to allow election of National Liberal) *1929 Liverpool Scotland by-election (lone mainland Irish Nationalist was essentially a Labour supporter) *1929 Preston by-election (Liberals acquiesced to William Jowitt becoming Labour's Attorney General)


Losers had been unopposed at previous election

*1930 Paddington South by-election Conservative loss, gained by Empire Free Trade Crusade. *1929 Liverpool Scotland by-election Irish Nationalist loss, gained by Labour.1 *1928 Halifax by-election Speaker loss, gained by Labour.2 *1921 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election Coalition Liberal loss, gained by Labour. *1921 Woolwich East by-election Labour loss, gained by Conservative. *February 1920 The Wrekin by-election Coalition Liberal loss, gained by Independent. Notes: :1 the Nationalists did not contest the by-election :2 the Speaker had originally been a Liberal MP.


Major party did not run


Great Britain

Labour joined the Liberal Democrats and the Greens in not contesting the 2022 Southend West by-election, out of respect following murder of David Amess, the murder of the previous MP, Sir David Amess. The Conservatives declined to run a candidate in the 2016 Richmond Park by-election, instead backing Conservative incumbent Zac Goldsmith, who was designated as an Independent. The Conservatives, Liberal Democrats, UKIP, and Green Party declined to run candidates in the 2016 Batley and Spen by-election, due to the circumstances regarding Killing of Jo Cox, the killing of the previous MP, Jo Cox. Neither the Liberal Democrat nor the Labour Party stood candidates in the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election. The by-election was a single-issue election in regards to government security policy, in which the Liberal Democrats supported the Conservative candidate. The Conservative Party did not run a candidate in the 1963 Bristol South East by-election, the 1957 Carmarthen by-election, the 1948 Paisley by-election or the 1946 Ogmore by-election. The Labour Party did not run in the 1945 City of London by-election, the 1945 Kensington South by-election or the 1946 Combined English Universities by-election. Prior to 2008, the last by-election without an official Liberal Democrat, Liberal or SDP candidate had been the 1994 Newham North East by-election; the Lib Dems nominated a candidate, but he joined the Labour Party before the election. No official Liberal candidate was nominated for the 1980 Glasgow Central by-election, whilst no Liberal stood in either the 1973 Westhoughton by-election or the 1973 West Bromwich by-election, both held on 24 May 1973. The last Scottish by-elections without official
Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party (SNP; sco, Scots National Pairty, gd, Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba ) is a Scottish nationalist and social democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from ...
candidates were the 1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election and the 1964 Rutherglen by-election. Plaid Cymru did not stand a candidate for the 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election, choosing instead to endorse the Liberal Democrat candidate in a "Stop Brexit" alliance. Prior to that, the last Welsh by-elections without official Welsh Nationalist candidates were the 1950 Abertillery by-election, the 1946 Pontypool by-election and the 1945 Monmouth by-election.


Northern Ireland

The more fluid nature of politics in Northern Ireland makes it harder to define all major parties. In addition many by-elections have not been contested by parties holding other seats in the House of Commons, whether due to agreements with other parties, poor organisation in the constituency or the particular circumstances on the by-election. However, for the period since 1981 (which saw the first by-elections in twelve years, during which time several major political realignments had occurred) the main parties are usually considered to be the Democratic Unionist Party, Sinn Féin, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and the Ulster Unionist Party. At the 2013 Mid Ulster by-election. a single "unity" candidate was backed by the withdrawal of the Democratic Unionist Party, Ulster Conservatives and Unionists and Traditional Unionist Voice. Prior to Mid Ulster in 2013, the most recent examples of by-elections without official Democratic Unionist candidates were the
1995 North Down by-election The 1995 North Down by-election, in the North Down constituency, was held on 15 June, following the death of James Kilfedder, who had represented the constituency since the 1970 general election. Kilfedder had formed the Ulster Popular Unionis ...
and the 1990 Upper Bann by-election. They also did not stand in the twelve seats held by other Unionist parties in the 1986 Northern Ireland by-elections, 15 by-elections in 1986. The last by-election without official candidates from either Sinn Féin or the SDLP was the
1995 North Down by-election The 1995 North Down by-election, in the North Down constituency, was held on 15 June, following the death of James Kilfedder, who had represented the constituency since the 1970 general election. Kilfedder had formed the Ulster Popular Unionis ...
. Both parties also declined to stand in the eleven Unionist majority seats in the 1986 Northern Ireland by-elections, 15 by-elections in 1986. The SDLP also did not contest either the April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, April or August 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, August 1981 by-elections in Fermanagh and South Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency), Fermanagh and South Tyrone. The last by-elections without official Ulster Unionist candidates prior to Mid Ulster in 2013 were North Antrim, East Belfast, Mid Ulster and North Down in the 1986 Northern Ireland by-elections, 15 by-elections in 1986. The main British parties have generally not stood in seats in Northern Ireland. The by-election exceptions are the 1990 Upper Bann by-election (NI Conservatives and Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988), continuing SDP) and the
1995 North Down by-election The 1995 North Down by-election, in the North Down constituency, was held on 15 June, following the death of James Kilfedder, who had represented the constituency since the 1970 general election. Kilfedder had formed the Ulster Popular Unionis ...
(NI Conservatives). Prior to the 1970s the Ulster Unionists were effectively the local Conservatives, whilst the Ulster Liberal Party, Liberals contested some but not all seats. The SDLP has traditionally seen itself as a "sister party" to the British Labour party, and its MPs usually accept the Labour whip in Parliament.


Minor parties other strong performance

Parties without representation in the House of Commons which saved their deposit (politics), deposit:


Miscellaneous notable results

It is unusual for one of the major parties to finish outside of the top three in England and Wales (or outside of the top four in Scotland). It is also unusual for the principal opposition party to suffer a significant reverse in its share of the vote or ranking. *The 2021 Hartlepool by-election, with a 16% swing to the Conservatives, was the Labour Party's worst result in a Labour-held seat while the party was in Opposition, since the 1912 Hanley by-election. It was effectively the party's worst-ever result since it became a major party. *The 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election saw Labour finish fourth behind the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives and Brexit Party. In addition, UKIP fell to last place, behind the Official Monster Raving Loony Party – a result compared to the continuing SDP's defeat in the 1990 Bootle by-election. *The 2016 Richmond Park by-election was the first Liberal Democrat gain since 2010, showing tentative signs of recovery for the party. It also gave them a female MP for the first time in the 56th parliament. In addition it was the first occasion in more than a century of Labour losing their deposit in a London by-election. *The 2014 Clacton by-election saw the election of the first UKIP MP on the largest swing ever against the Conservative Party. It was also the first time that a party had gained a seat not having contested the previous election since the 1973 Isle of Ely by-election. The Liberal Democrat's 1.4% of the vote was their worst result in an English seat since 1924. *The 2013 Eastleigh by-election delivered several records. It was the first time in an English seat that both Labour and Conservative finished outside of the top two. For the first time, UKIP came close to winning a seat. It was the closest three-cornered English by-election since the 1921 Penistone by-election, and, aside from the 1946 Combined English Universities by-election, it was won with the lowest winning share of the vote since 1918. Aside from the contrived example of the 1989 Richmond (Yorks) by-election it was also the first time Labour had finished fourth in a by-election while in Opposition. *At the 2012 Rotherham by-election, the Conservative party fell from second to fifth place (equalling its previous lowest position in a by-election in mainland Britain) while the Liberal Democrats fell from third place to eighth, the lowest ranking ever achieved by a major party in a by-election. This followed the 2011 Barnsley Central by-election, where the Liberal Democrats took sixth place, dropping from second at the 2010 United Kingdom general election, 2010 general election. The Rotherham by-election was also the first recorded by-election result to have women in the top four places. *In the 2009 Glasgow North East by-election and 1999 Hamilton South by-election the Liberal Democrats came sixth in both cases, equalling the worst ever placing by a major party in the UK. In 1999 the party had 634 votes while in Glasgow the party won 474 votes. *At the 2008 Henley by-election the Labour Party finished in fifth place, the worst ranking for the party in its history, and a record low for any government in a UK mainland constituency. The lowest ever for an incumbent government was the 1990 Upper Bann by-election when the Conservatives came sixth, although they had not previously contested the seat. *At the 2006 Blaenau Gwent by-election, held on the same day as Bromley and Chislehurst, the Conservative Party's fifth-place ranking equalled the worst-place achieved by a major party in England or Wales, a feat the Conservatives had first achieved in the same seat in the 2005 general election. The Blaenau victor, Dai Davies (politician), Dai Davies was the first independent to hold a seat previously occupied by an independent since Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend, Sir C.V.F. Townshend held The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency), The Wrekin in 1920. *The drop in the Conservative share of the vote, 11.1%, at the 2006 Bromley and Chislehurst by-election was their worst result in a Conservative-held seat while in opposition since 19301. At the same by-election, the Labour Party's fall from second to fourth place was the first time the party had suffered such a reverse in an English seat. *The Conservative Party fell from second to fourth place in the 2004 Hartlepool by-election and the 1983 Bermondsey by-election, and fell from third to fourth place in the 1991 Liverpool Walton by-election. At the time their worst ranking in an English by-election since at least 1945 was the drop from third place to fourth place in the 1974 Newham South by-election. *The Labour party fell from second to fourth place in the 2000 Ceredigion by-election. *At the Bootle (UK Parliament constituency), Bootle by-election, 1990 the "continuing" Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988), SDP finished seventh out of eight candidates, behind the Monster Raving Loony Party, in a seat parts of which had once been in adjoining Crosby (UK Parliament constituency), Crosby, scene of the party's greatest triumph only eight years previously. *The Labour Party achieved fourth place in the 1989 Richmond (Yorks) by-election although this was contrived somewhat by the Liberal Democrats (UK), Social and Liberal Democrats and
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
parties running separate candidates. *At the 1976 Walsall North by-election, the Liberal Party could take only fifth place. Beaten by an independent and a minor party candidate, at the time, this was the worst placing for any major party in an English by-election since at least 1945. *The last time the Liberals lost a by-election they were defending was at the 1957 Carmarthen by-election, defeated by the former Liberal MP turned Labour candidate, Lady Megan Lloyd George. The Liberal parliamentary contingent was thus reduced to five MPs, its lowest ever level. Notes 1Excluding the 1931 Westminster St George's by-election and the 1930 Paddington South by-election, which were essentially intra-Conservative contests, the previous worst result was, ironically, the 1930 Bromley by-election


By-elections having national significance

*2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election and 2022 Wakefield by-election: A pair of by-election losses for the government on the same day – one in a rural area represented by the Conservatives since 1923 and one in a recently won "Red wall (British politics), Red Wall" seat – triggered the resignation of Oliver Dowden as Chairman of the Conservative Party and contributed to the pressure on Prime Minister Boris Johnson that led to July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, the collapse of his government two weeks later. *2017 Copeland by-election: A Conservative win in a previously safe Labour seat confirmed the party's Opinion polling for the United Kingdom general election, 2017, strong opinion poll lead and prompted an 2017 United Kingdom general election, early election. *2016 Richmond Park by-election: After losing most of its seats in the 2015 general election, a Lib Dem gain on a large swing in a strongly 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Remain seat marked the beginning of a turnaround for the party and demonstrated the political effects of Brexit. *2014 Clacton by-election: The first by-election victory for the UK Independence Party *2008 Crewe and Nantwich by-election: A Conservative gain (from Labour in this case) at a by-election for the first time since 1982, and the first time as an opposition party since 1978, demonstrated the Conservatives were back in contention to possibly win the next general election. *2003 Brent East by-election: A Lib Dem gain of a Labour safe seat on a 29% swing demonstrated the political effect of public dissatisfaction with the Iraq War. *1997 Wirral South by-election: A Labour gain on a large swing just weeks before a general election confirmed the move in the party's favour was real and meant the Conservatives became a minority government. *1991 Liverpool Walton by-election: The Militant tendency, Militant group, as Walton Real Labour, opposed a Labour candidate for the first time; their showing led to the decision to re-organise as Militant Labour without using Entryism, entryist tactics. *May 1990 Bootle by-election: Abysmal showing of the 'Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988), continuing SDP' led to the party being wound up. *1987 Greenwich by-election: Defeat of a left-wing Labour candidate demonstrated the party's vulnerability. *1983 Darlington by-election: Labour's successful defence of a marginal seat stabilised the party, and secured the position of Leader Michael Foot. *1981 Crosby by-election: Victory of the
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
in a rock-solid Conservative seat showed the national appeal of the party. *April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election: Election of Maze prison hunger-striker Bobby Sands demonstrated that nationalist voters could support violent Republican candidates; taken by the Republican movement as a vindication of their stance, it led to the return of Sinn Féin as a major force in Northern Irish politics. *1977 Birmingham Stechford by-election: The loss of the seat to the Conservatives tipped Labour under James Callaghan into minority government status, necessitating the Lib–Lab pact. *1967 Hamilton by-election: Scottish National Party victory massively boosted the prospects of the party. *1966 Kingston upon Hull North by-election: Easy Labour victory in a marginal seat demonstrated to Prime Minister Harold Wilson that he would probably win a snap general election, and led to the construction of the Humber Bridge. *1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election: Rare Conservative loss in Opposition leads to resignation of leader Sir Alec Douglas-Home and election of Edward Heath as first democratically elected Conservative leader. *1965 Leyton by-election: Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon-Walker, who was found the seat after losing Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency), Smethwick in 1964 United Kingdom general election, 1964, is again defeated; he is forced to resign from the Government. *1963 Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election: Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home successfully returned to the House of Commons after disclaiming his peerage. *1962 Orpington by-election: A Liberal gain in a suburban seat led to a national revival for the party. *1961 Bristol South East by-election: Incumbent Labour MP
Tony Benn Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), known between 1960 and 1963 as Viscount Stansgate, was a British politician, writer and diarist who served as a Cabinet of the United Kingdom, Cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s. ...
re-elected after inheriting a peerage; the seat was awarded to the defeated Conservative, but the circumstances led to the Peerage Act 1963 allowing hereditary peerages to be disclaimed. *1938 Oxford by-election: After a campaign dominated by appeasement and the Munich agreement, the government candidate won. *1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election: Intervention of Independent Conservative Randolph Churchill, on platform of rearmament and anti-Indian Home Rule, hands safe seat to Labour on largest ever swing (30%). Indication of hostility to National Government (1931–1935), National Government, and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald resigns within months. *1933 Fulham East by-election: Unexpected Labour gain in a previously safe Conservative constituency, ascribed to pacifism. *1922 Newport by-election: Election of an anti-Coalition Conservative in a tight three-way contest spurred on Conservative MPs to end their coalition with David Lloyd George. *1920 Dartford by-election: massive swing to Labour prefigures the party's eclipse of the Liberals.


Firsts and lasts

*Last
Labour Labour or labor may refer to: * Childbirth, the delivery of a baby * Labour (human activity), or work ** Manual labour, physical work ** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer ** Organized labour and the labour ...
gain at a by-election: 2022 Wakefield by-election *Last Liberal Democrats (UK), Liberal Democrat gain at a by-election: 2022 Tiverton and Honiton by-election *Last Conservative Party (UK), Conservative gain in a by-election: 2021 Hartlepool by-election *First by-election to be called via the provisions of the Recall of MPs Act 2015: 2019 Peterborough by-election *First UK Independence Party gain at a by-election: 2014 Clacton by-election *Last UK Independence Party gain at a by-election: 2014 Rochester and Strood by-election *First by-election gain by a Northern Ireland party: 1943 Belfast West by-election (Northern Ireland Labour Party from Ulster Unionist Party) *Last by-election gain by a Northern Ireland party: 2000 South Antrim by-election (Democratic Unionist Party from Ulster Unionist Party) *First by-election gain by the
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
(SDP): 1981 Crosby by-election *Last by-election gain by the
Social Democratic Party The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology. Active parties Fo ...
(SDP): 1987 Greenwich by-election *Last by-election gain by the
Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...
: 1986 Ryedale by-election *First by-election gain by the
Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party (SNP; sco, Scots National Pairty, gd, Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba ) is a Scottish nationalist and social democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from ...
: 1945 Motherwell by-election *Last by-election gain by the
Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party (SNP; sco, Scots National Pairty, gd, Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba ) is a Scottish nationalist and social democratic political party in Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from ...
: 2008 Glasgow East by-election *First and last by-election gain by
Plaid Cymru Plaid Cymru ( ; ; officially Plaid Cymru – the Party of Wales, often referred to simply as Plaid) is a centre-left to left-wing, Welsh nationalist political party in Wales, committed to Welsh independence from the United Kingdom. Plaid wa ...
: 1966 Carmarthen by-election *Last unopposed by-election in England, Scotland or Wales: 1946 Hemsworth by-election *Last by-election in a university constituency: 1946 Combined Scottish Universities by-election *Last by-election caused by appointment to ministerial office: 1926 East Renfrewshire by-election *Last by-election from what was to become the Irish Free State: 1919 Dublin University by-election *Last double member by-election: 1920 Stockport by-election *Last by-election result to be declared undue: 1961 Bristol South East by-election *Last by-election result to be declared void: 1892 Cirencester by-election *First by-election subject to the Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883: 1883 Limerick City by-election *First by-election to be held using the secret ballot: 1872 Pontefract by-election


See also

*List of United Kingdom by-elections *United Kingdom European Parliament election records * Swing (United Kingdom) *Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom *United Kingdom general election records


References


Further reading

* ''Who's Who of British MPs: Volume IV, 1945-1979'' by Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees (Harvester, Brighton, 1979) * ''British Political Facts 1900-1994'' by David Butler and Gareth Butler (St. Martin's Press, New York, 1994)
''Election Statistics 1918-2007''. House of Commons Library Research Paper 08/12
{{United Kingdom by-elections Lists of by-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliamentary records of the United Kingdom, By-election United Kingdom politics-related lists, By-election