The union of Bukovina with Romania was declared in 28 November 1918, being officially recognized by the international community in 1919 and 1920.
Timeline of events
1918
*22 October -
Constantin Isopescu-Grecul
Constantin Ritter von Isopescu-Grecul (or cavaler de Isopescu-Grecul; first name also Konstantin, last name also Isopescul-Grecul, Isopescu Grecu; ua, Константин Ісопискуль-Грекуль; February 2, 1871 – March 29, 1938) ...
, a Bukovinian Romanian deputy in the
Austrian Imperial Council, warns the authorities in
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
that if they do not force
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
to release
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the ...
and other Romanian-inhabited areas from
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croa ...
, then the Romanian subjects of the
empire
An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...
would have to look for outside help.
[Robert A. Kann, Zdenek David, University of Washington Press, 2017, ''Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526-1918'', p. 446]
*25 October - The Ukrainian National Committee for Bukovina is formed.
*27 October - The Romanian National Council is formed under the leadership of
Iancu Flondor
Iancu Flondor (3 August 1865 – 19 October 1924) was a Romanian politician who advocated Bukovina's union with the Kingdom of Romania.
He was born in the town of Storozhynets ( ro, Storojineṭ) in Northern Bukovina (now in Ukraine). His paren ...
.
*3 November - The
Ukrainian National Rada takes control of the state apparatus in
Czernowitz
Chernivtsi ( uk, Чернівці́}, ; ro, Cernăuți, ; see also other names) is a city in the historical region of Bukovina, which is now divided along the borders of Romania and Ukraine, including this city, which is situated on the ...
and the surrounding area.
*4 November -
Aurel Onciul, a Romanian Bukovinian politician, concludes an agreement (not authorized by the Romanian National Council) with the Ukrainian National Committee providing for the division of Bukovina along ethnic lines and joint Romanian-Ukrainian control over Czernowitz (the capital of Bukovina).
*6 November - The Ukrainian National Committee occupies all Government buildings in Czernowitz and
Omelian Popowicz is proclaimed President of "Ukrainian Bukovina".
[Volodymyr Kubiĭovych, Ukrainian National Association, 1963, ''Ukraine, a Concise Encyclopedia, Volume 1'', p. 787]
*7 November - Iancu Flondor appeals to the Romanian Government to occupy the entire land of Bukovina.
*9/10 November - Romania re-declares war on the
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
(the May 1918
Treaty of Bucharest put an end to the first
Romanian Campaign).
*10 November - The Ukrainian National Committee together with its military supporters retreat from Czernowitz.
*11 November - Czernowitz (claimed by the
West Ukrainian People's Republic
The West Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR) or West Ukrainian National Republic (WUNR), known for part of its existence as the Western Oblast of the Ukrainian People's Republic, was a short-lived polity that controlled most of Eastern Gali ...
) is seized by the
Romanian Army
The Romanian Land Forces ( ro, Forțele Terestre Române) is the army of Romania, and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces. In recent years, full professionalisation and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Lan ...
.
*12 November - The Romanian National Council establishes a new government in Bukovina under Flondor's presidency.
*28 November - The Romanian National Council, together with Polish and German representatives, convokes the
General Congress of Bukovina
The General Congress of Bukovina ( ro, Congresul General al Bucovinei) was a self-proclaimed representative body created in the aftermath of the Romanian military intervention in Bukovina, which proclaimed the union of the region with the Kingdom ...
which requests the union of Bukovina with Romania.
*19 December - The Romanian Government issues a decree formalizing Bukovina's annexation.
1919
*10 September - The
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina (the frontiers of Romania were to be later fixed).
[Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer, John Benjamins Publishing, 2006, ''History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries, Volume 2'', p. 58]
1920
*10 August - The
Treaty of Sèvres established the Romanian-Polish boundary (mainly, based on the July 1919 Lwów Convention).
Aftermath
Since 2015, the
Bukovina Day
Bukovina Day ( ro, Ziua Bucovinei) is a public holiday of Romania celebrated every 28 November that commemorates the decision of the General Congress of Bukovina to unite the region of Bukovina with the Kingdom of Romania on 28 November 1918.
...
is celebrated in Romania every 28 November to commemorate the union of the region with Romania.
Gallery
Image:Bukowina Donaumonarchie.png, Bukovina within Austria-Hungary
Image:Flag of Bukowina.svg, Flag of Bukovina
Image:West-Ukraine 1918.jpg, Division of Bukovina (orange) as claimed by the West Ukrainian People's Republic (black interrupted line)
Image:Bucov.png, Ethnic map of Bukovina (purple = Romanians, green = Ukrainians)
Image:Iancu Ritter von Flondor um 1900.jpg, Iancu Flondor
See also
*
Great Union
In Romanian historiography, the Great Union ( ro, Marea Unire) or Great Union of 1918 () was the series of political unifications the Kingdom of Romania had with several of the so-called Romanian historical regions, starting with Bessarabia on ...
*
Union of Transylvania with Romania
The union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia. The Great Union Day (also called ''Unification Day''), celebrated on 1 December, is a national holiday in Roman ...
*
Union of Bessarabia with Romania
The union of Bessarabia with Romania was proclaimed on by Sfatul Țării, the legislative body of the Moldavian Democratic Republic. This state had the same borders of the region of Bessarabia, which was annexed by the Russian Empire following ...
*
Greater Romania
The term Greater Romania ( ro, România Mare) usually refers to the borders of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union. It also refers to a pan-nationalist idea.
As a concept, its main goal is the creation ...
*
Romanian occupation of Pokuttia
The Romanian occupation of Pokuttia ( ro, Pocuția) took place in early 1919, when, as a result of alliances concluded between Romania and Poland, the former entered the southeastern corner of the former Austro-Hungarian ruled province of Galic ...
*
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina took place from June 28 to July 3, 1940, as a result of an ultimatum by the Soviet Union to Romania on June 26, 1940, that threatened the use of force. Bessarabia had been part of the Kin ...
References
External links
Virtual Museum of the Union
{{Great Union
1918 in Romania
Great Union (Romania)
Greater Romania
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
Territorial evolution of Romania
Aftermath of World War I in Romania