''Uromycladium falcatarium'' (falcataria gall rust fungus) is a species of

rust fungus Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales). An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus ''Puccinia'', are currently a ...

in the genus ''

Uromycladium ''Uromycladium'' is a genus of rust fungi in the family Pileolariaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Daniel McAlpine in 1905.McAlpine, D. 1905. A new genus of Uredineae — ''Uromycladium''. Ann Mycol 3(4):303–322 The genus was establishe ...

''. It was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

by mycologists Doungsa-ard, McTaggart & Shivasin in 2015.Doungsa-ard, C., McTaggart, A.R., Geering, A.D.W., Dalisay, T.U., Ray, J. Shivas, R.G. 2015. ''Uromycladium falcatarium'' sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on ''Paraserianthes falcataria'' in south-east Asia. Australasian Plant Pathol. 44: 25–30. DOI 10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z The species infects the

Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...

tree ''

Falcataria moluccana ''Falcataria falcata'' (syns. ''Albizia falcata'', ''Falcataria moluccana'' and ''Paraserianthes falcataria''), commonly known as the Moluccan albizia, is a species of fast-growing tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Maluku Islands, ...

'' (= ''Paraserianthes falcataria'') in south-east Asia.

Taxonomy and host specificity

Falcataria gall rust fungus (''Uromycladium falcatarium'') is potentially specific to only one host plant, ''

''. However, ''U. falcatarium'' is closely related to the acacia gall rust fungus '' U. tepperianum'', which has almost 100 known hosts including plants from several

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to conflic ...

Mimosoideae The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petals ...

. Research suggests that '' U. tepperianum'' may comprise several unrecognized taxa with greater levels of host specificity. It is uncertain if previous reports of ''

'' fungal infections reported on '' F. moluccana'' are from '' U. tepperianum'' or ''U. falcatarium''. For example, laboratory studies that manually inoculated '' F. moluccana'' and ''

Acacia mangium ''Acacia mangium'' is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, Papua, and the eastern Maluku Islands. Common names include black w ...

'' with ''

'' fungal spores collected from ''F. moluccana'' in Yogyakarta, Indonesia were only infectious on the sengon leaves and spores did not penetrate the '' A. mangium'' leaves.Widyastuti, S.M., Harjono, and Z.A. Surya. 2013. Initial infection of ''Falcataria moluccana'' leaves and ''Acacia mangium'' phyllodes by ''Uromycladium tepperianum'' fungi in a laboratory trial. JMHT (Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika - Journal of Tropical Forest Management) 19(3): 187-193. The authors of this last study considered these spores to be from '' U. tepperianum'' but did not report how they determined the identity of the fungus used for their experiments.

Distribution

''Uromycladium falcatarium'' has been reported from

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

, and

Timor Leste East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-wester ...

primarily from areas where its host tree '' F. moluccana'' is cultivated for timber production. First reported in the

in 1990 falcataria rust gall fungus disease spread to

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indone ...

, Malaysia in 1992, and to

starting in 1997 on

Seram Seram (formerly spelled Ceram; also Seran or Serang) is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia, despite Ambon Island's historical importance. It is located just north of the smaller Ambon Island and a few other adjacent is ...

island

Maluku Province Maluku is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It comprises the central and southern regions of the Maluku Islands. The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon, Maluku, Ambon on the small Ambon Island. The land area is 62, ...

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...

in 2004 and

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

in 2006.Rahayu, S., S.S. Lee, N.A.A. Shukor. 2010. ''Uromycladium tepperianum'', the gall rust fungus from ''Falcataria moluccana'' in Malaysia and Indondesia. Myoscience 51: 149-153. In 1999 an epidemic outbreak in

East Timor East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-weste ...

spread throughout the coffee-growing districts where ''F. moluccana'' is planted as shade trees for the coffee plants. It is predicted that this disease will continue to spread westward with the prevailing trade winds. Rust gall infested trees with similar symptoms have also been found from the native range of '' F. moluccana'' elsewhere in the

Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located eas ...

and

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

(including

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

References

External links

''Uromycladium falcatarium'' in Encyclopedia of Life
{{Taxonbar, from=Q21304216 Fungi described in 2015 Fungi of Asia Pucciniales