Viroconium or Uriconium, formally Viroconium Cornoviorum, was a
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...
city, one corner of which is now occupied by
Wroxeter
Wroxeter is a village in Shropshire, England, which forms part of the civil parish of Wroxeter and Uppington, beside the River Severn, south-east of Shrewsbury.
''Viroconium Cornoviorum'', the fourth largest city in Roman Britain, was sited ...
, a small village in
Shropshire
Shropshire (; alternatively Salop; abbreviated in print only as Shrops; demonym Salopian ) is a landlocked historic county in the West Midlands region of England. It is bordered by Wales to the west and the English counties of Cheshire to th ...
, England, about east-south-east of
Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury ( , also ) is a market town, civil parish, and the county town of Shropshire, England, on the River Severn, north-west of London; at the 2021 census, it had a population of 76,782. The town's name can be pronounced as either 'Sh ...
. At its peak, Viroconium is estimated to have been the 4th-largest
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...
settlement in
Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
, a ''
civitas
In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (; plural ), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the , or citizens, united by law (). It is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities () on th ...
'' with a population of more than 15,000.
[Frere, ''Britannia'', p.253] The settlement probably lasted until the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 8th. Extensive remains can still be seen.
Toponym
''Viroconium'' is a
Latinised form of a
toponym
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...
that was
reconstructed as
Common Brittonic
Common Brittonic ( cy, Brythoneg; kw, Brythonek; br, Predeneg), also known as British, Common Brythonic, or Proto-Brittonic, was a Celtic language spoken in Britain and Brittany.
It is a form of Insular Celtic, descended from Proto-Celtic, a ...
''*Uiroconion'' ("
ityof ''*Uirokū''". ''*Uirokū'' ( "man-wolf") is believed to have been a
masculine given name
A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a f ...
meaning "
werewolf
In folklore, a werewolf (), or occasionally lycanthrope (; ; uk, Вовкулака, Vovkulaka), is an individual that can shapeshift into a wolf (or, especially in modern film, a therianthropic hybrid wolf-like creature), either purposely or ...
".
The original capital of the local British tribe of the Cornovii was the impressive
hillfort
A hillfort is a type of earthwork used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement, located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typically European and of the Bronze Age or Iron Age. Some were used in the post-Roma ...
on
the Wrekin
The Wrekin is a hill in east Shropshire, England. It is located some five miles (8 km) west of Telford, on the border between the unitary authorities of Shropshire and Telford and Wrekin. Rising above the Shropshire Plain to a height of 4 ...
known as *Uiroconion. When the Cornovii were eventually subdued by the Romans, their capital was moved to Wroxeter and given its Roman name. Hence the term "Cornoviorum" distinguishes the site as the Viroconium "of the
Cornovii
The Cornovii is the name by which two, or three, tribes were known in Roman Britain. One tribe was in the area centred on present-day Shropshire, one was in Caithness in northernmost Scotland, and there was probably one in Cornwall. The name has a ...
", the
Celtic tribe
Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to:
Language and ethnicity
*pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia
**Celts (modern)
*Celtic languages
**Proto-Celtic language
*Celtic music
*Celtic nations
Sports Foo ...
whose settlement became ''
civitas
In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (; plural ), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the , or citizens, united by law (). It is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities () on th ...
''.
History
Roman
![Excavation at Uriconium by Francis Bedford2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Excavation_at_Uriconium_by_Francis_Bedford2.jpg)
Wroxeter was first established in the early years of the Roman conquest of Britain as a frontier post for a
cohort
Cohort or cohortes may refer to:
* Cohort (educational group), a group of students working together through the same academic curriculum
* Cohort (floating point), a set of different encodings of the same numerical value
* Cohort (military unit), ...
of
Thracian
The Thracians (; grc, Θρᾷκες ''Thrāikes''; la, Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied t ...
Auxilia
The (, lit. "auxiliaries") were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen legions by Augustus after his reorganisation of the Imperial Roman army from 30 BC. By the 2nd century, the Auxilia contained the same number of inf ...
who were taking part in the campaigns of the governor,
Publius Ostorius Scapula
Publius Ostorius Scapula standing at the terrace of the Roman Baths (Bath)
Publius Ostorius Scapula (died 52) was a Roman statesman and general who governed Britain from 47 until his death, and was responsible for the defeat and capture of Ca ...
.
The site is strategically located near the end of
Watling Street
Watling Street is a historic route in England that crosses the River Thames at London and which was used in Classical Antiquity, Late Antiquity, and throughout the Middle Ages. It was used by the ancient Britons and paved as one of the main R ...
, the primary Roman trunk road that ran across Britannia from
Dubris
Dubris, also known as Portus Dubris and Dubrae, was a port in Roman Britain on the site of present-day Dover, Kent, England.
As the closest point to continental Europe and the site of the estuary of the Dour, the site chosen for Dover was ideal ...
(
Dover
Dover () is a town and major ferry port in Kent, South East England. It faces France across the Strait of Dover, the narrowest part of the English Channel at from Cap Gris Nez in France. It lies south-east of Canterbury and east of Maidstone ...
). The post was a key frontier position because it defended the
River Severn
, name_etymology =
, image = SevernFromCastleCB.JPG
, image_size = 288
, image_caption = The river seen from Shrewsbury Castle
, map = RiverSevernMap.jpg
, map_size = 288
, map_c ...
valley as it come out of
Cambria
Cambria is a name for Wales, being the Latinised form of the Welsh name for the country, . The term was not in use during the Roman period (when Wales had not come into existence as a distinct entity). It emerged later, in the medieval period, a ...
(
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...
) as well as protecting the route to the south that lead to the
Wye valley
The Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB; cy, Dyffryn Gwy) is an internationally important protected landscape straddling the border between England and Wales.
The River Wye ( cy, Afon Gwy) is the fourth-longest river in th ...
.
In the mid 1st century, the
Legio XIV Gemina
Legio XIV Gemina ("The Twinned Fourteenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army, levied by Julius Caesar in 57 BC. The cognomen ''Gemina'' (Twinned) was added when the legion was combined with another understrength legion after the Bat ...
, an Imperial Roman army levied by
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and ...
, took over the site from the Thracian Auxilia in preparation for the invasion of Wales and replaced the fort with a much larger legionary fortress. In 78 governor
Gnaeus Julius Agricola
Gnaeus Julius Agricola (; 13 June 40 – 23 August 93) was a Roman general and politician responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. Born to a political family of senatorial rank, Agricola began his military career as a military tribun ...
led campaigns to suppress the tribes in North Wales and the druids on
Ynys Môn. In 80
Agricola
Agricola, the Latin word for farmer, may also refer to:
People Cognomen or given name
:''In chronological order''
* Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40–93), Roman governor of Britannia (AD 77–85)
* Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, Roman governor of the mid ...
took Legio XIV Gemina north on his punitive expeditions against the
Pict
The Picts were a group of peoples who lived in what is now northern and eastern Scotland (north of the Firth of Forth) during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Where they lived and what their culture was like can be inferred from ear ...
s in Scotland. With the departure of Legio XIV Gemina,
Legio XX Valeria Victrix
Legio XX Valeria Victrix, in English Twentieth Victorious Valeria Legion was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.
The origin of the Legion's name is unclear and there are various theories, but the legion may have gained its title ''Valeria ...
took over the fortress.
By the late 80s the fort had ceased to be used by the Roman army after Legio XX Valeria Victrix moved to
Deva Victrix
Deva Victrix, or simply Deva, was a legionary fortress and town in the Roman province of Britannia on the site of the modern city of Chester. The fortress was built by the Legio II ''Adiutrix'' in the 70s AD as the Roman army advanced north ag ...
(
Chester
Chester is a cathedral city and the county town of Cheshire, England. It is located on the River Dee, close to the English–Welsh border. With a population of 79,645 in 2011,"2011 Census results: People and Population Profile: Chester Loca ...
). In this period the
canabae
A (plural ) was the Latin term for a hut or hovel and was later (from the time of Hadrian) used typically to mean a town that emerged as a civilian settlement () in the vicinity of a Roman legionary fortress ().
A settlement that grew up outs ...
, or civilian settlement, that had grown up around the legionary fort began turning it into a town. Archaeological research has found that an unfinished legionary
bath house
Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other cr ...
in the centre of the town eventually became the town's
forum
Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to:
Common uses
* Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States
*Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city
**Roman Forum, most famous example
*Internet ...
. A decade later a civic street grid was subsuming the plan of the old legionary fort.
The colonnaded forum was started in the 120s covering the unfinished bath house, and with the impressive dedicatory inscription to Hadrian found in excavations dating the completion to 130. By then the town had expanded especially under
Emperor Hadrian
Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania B ...
to cover an area of more than . It then had many public buildings, including
thermae
In ancient Rome, (from Greek , "hot") and (from Greek ) were facilities for bathing. usually refers to the large Roman Empire, imperial public bath, bath complexes, while were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed i ...
. Simpler temples and shops have also been excavated. At its peak, Viroconium is estimated to have been one of the richest and the fourth largest Roman settlement in Britain with a population of more than 15,000.
[ Its wealth is surprising for what remained a frontier town and is perhaps explained by its access to Wales and to other trade routes.
Between 165 and 185 the forum burned down, including neighbouring shops and houses, and many shop contents were subsequently found in excavations. The forum was rebuilt with several modifications.
Following the ]end of Roman rule in Britain
The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain. Roman rule ended in different parts of Britain at different times, and under different circumstances.
In 383, the usurper Magnus Maximus withdrew tr ...
around 410, the Cornovii tribe divided into Pengwern
Pengwern was a Brythonic settlement of sub-Roman Britain situated in what is now the English county of Shropshire, adjoining the modern Welsh border. It is generally regarded as being the early seat of the kings of Powys before its establishm ...
(Shropshire
Shropshire (; alternatively Salop; abbreviated in print only as Shrops; demonym Salopian ) is a landlocked historic county in the West Midlands region of England. It is bordered by Wales to the west and the English counties of Cheshire to th ...
) and the Kingdom of Powys
The Kingdom of Powys ( cy, Teyrnas Powys; la, Regnum Poysiae) was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain. It very roughly covered the northern ...
. This socio-political division started Viroconium's decline as an important settlement.
Early medieval period
Although Viroconium served as the early sub-Roman
Sub-Roman Britain is the period of late antiquity in Great Britain between the End of Roman rule in Britain, end of Roman rule and the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo-Saxon settlement. The term was originally used to describe archaeo ...
capital of Powys
Powys (; ) is a Local government in Wales#Principal areas, county and Preserved counties of Wales, preserved county in Wales. It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh succession of states, successor state, petty kingdom and princi ...
, variously identified with the ancient Welsh cities of Cair Urnarc or Cair Guricon which appeared in the ''Historia Brittonum
''The History of the Britons'' ( la, Historia Brittonum) is a purported history of the indigenous British (Brittonic) people that was written around 828 and survives in numerous recensions that date from after the 11th century. The ''Historia Bri ...
''s list of the 28 ''civitates
In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (; plural ), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the , or citizens, united by law (). It is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities () on th ...
'' of Britain,Nennius
Nennius – or Nemnius or Nemnivus – was a Welsh monk of the 9th century. He has traditionally been attributed with the authorship of the ''Historia Brittonum'', based on the prologue affixed to that work. This attribution is widely considered ...
(). Theodor Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th cent ...
(). ''Historia Brittonum'', VI. Composed after AD 830. Hosted at Latin Wikisource. Viroconium became the site of the court of a sub-Roman kingdom known in Old English as the '' Wrocensaete'', which was the successor territorial unit to Cornovia. ''Wrocensaete'' means the ‘inhabitants of Wroxeter’.
The Wroxeter Stone or Cunorix Stone, was found in 1967, with an inscription in an Insular Celtic language
Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages of Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany, ...
, identified by the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP) at UCL as "partly-Latinized Primitive Irish".[CISP database, 'http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/wrxtr_1.html', recovered 14 Sep 2014] The inscription, probably on a re-used gravestone, is dated to 460-475 AD, when Irish raiders had begun to make permanent settlements in South Wales and south-western Britain.
Town life in Viroconium continued in the fifth century, but many of the buildings fell into disrepair. Between 530 and 570, when most Roman urban sites and villas in Britain were being abandoned, there was a substantial rebuilding programme. The old basilica was carefully demolished and replaced with new timber-framed buildings on rubble platforms. These probably included a very large two-storey building and a number of storage buildings and houses. In all, 33 new buildings were "carefully planned and executed" and "skillfully constructed to Roman measurements using a trained labour force". Who instigated this rebuilding programme is not known, but it may have been a bishop. Some of the buildings were renewed three times, and the community probably lasted about 75 years until, for some reason, many of the buildings were dismantled.
The site was probably abandoned peacefully in the second half of the seventh century or the beginning of the eighth. The later minor Wreocensæte
The Wreocensæte ( ang, Wrēocensǣte, Wrōcensǣte, Wrōcesǣte, Wōcensǣte, italic=no), sometimes anglicized as the Wrekinsets, were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Their name approximates to "Wrekin-dwellers". It is also suggested ...
sub-kingdom of the Angles
The Angles ( ang, Ængle, ; la, Angli) were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period. They founded several kingdoms of the Heptarchy in Anglo-Saxon England. Their name is the root of the name ' ...
emerged in the area when Oswiu
Oswiu, also known as Oswy or Oswig ( ang, Ōswīg; c. 612 – 15 February 670), was King of Bernicia from 642 and of Northumbria from 654 until his death. He is notable for his role at the Synod of Whitby in 664, which ultimately brought the chu ...
conquered Pengwern in 656. Eventually the court of the Kingdom of Powys moved to Mathrafal
Mathrafal near Welshpool, in Powys, Mid Wales, was the seat of the Kings and Princes of Kingdom of Powys, Powys probably from the 9th century until its destruction in 1213 by Prince Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Llywelyn the Great.
Location
On the ba ...
sometime before 717 following famine and plague in its original location.
Preservation
Although archaeologist Philip A. Barker
Philip Arthur Barker (22 August 1920 – 2001) was a British archaeologist who was most famous for his work on excavation methodology.
Education
He left school with no qualifications and served in the RAF during the Second World War befo ...
believed stonework from Viroconium Cornoviorum was used to build the nearby parish churches of Atcham
Atcham is a village, ecclesiastical parish and civil parish in Shropshire, England. It lies on the B4380 (once the A5), 5 miles south-east of Shrewsbury. The River Severn flows round the village. To the south is the village of Cross Houses and ...
, Wroxeter
Wroxeter is a village in Shropshire, England, which forms part of the civil parish of Wroxeter and Uppington, beside the River Severn, south-east of Shrewsbury.
''Viroconium Cornoviorum'', the fourth largest city in Roman Britain, was sited ...
, and Upton Magna
Upton Magna is a village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. (''Magna'' is Latin, meaning "great". Therefore, the translation of Upton Magna is "Great Upton".) Nearby are the villages of Uffington, Rodington and Withington, as well as the wo ...
, some substantial remains are still standing. These include "the Old Work" (an archway, part of the baths' ''frigidarium
A frigidarium is one of the three main bath chambers of a Roman bath or ''thermae'', namely the cold room. It often contains a swimming pool.
The succession of bathing activities in the ''thermae'' is not known with certainty, but it is thought ...
'' and the largest free-standing Roman ruin in England) and the remains of a baths complex. These are on display to the public and, along with a small museum, are looked after by English Heritage
English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts and country houses.
The charity states that i ...
under the name "Wroxeter Roman City". Some of the more important finds are housed in the Music Hall Museum in Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury ( , also ) is a market town, civil parish, and the county town of Shropshire, England, on the River Severn, north-west of London; at the 2021 census, it had a population of 76,782. The town's name can be pronounced as either 'Sh ...
. Most of the town still remains buried, but it has largely been mapped through geophysical survey
Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the E ...
and aerial archaeology
Aerial archaeology is the study of archaeological remains by examining them from a higher altitude. In present day, this is usually achieved by satellite images or through the use of drones.
Details
Aerial Archaeology involves interpretation an ...
.
Archaeological research of the site is ongoing with further buildings being excavated.
Reconstructed villa
In February 2011 a reconstructed Roman villa was opened to the public to give visitors an insight into Roman building techniques and how the Romans lived. A Channel 4
Channel 4 is a British free-to-air public broadcast television network operated by the state-owned enterprise, state-owned Channel Four Television Corporation. It began its transmission on 2 November 1982 and was established to provide a four ...
television series entitled '' Rome Wasn't Built in a Day'' showed how it was built using authentic ancient techniques. The builders were assisted by a team of local volunteers and supervised by archaeologist Dai Morgan Evans Dai Morgan Evans (1 March 1944 – 1 March 2017) was a British archaeologist and academic. He is best known for his television appearances in programmes such as '' Rome Wasn't Built in a Day''.
Morgan Evans was born in West Kirby and grew up in Ch ...
, who designed the villa.
Notes
Bibliography
*
*Anderson, J. Corbet. ''The Roman City of Uriconium at Wroxeter, Salop. – Illustrative of the History and Social Life of Our Romano-British Forefathers.'' London: J. Russell Smith, 1867.
*Atkinson, Donald. ''Report on the Excavations at Wroxeter (the Roman City of Viroconium) in the County of Salop, 1923–1927.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942.
*Barker, Philip, Ed. ''Wroxeter Roman City: Excavations 1966–1980.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1980.
*Barker, Philip, and Webster, Graham. ''From Roman Viroconium to medieval Wroxeter: recent work on the site of the Roman city of Wroxeter.'' Worcester: West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, 1990.
*Barker, Philip, and White, Roger. ''Wroxeter Roman City (English Heritage Guidebooks).'' Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage, 1999.
*
*Bushe-Fox, J. P. ''Excavations on the Site of the Roman Town at Wroxeter, Shropshire, in 1912 (Society of Antiquaries of London. Research Committee. Report no. 1).'' Oxford: Society of Antiquaries, 1913.
*Bushe-Fox, J. P. ''Excavations on the Site of the Roman Town at Wroxeter, Shropshire, in 1913: Second Report (Society of Antiquaries of London. Research Committee. Report no. 2).'' Oxford: Society of Antiquaries, 1915.
*Bushe-Fox, J. P. ''Excavations on the Site of the Roman Town at Wroxeter, Shropshire, in 1914: Third Report (Society of Antiquaries of London. Research Committee. Report no. 4).'' Oxford: Society of Antiquaries, 1916.
*De la Bedoyere, Guy. (1991). ''The Buildings of Roman Britain''.
*Ellis, Peter. ''The Roman Baths and Macellum at Wroxeter.'' Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage, 2000.
*Ellis, Peter, and White, Roger. 'Wroxeter Archaeology Excavation and Research on the Defences and in the Town – 1968–1992.' in ''Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society,'' Vol. 78. Shrewsbury, Shrops.: Shropshire Archaeological Society, 2006.
*Fox, George E. ''A Guide to the Roman City of Uriconium at Wroxeter, Shropshire.'' Wellington, Shrops.: Shropshire Archaeological Society, 1927.
*Frere, S. S. ''Britannia: a History of Roman Britain.'' London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1987.
*Gaffney, V. L., and White, R. H. (2007). 'Wroxeter, the Cornovii, and the Urban Process: Final Report on the Wroxeter Hinterland Project 1994–1997', ''Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series'', No. 68.
*
*Kenyon, Kathleen M. ''Excavations at Viroconium, 1936–1937.'' Shrewsbury, Shrops. Shropshire Archaeological Society, 1937.
*Rivet, A. L. F., and Smith, Colin. (1979). ''The Place-Names of Roman Britain''.
*Urban, Sylvanus. 'The Roman City of Uriconium.' ''Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review'', 1859. 206: 447–458.
*Webster, Graham. ''The Cornovii.'' London: Sutton, 1991.
*Webster, Graham. ''The Legionary Fortress at Wroxeter: Excavations by Graham Webster, 1955–1985.'' Swindon, Wilts.: English Heritage, 2002.
*Webster, Graham. ''The Roman Army.'' London: Grosvenor Museum, 1973.
*Webster, Graham, ''The Roman Imperial Army: Of the First and Second Centuries A.D.'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
The University of Oklahoma Press (OU Press) is the publishing arm of the University of Oklahoma. Founded in 1929 by the fifth president of the University of Oklahoma, William Bennett Bizzell, it was the first university press to be established i ...
, 1998.
*Webster, Graham, and Barker, Philip. ''Viroconium, Wroxeter Roman City.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1966 & 1978.
*
*White, Thomas. ''A Guide to the Ruins of Uriconium, at Wroxeter, Near Shrewsbury.'' Kessinger Publishing
Kessinger Publishing LLC is an American print-on-demand
Print on demand (POD) is a printing technology and business process in which book copies (or other documents, packaging or materials) are not printed until the company receives an orde ...
, 2009, . BiblioBazaar
BiblioBazaar is, with Nabu Press, an imprint of the historical reprints publisher BiblioLife, which is based in Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston C ...
, 2010, . Nabu Press
BiblioBazaar is, with Nabu Press, an imprint of the historical reprints publisher BiblioLife, which is based in Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston C ...
, 2010,
*White, Thomas. ''Uriconium; A Historical Account of the Ancient Roman City, and of the Excavations Made Upon Its Site, at Wroxeter, in Shropshire.'' General Books
Books LLC is an American publisher and a book sales club based in Memphis, Tennessee. Its primary work is collecting Wikipedia and Wikia articles and selling them as printed and downloadable books.
Print-on-demand and electronic products
Books L ...
, 2010.
External links
BBC: Architectural Heritage
Wroxeter Roman City: English Heritage
Teachers' Resource pack on Wroxeter: English Heritage
Viroconium Cornoviorum: Roman Legionary Fortress, British Tribal City – Roman-Britain.co.uk
Roman Fort and Bridge, Wroxeter, Shropshire – Roman-Britain.co.uk
Wroxeter – Roman Britain's Fourth Largest City: Article by Gareth Evans
1859 Article from ''Gentleman's Magazine''
Wroxeter, the Cornovii, and the Urban Process
Report on Uriconium: Archaeological assessment of Wroxeter, Shropshire
*
*
{{authority control
50s establishments in the Roman Empire
1st-century establishments in Roman Britain
English Heritage sites in Shropshire
Archaeological sites in Shropshire
Ruins in Shropshire
History of Shropshire
Roman towns and cities in England
Tourist attractions in Shropshire
Former populated places in Shropshire
Sub-Roman Britain
Museums in Shropshire
Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom
Archaeological museums in England
Roman legionary fortresses in England