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''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)
Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).
''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19-43.
Flora Zambesiaca.
The Plant List. to 75. The genus is not well known, with current knowledge dependent mainly on outdated studies, and there is little agreement regarding its taxonomy. The genus ''Urera'' was first described by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré in 1826 in his review of the studies done on Louis de Freycinet's voyage of the '' Uranie''. He noted its distinctness, proposing the
The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology.
'' American Journal of Botany'' 93(3): 426-41. No botanical
Species include:
*''
PDF fulltext
* Pool, A. (2001). ''Urera''. ''In'': Stevens, W. D., et al. (eds.): ''Flora de Nicaragua'' (Vol. 3): 2492–95. ''Monographs in Botany'' 85. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. * Standley, P. C. & Steyermark, J. A. (1952). ''Urera''. ''Fieldiana Botany'' 24(3), 424-28
PDF fulltext
* Sytsma, K. J., et al. (2002)
Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences.
''American Journal of Botany'' 89(9), 1531–46. * Weddell, H. A. (1869). ''Myriocarpa''. ''In'': de Candolle, A. P. (ed.): ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis'' (Vol. 16): 23533–36. Paris, France. {{Taxonbar, from=Q5234538 Urticaceae genera Pantropical flora Taxa named by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré Dioecious plants
Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).
''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19-43.
Description
''Urera'' areliana
A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...
s,''Urera''.Flora Zambesiaca.
shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
s, and small trees. Climbing species root along the stems and can reach the crowns of the trees they use for support. Some are spiny. They almost always have urticating hairs, often on bumps in the epidermis. These are stiff, stinging trichomes with swollen bases. The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species. Also useful is the varying appearance and arrangement of cystoliths on the leaf surface. The inflorescence is a divided, branching panicle
A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are of ...
of flowers. Most species are dioecious
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...
, but a few are monoecious
Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.
Monoecy is conne ...
. Most species have male flowers with either four or five stamen
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...
s and tepals. Female flowers generally have four uneven, free to mostly fused tepals. The fruit is an achene
An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not ope ...
covered in orange or red flesh.
Systematics and taxonomy
About 113species epithet Specific name may refer to:
* in Database management systems, a system-assigned name that is unique within a particular database
In taxonomy, either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules:
* Specific name (botany)
A botanical name ...
s have been published for the genus. Many species have been transferred to other genera, including '' Boehmeria'', '' Dendrocnide'', ''Girardinia
''Girardinia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Urticaceae.
Its native range is the tropical and subtropical Old World to Russian Far East. It is found in the countries of Angola, Assam, Bangladesh, Burundi, Cameroon, China, ...
'', ''Gyrotaenia
''Gyrotaenia'' is a genus of plants in the family Urticaceae
The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plant ...
'', '' Laportea'', and ''Obetia
''Obetia'' is a genus of dioecious plants in the family Urticaceae
The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and usefu ...
''. It is not clear how many valid species currently belong in ''Urera'', with estimates ranging from 17''Urera''.The Plant List. to 75. The genus is not well known, with current knowledge dependent mainly on outdated studies, and there is little agreement regarding its taxonomy. The genus ''Urera'' was first described by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré in 1826 in his review of the studies done on Louis de Freycinet's voyage of the '' Uranie''. He noted its distinctness, proposing the
subtribe
Subtribe is a taxonomic category ranking which is below the rank of tribe and above genus. The standard suffix for a subtribe is -ina (in animals) or -inae (in plants
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plant ...
Urereae. This was later raised to the rank of tribe, and subsequently merged into Urticeae.Friis, I. (1989): The Urticaceae: a systematic review. ''In'': Crane, P. E. & Blackmore, S. (eds.): ''Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae'' (Vol. 2): 285–308. ''Systematics Association Special Volume'' 40B. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK.
''Urera'' was expanded to include the monospecific genus ''Scepocarpus''. Analysis of '' trnL-F'' chloroplast
A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in ...
DNA sequence data suggests that ''Urera'' could be sister to ''Poikilospermum
''Poikilospermum'' is a genus of shrubs or tall woody climbers, consisting of at least 33 accepted species. The plants are found from India and China (Yunnan), the Sino-Himalayan region to Sulawesi and Jawa in Indonesia. Some of the plants are u ...
'' within the Urticaceae.Monro, A. K. (2006)The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology.
'' American Journal of Botany'' 93(3): 426-41. No botanical
monograph
A monograph is a specialist work of writing (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, often by a single author or artist, and usually on a scholarly subject.
In library cataloging, ''monograph ...
s have been devoted to ''Urera'' since 1869. Knowledge of the systematics of the genus has accumulated mainly from new descriptions of species and floristic accounts.
Selected species
Species include:
*''Urera acuminata
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera aurantiaca
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), ...
''
*'' Urera baccifera'' ( L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd.
Hugh Algernon Weddell (22 June 1819 – 22 July 1877) was a physician and botanist, specialising in South American flora.
Weddell was born at Birches House, Painswick near Gloucester, England but was raised in France and educated ...
, 1852 – guaritoto, scratchbush
*''Urera cameroonensis
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera capitata
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19 ...
''
*''Urera caracasana
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), ...
'' (Jacq.
Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin (16 February 172726 October 1817) was a scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany.
Biography
Born in Leiden in the Netherlands, he studied medicine at Leiden University, then moved first to Par ...
) Gaudich. ex Griseb., 1859 – flameberry
*''Urera elata
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera expansa
''Urera expansa'' is a species of plant in the family Urticaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and th ...
'' (Sw.
Olof Peter Swartz (21 September 1760 – 19 September 1818) was a Swedish botanist and taxonomist. He is best known for his taxonomic work and studies into pteridophytes.
Biography
Olof Swartz attended the University of Uppsala where he st ...
) Griseb.
*''Urera glabra
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), ...
'' ( Hook. & Arn.
George Arnott Walker Arnott of Arlary (6 February 1799 – 17 April 1868) was a Scottish botanist.
Early life
George Arnott Walker Arnott was born in Edinburgh in 1799, the son of David Walker Arnott of Arlary. He attended Milnathort Parish ...
) Wedd. – hopue, ''Ōpuhe'' ( Hawaii)
*''Urera henriquesii
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera kaalae
''Urera kaalae'', opuhe, is a species of flowering plant in the nettle family, Urticaceae, that is endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii. It inhabits slopes and gulches in mesic forests at elevations of . Currently it is restricted to the sout ...
'' Wawra – ''Ōpuhe'' ( Oahu in Hawaii)
*''Urera laciniata
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera mannii
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera nitida
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera repens
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera simplex
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera sinuata
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera thonneri
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
''
*''Urera trinervis
''Urera trinervis'' (Hochst.) Friis & Immelman is a softly woody dioecious liane, sometimes epiphytic, climbing to 20 m, often to the canopy and hanging in festoons. It is one of some 44 species of ''Urera'' belonging to the nettle family Urtic ...
'' ( Hochst.) Friis & Immelman, 1987
*''Urera verrucosa
''Urera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.Steinmann, V. W. (2005)Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19- ...
'' – ''chichicastle'', ''mala mujer''
References
Further reading
* Burger, W. (1977). ''Urera''. ''Fieldiana Botany'' 40: 276-80PDF fulltext
* Pool, A. (2001). ''Urera''. ''In'': Stevens, W. D., et al. (eds.): ''Flora de Nicaragua'' (Vol. 3): 2492–95. ''Monographs in Botany'' 85. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. * Standley, P. C. & Steyermark, J. A. (1952). ''Urera''. ''Fieldiana Botany'' 24(3), 424-28
PDF fulltext
* Sytsma, K. J., et al. (2002)
Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences.
''American Journal of Botany'' 89(9), 1531–46. * Weddell, H. A. (1869). ''Myriocarpa''. ''In'': de Candolle, A. P. (ed.): ''Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis'' (Vol. 16): 23533–36. Paris, France. {{Taxonbar, from=Q5234538 Urticaceae genera Pantropical flora Taxa named by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré Dioecious plants