''Uranoscopus brunneus'', the dark-finned stargazer, is a member of the group ''Uranoscopidae'', the benthic living fishes distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans.

Description

The stargazers are from the

perciform Perciformes (), also called the Percomorpha or Acanthopteri, is an order (biology), order or superorder of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish. If considered a single order, they are the most numerous order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of a ...

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

family called ''Uranoscopidae''. They are a group of benthic living fishes distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans, however, few species occasionally enter brackish waters or even fresh water habitats. They bury in sand or mud, leaving only the eyes and anterodorsal part of their head exposed. Members of the stargazers are characterised by having dorsally or dorsolaterally directed eyes placed on or near the top of their large, flattened, cuboid head. They are commonly called stargazers because these small eyes turn upwards 'looking at the stars'. They have oblique to vertical mouth, with lips usually lined with cutaneous cirri. Their body is elongated and sub-compressed. In the family ''Uranoscopidae'', seven genera and 53 valid species are known. The genus comprises a total of 25 valid species of which the last two were discovered in 2018. ''Uranoscopus brunneus'' is a member of a species group which is characterised by a supracleithrum with a sharp spine at rear end and one or more spines inside. Hence, the dorsoposterior margin of the pectoral fin is distinctly concave (forming an angle of about 30–40° between upper edge and middle ray). ''Uranoscopus brunneus'' exclusively possesses within the group: * 12 anal-fin rays (other species 13–14), * 62 oblique scale rows along the sides of the body (other species 47–59), * 8 spines on the lower margin of the preopercle (other species 3–6), * and dark brown pectoral-fin membranes (other species: pale to light brown).

Distribution and habitat

The genus ''

Uranoscopus ''Uranoscopus'' is a genus of stargazer fish from the family Uranoscopidae. The name ''Uranoscopus'' is from the Greek, ''ouranos'', "sky" and ''skopein'', "to watch". Species There are 25 species in the genus: * ''Uranoscopus affinis'' Cuvier, ...

'' is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, the eastern Atlantic, and the Mediterranean and Black Sea. ''Uranoscopus brunneus'' can be found in Papua New Guinea (New Britain), Philippines, and Indonesia. The species can be found on soft bottoms of lower

continental shelf A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a shelf sea. Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in sea level during glacial periods. The shelf surrounding an island ...

; known depth range 315−625 m.

Etymology

“Brunneus” (Latin) means brown; the name refers to the overall brown color of the species, and especially to its brown pectoral fin membranes. ''Uranoscopus'' is from the Greek, ''ouranos'', "sky" and ''skopein'', "to watch".

Life cycle

The stargazer lays small, transparent eggs on the bottom of the bay. These eggs float to the surface after they are released. They hatch into larvae and grow up to 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in). They slowly become dark in color and develop the electrical organs from eye muscles when they are 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in). After this they swim to the bottom and grow into adults.

References

__FORCETOC__ {{Taxonbar, from=Q65085852 brunneus Taxa named by Ronald Fricke Fish described in 2018