Kyrghyz) and ''
Dingling
The Dingling ( (174 BCE); (200 BCE); Eastern Han Chinese: *''teŋ-leŋ'' < : *''têŋ-rêŋ'') were ancient peopl ...
'' (丁零). While other scholars have regarded the Hujie ~ Wujie as most likely an offshoot of the Wusun, Zuev considers it possible that they were a remnant of the Yuezhi. The ''Hanshu'' recorded that the Hujie'' retreated to the
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Repu ...
area and the
Great Khingan
The Greater Khingan Range or Da Hinggan Range (; IPA: ), is a -long volcanic mountain range in the Inner Mongolia region of Northeast China.
It was originally called the Xianbei Mountains, which later became the name of the northern branch of t ...
slopes (next to the Dingling).
[Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', p. 56] According to Zuev, the ''Hujie'' emigrated further westward, initially to the
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea ( ; kk, Арал теңізі, Aral teñızı; uz, Орол денгизи, Orol dengizi; kaa, Арал теңизи, Aral teńizi; russian: Аральское море, Aral'skoye more) was an endorheic basin, endorheic lake lyi ...
area, and may have joined the Yuezhi in their migration to Sogdia and Bactria.
Augaloi
In the 2nd century CE,
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importanc ...
(VI, 12, 4) wrote of the Lower
Syr-Darya that near a northern section of the
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, tk, Amyderýa/ uz, Amudaryo// tg, Амударё, Amudaryo ps, , tr, Ceyhun / Amu Derya grc, Ὦξος, Ôxos (also called the Amu, Amo River and historically known by its Latin language, Latin name or Greek ) is a major rive ...
were the
Iatioi and ''
Tokharoi'' (Tukharas, i.e. Bactrians), and south of them were a people known as the ''Augaloi''.
Yury Zuev postulated that the ''Augaloi'' mentioned by Ptolemy with the Ukil. However, a majority of scholars regard ''Augaloi'' as a misrendering of
Sacaraucae.
Xijie
This name may be a
sinicisation
Sinicization, sinofication, sinification, or sinonization (from the prefix , 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly the language, societal norms, cul ...
of ''igil'', a Turkic root meaning "many" (''Xijie'' < 奚結 ''γiei-kiet'' < ''igil''). In the middle of the 7th century, the Xijie were reported to be located on the northern bank of the
Kherlen River
Kherlen River (also known as Kern or Kerülen; ; ) is a 1,254 km river in Mongolia and China.
Course
The river originates in the south slopes of the Khentii mountains, near the Burkhan Khaldun mountain in the Khan Khentii Strictly Protec ...
.
The text of an
Old Uyghur
Old Uyghur () was a Turkic language which was spoken in Qocho from the 9th–14th centuries and in Gansu.
History
The Old Uyghur language evolved from Old Turkic after the Uyghur Khaganate broke up and remnants of it migrated to Turfan, Qomu ...
funeral monument for
Eletmish-Kagan (d. 759), referred to the ''Qara Igil bodun'': a combination of the determinative ''qara'' ("blackness") and ''igil'' ("people"). (This name may also have suggested the influence of
Manichaeanism
Manichaeism (;
in New Persian ; ) is a former major religionR. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff ''Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times''SUNY Press, 1998 p. 37 founded in the 3rd century AD by the Parthian prophet Mani (AD ...
, which had a
"black and white" dualistic cosmology.)
In a 9th-century
Yugur
The Yugurs, Yughurs, Yugu (; Western Yugur: ''Sarïg Yogïr''; Eastern Yugur: ''Šera Yogor''), traditionally known as Yellow Uyghurs, are a Turko- Mongolic ethnic group and one of China's 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, consisting ...
text, the ''Xijie'' were mentioned as having a strong leader named Igil kül-irkin (
Old Tibetan
Old Tibetan refers to the period of Tibetan language reflected in documents from the adoption of writing by the Tibetan Empire in the mid-7th century to works of the early 11th century.
In 816 CE, during the reign of Sadnalegs, literary Tibetan ...
''Hi-kil-rkor-hir-kin''), and were located next to the ''Iduq-kas'', ''Iduq-qash'', or ''Iduk-
Az'' (
OTib ''Hi-dog-kas''), who may have been offshoot or successor of the Yuezhi or
Alans
The Alans (Latin: ''Alani'') were an ancient and medieval Iranian nomadic pastoral people of the North Caucasus – generally regarded as part of the Sarmatians, and possibly related to the Massagetae. Modern historians have connected the Al ...
or Turkicized
Yeniseian
The Yeniseian languages (sometimes known as Yeniseic or Yenisei-Ostyak;"Ostyak" is a concept of areal rather than genetic linguistics. In addition to the Yeniseian languages it also includes the Uralic languages Khanty and Selkup. occasionally ...
speakers.
Oghuz connection
A circumstantial link between the Oghuz and the Bulgar Vokil is the naming of Verkil, a
hero
A hero (feminine: heroine) is a real person or a main fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or Physical strength, strength. Like other formerly gender-specific terms (like ...
of the epic
''Kitab-i dedem Korkut''.
[Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', p. 57]
References
Sources
* {{cite book , last=Beckwith , first=Christopher I. , author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith , date=16 March 2009 , title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present , publisher=
Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large.
The press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial su ...
, isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C , access-date=30 December 2014
See also
*
History of Bulgaria
The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of Bulgaria, modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state, and includes the history of the Bulgarians, Bulgarian people and their origin. The earliest evidence of ...
*
Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomad ...
*
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part ...
*
Oguz
*
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 20 ...
Turkic peoples of Europe