Untung Suropati also Untung Surapati (1660 – December 5, 1706) was an Indonesia war fighter who led a few rebellions against the
Dutch East India Company
The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...
(VOC). Some of his exploits were written in
Babad Tanah Jawi
''Babad Tanah Jawi'' ( jv, ꦧꦧꦢ꧀ꦠꦤꦃꦗꦮꦶ, "History of the land of Java"), is a generic title for many manuscripts written in the Javanese language. Their arrangements and details vary, and no copies of any of the manuscripts are o ...
.
Early life
Surapati was born Surawiraaji, a
Bali
Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
nese. According to
Buleleng
Buleleng ( ban, ᬓᬩᬸᬧᬢᬾᬦ᭄ᬩᬸᬮᭂᬮᭂᬂ, Kabupatén Buléléng) is a regency (''kabupaten'') of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 1,365.88 km2 and population of 624,125 at the 2010 census and 791,910 at the 2020 cens ...
sources he was the son of the general for kingdom of Swecalinggarsa-pura Gelgel. After some conflict, his father alongside loyal followers sought refuge in Marga Tabanan village. Surapati, at the time four years old, was separated from the entourage when crossing Ayung river.
He was bought by VOC Captain van Beber in Bali market. Surapati then lived as a slave in
Batavia
Batavia may refer to:
Historical places
* Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands
* Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...
, the headquarters of the VOC (now
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
). He was then sold to other VOC officials, until he was eventually bought by ''edeleer'' Moor, which gave him the nickname "Untung" ( lucky) because his career and fortune improved after acquiring him.
He began a relationship with Moor's daughter Suzanne and had a son, Robert, Untung was imprisoned because of this.
In prison he became acquainted with Wirayuda and Kiai Ebun Jaladirya, who taught him Islam and formulated plan against the Dutch. in 1678, he then managed to flee to the mountainous area in the south of the city, in Udug-udug, Western Java, before moving to Cisero in 1679, and became a brigand.
The name "Surapati" was given to him because he was involved in a conflict with a prince from Cirebon called Raden Surapati, in which Untung was accused of undermining the Sultan of Cirebon. Untung was able to prove his innocence, and instead Raden Surapati was shown to have plotted against the Sultan. Raden Surapati was sentenced to death and the Sultan gave the name "Surapati" to Untung, who then began to use the name "Untung Surapati".
Surapati in Banten
The name "Surapati" was listed earlier in Dagh-Register 1676 among Balinese sworn on the Koran an oath of fidelity to the VOC. Other Balinese were Nayawangsa (or Wangsanaya) of Udug-Udug, Cakrayuda of Kamakoening, and Surayuda who alongside Surapati from Cisero. However it is unclear whether this refer to the same Surapati as in 1680, Cakrayuda wrote a letter to VOC that his "brother Surapati" was killed against Bantenese Raiders, in a later letter from Cakrayuda and Nayawangsa this was mentioned again. However later on Surapati was listed among Balinese that ask for order from Dutch officer Jan Barvelt. In a letter dated 31 March 1683 to Captain Ruijs from Cikalong, 48 Balinese under Wirayuda alongside 27 others in ill health were ready to obey the Company command, Ruijs treated them well and with the promise to not enslave them again in the hope that a certain Surapati would also surrender. As he planned to make a Balinese unit to fight against
Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa followers, in the Banten civil war with his son
Sultan Haji. On 5 May, Surapati joined with Ruijs and was put as lieutenant of the Balinese. Surapati and the Balinese was involved in the battle of Dayeuhluhur and Pamotan against Sheik Yusuf, (son-in-law of Tirtayasa) forces. Later on Surapati was sent to meet with Pangeran Purbaya (another son of Ageng Tirtayasa) and his wife Raden Ayu Gusik Kusuma alongside fled to
Gunung Gede
Mount Gede or Gunung Gede (''Big Mountain'' in Sundanese) is a stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia. The volcano contains two peaks with Mount Gede as one peak and Mount Pangrango for the other one. Three major cities, Cianjur, Sukabumi and B ...
and only want to surrender to native VOC officer. Surapati was tasked to escort and negotiate with Pangeran Purbaya, as he only trust native officers, and managed to deliver Purbaya request of a house in Balabang south-east of Cikalong. However Surapati would later be joined with Vaandrig Willem Kuffeler. Kuffeler demanded that Pangeran Purbaya surrendered his kris and other valuables which then resulted in Pangeran Purbaya fleeing and broke negotiations. Kuffeler then blamed this on Surapati, and ordered him to pursue Pangeran Purbaya, while Surapati refused the order as he was higher rank and only report to Captain Ruijs, hearing this Kuffeler threatened to put Surapati and his followers back into slavery, and in the following altercations slap Surapati's faces. Seeing these there were great turbulence among Surapati followers refusing to follow orders and wanting to take revenge.
![UntungSuropati](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/UntungSuropati.jpg)
In January 1684, with other soldiers, he attacks Kuffeler's camp which killed 15 Dutch and 28
Mardijker
The Mardijker people refers to an ethnic community in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) made up of descendants of freed slaves. They could be found at all major trading posts in the East Indies. They were mostly Christian, of various ...
, although Kuffeler escaped. Meanwhile Pangeran Purbaya surrendered on 7 February and was taken to Batavia. VOC at a lost on how to deal with Surapati's group enlisted Buleleng at first to pursue Surapati with the promise of pardon, however later found unnecessary as Pangeran Purbaya surrendered and in no danger of joining up with Surapati. Buleleng later wrote to Surapati to report to him in Cirebon and explain his actions, writing the company might distrust Balinese, who had been favored compared to Buginese and Makassarese. The company later also asked Captain Ruijs to write a letter to Surapati 'as if in his own initiative', the possibility of pardon if Surapati surrender some of his most guilty followers. Another letter explain that Ruijs was in Batavia and van Happel and Marten Samson was in charge in Cirebon, and they had received a letter from Surapati from Galunggang, any of his followers not willing to come may be regarded as enemy and be put to death, if he needed horses he can ask from Tumenggung of Sukapura. Meanwhile in another letter, Tumenggung of Sukapura wrote to Samson and van Happel that he is awaiting orders to take up arms against Surapati's group. Surapati continued to hesitate with good reason as runaway slaves still had to repay his purchase price to their former owner which in effect returning them to slavery. Later at the end of April or early May, Surapati wrote to van Happel, that he cannot come to Cirebon because of a 'sore leg'; both Surapati and Tumenggung of Sukapura would be sending deputy to discuss matter, Surapati would also send van Happel a bird and a horse as gifts. However these negotiations did not produce agreement which resulted in Surapati groups were declared enemy of VOC on 21 May. An expedition from Batavia to Cirebon by sea was sent in September 1674 under Jacob Couper, consisting of 457 Dutch and 300 Indonesian soldiers. On 24 September, Couper's expedition left Cirebon for Rajapolah, already forty Dutch soldiers fell ill and the heavy rain and marshy terrain made progress difficult. By early October they reached Rajapolah and Surapati would launch an attack in this neighborhood on 3 October with around 500 Balinese and 300 Javanese. The weather favoured the Dutch as the heavy rain stop and they were able to use firearms killing about fifty to sixty of Surapati's men. Dutch pursuit would be hampered by heavy rain that caused flooding rivers meanwhile Surapati and his followers would reached
Bagelen and
Banyumas
Banyumas ( jv, ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀, formerly spelt "Banjoemas") Regency is a regency ( id, kabupaten) in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the town of Purwokerto, but that town no longer has a central a ...
. Couper's expedition would be called off at this point because the amount of sickness of his troops and he returned to Cirebon and met up with van Happel there.
Surapati at Kartasura
Banyumas
Banyumas ( jv, ꦧꦚꦸꦩꦱ꧀, formerly spelt "Banjoemas") Regency is a regency ( id, kabupaten) in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the town of Purwokerto, but that town no longer has a central a ...
-
Bagelen area at this time were filled with former soldiers, freebooters, and mercenaries, primarily of
Balinese and
Makassarese who fought for the rebels in
Trunajaya rebellion
The Trunajaya rebellion (also spelled Trunojoyo; id, Pemberontakan Trunajaya) or Trunajaya War was the ultimately unsuccessful rebellion waged by the Madurese prince Trunajaya and fighters from Makassar against the Mataram Sultanate and its ...
. Arriving in Banyumas, Surapati would be stopped by Arya Panalika or Wirabrata, a local commander, which killed around ten of Surapati's men. When confronted by Surapati for explanation, Arya Panalika fled, who would later be removed from his position because of this display of cowardice. Surapati would later be confronted by two
Mataram forces, men from Wates and
Kedu under Ngabeis Wiriwadigda, Wiramija and Madaraka, as well as from Bagelen under the brothers Surayuda and Wira. They entered into negotiation facilitated by Balinese who served the
Sunan of
Mataram, listed as Singabarong, Wangsanata, and Mangkuyuda. Later on the
Patih
Vicegerent is the official administrative deputy of a ruler or head of state: ''vice'' (Latin for "in place of") and ''gerere'' (Latin for "to carry on, conduct").
In Oxford colleges, a vicegerent is often someone appointed by the Master of a c ...
of Mataram, Nrangkusuma, leader of anti-Dutch party in Mataram court, would meet with Surapati and subsequently informed Greving, commandant of Dutch garrison at Kartasura, he would be accepted into Mataram's service in return in killing the 'kramans' or rebel leaders.
Surapati was quick to proof his usefulness and got to work immediately in defeating 400 men strong rebel bands in Kembang Kuning in
Kedu in a fierce fight. Greving disturbed by this advised the
Sunan to send the victorious Surapati to
Semarang
Semarang ( jv, ꦏꦸꦛꦯꦼꦩꦫꦁ , Pegon: سماراڠ) is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Dutch colonial era, and is still an important regional center and port today. ...
or other coastal regions, but he would be ignored and Surapati would be invited to the capital. Surapati would later present
Sunan Amangkurat II
Amangkurat II (also known as Rahmat; died 1703) was the ''susuhunan'' of the Sultanate of Mataram from 1677 to 1703. Prior to taking the throne, he was the crown prince and had the title Pangeran Adipati Anom.
He was the first Javanese monarch t ...
at Kartasura, the head of six rebel leaders, alongside 80 fighting men, 20 sick or otherwise disabled, 60 women and children, followed by Javanese force and a band of conquered enemy. Surapati would be given land not far from the Patih Nrangkusuma, and was installed as bodyguard and protégé of
Amangkurat II
Amangkurat II (also known as Rahmat; died 1703) was the ''susuhunan'' of the Sultanate of Mataram from 1677 to 1703. Prior to taking the throne, he was the crown prince and had the title Pangeran Adipati Anom.
He was the first Javanese monarch t ...
.
Greving would like to attack Surapati with his 102 men at Kartasura, however he had to wait for authority in
Batavia
Batavia may refer to:
Historical places
* Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands
* Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...
, but by this time, Surapati had become too powerful.
Amangkurat II
Amangkurat II (also known as Rahmat; died 1703) was the ''susuhunan'' of the Sultanate of Mataram from 1677 to 1703. Prior to taking the throne, he was the crown prince and had the title Pangeran Adipati Anom.
He was the first Javanese monarch t ...
however was willing to discuss this with the Hoge Regering, and sent 3 envoys to
Batavia
Batavia may refer to:
Historical places
* Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands
* Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...
who arrived on 2 June. In the letter brought,
Amangkurat II
Amangkurat II (also known as Rahmat; died 1703) was the ''susuhunan'' of the Sultanate of Mataram from 1677 to 1703. Prior to taking the throne, he was the crown prince and had the title Pangeran Adipati Anom.
He was the first Javanese monarch t ...
explain that he accepted Surapati because his own subordinates in Banyumas had not been able to deal with Surapati, and he had induce Surapati and his men o leave by offering land in Kendal, Demak, and Kaliwungu without success. He therefore added the Company for advise as he cannot trust his own subordinates. The issue of Surapati was among several matters discussed in which the Company wish to settle with Mataram. By 8/9 May 1685, Captain
François Tack
François Tack (c. 1650 – 8 February 1686) was a Dutch East India Company (VOC) officer. Ranked captain at the time of his death, he was one of the VOC's main commanders during the 1678 Kediri campaign against Trunajaya and participated in the ...
was appointed as special envoy to lead an expedition to Mataram. His instructions 61-pages long were ready by 31 October. The most important of these matters were the debt of
Mataram in return for supporting them in
Trunajaya rebellion
The Trunajaya rebellion (also spelled Trunojoyo; id, Pemberontakan Trunajaya) or Trunajaya War was the ultimately unsuccessful rebellion waged by the Madurese prince Trunajaya and fighters from Makassar against the Mataram Sultanate and its ...
, Captain Tack was in fact empowered to reduce this debt from f 4,600,000 to f 344,000. Other matters included delimitation of VOC and Mataram territory, especially with regard to Cirebon, the maintenance of the Company monopoly of trade in opium and clothes, and the enforcement of the provision under 1677 contract, in which Mataram cannot harbored foreign elements including Balinese and Makassarese in its territory. Tack's instruction on Surapati was included in 'Secret Appendix' where he can offer reward for Surapati's death or if free pardon. In short, Tack was empowered to use all means, both open and clandestine, to get Surapati either dead or alive. The content of this 'Secret Appendix' became widely known in Mataram but not other matters like reduction of debt, as a result Tack's expedition was seen as wholly menacing punitive expedition. Tack expedition set out from Batavia on 3 November 1685, he arrived in Semarang on 22 December. It was on 27 January, Sindureja, a Mataram officer, and Suranata, regent of Demak arrived. By January 30, enough horses and provisions was prepared for expedition to Kartasura. On 2 February the expedition arrived in Kartasura and joined with Greving's garrison.
In 1686 the VOC sent Captain Tack to Kartasura to convince Amangkurat to deliver Surapati to him. Tack arrived and claimed himself as Amangkurat's soldiers who attacked Surapati's residence. In fact, this attack was a sneak raid because Amangkurat did not intend to deliver Surapati as he considered him as a precious ally. Tack was killed by Surapati's men along with 74 other Dutchs and Javanese soldiers disguised as Balinese. The rest of the VOC forces retreated to the Dutch garrison of Kartasura.
Surapati in East Java
Surapati then left Kartasura for
Pasuruan
Pasuruan ( nl, Pasoeroean) is a city in East Java, Java, Indonesia. It had a population of 186,262 at the 2010 Census and 208,006 at the 2020 Census.
It is surrounded by, but administratively separate from, Pasuruan Regency. It is located around ...
in
East Java
East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean bord ...
, where he carved out a stronghold in the land of Mataram. According to Babad tradition, he was given the title "Tumenggung Wiranegara" and rule as the fifth ''Adipati'' of Pasuruan.
Amangkurat did not intend to be dispossessed and in 1690 he sent an army which was then defeated by Surapati, whose mastery of military techniques acquired from his experience in Dutch troop, which gave him an advantage over the Javanese. In 1699, the stronghold of Surapati extended over a significant part of East Java and included
Madiun
Madiun ( jv, ꦑꦸꦛꦩꦝꦶꦪꦸꦤ꧀, translit=Kutha Madhiun) is a landlocked city in the western part of East Java, Indonesia, known for its agricultural center. It was formerly (until 2010) the capital of the Madiun Regency, but is now adm ...
.
Amangkurat II died in 1703. His son succeeded him under the title of
Amangkurat III. The new successor had sympathies for Surapati. But he was contested by one of his brothers, Prince Puger. In the following year, the VOC recognized Puger as new Sultan, he took the title of
Pakubuwono I
Pakubuwono I (also as Pakubuwana I, before his reign was known as Pangeran Puger), uncle of Amangkurat III of Mataram was a combatant for the succession of the Mataram dynasty, both as a co-belligerent during the Trunajaya rebellion (from 1677 t ...
. It was the beginning of the
First Javanese War of Succession
The First Javanese War of Succession was a struggle between Sultan Amangkurat III of Mataram and the Dutch East India Company who supported the claim of the Sultan's uncle, Pangeran Puger to the throne.
Amangkurat II died in 1703 and was brie ...
. In 1705, a coalition formed by Javanese soldiers from different regions of the archipelago, as well as VOC armed force, marched on Kartasura. Amangkurat III must fled, he then joined Surapati. The latter was killed in 1706 during an attack by joint forces of
Pakubuwono
Susuhunan, or in short version Sunan, is a title used by the monarchs of Mataram and then by the hereditary rulers of Surakarta, Indonesia.
Additionally in Bali and Yogyakarta, so-called " Kings of kings" reigned with this title, while their k ...
,
Madurese and VOC soldiers.
Surapati was conferred the title of "
National Hero of Indonesia
National Hero of Indonesia ( id, Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia. It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic, defined as "actual deeds which can b ...
" by the
Suharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
regime in 1975.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Surapati
1660 births
1706 deaths
National Heroes of Indonesia
17th-century Indonesian people
18th-century Indonesian people
Balinese people