An unsaturated fat is a
fat or
fatty acid in which there is at least one
double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is
monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and
polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.
Where double bonds are formed,
hydrogen atoms are subtracted from the carbon chain. Thus, a
saturated fat
A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched c ...
has no double bonds, has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons, and therefore is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. In cellular
metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules contain somewhat less energy (i.e., fewer
calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to
lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation is the chain of reactions of oxidative degradation of lipids. It is the process in which radical (chemistry), free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage. This process proceeds by ...
(
rancidity).
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. This can lead to polymerization and other chain reactions. They are frequently added to industrial products, such as fuels and lubricant ...
s can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.
Chemistry and nutrition
Double bonds may be in either a
''cis'' or a ''trans'' isomer, depending on the
geometry of the double bond. In the ''cis'' isomer,
hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond; whereas in the ''trans'' isomer, they are on opposite sides of the double bond (see
trans fat).
Saturated fat
A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched c ...
s are useful in
processed foods because saturated fats are less vulnerable to rancidity and usually more solid at room
temperature than unsaturated fats. Unsaturated chains have a lower melting point, hence these molecules increase the fluidity of
cell membranes.
Although both monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fat
Polyunsaturated fats are fats in which the constituent hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters. "Unsaturated" refers to the fact tha ...
s can replace saturated fat in the diet, trans unsaturated fats should not. Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats helps lower levels of total
cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol in the
blood. Trans unsaturated fats are an exception because the double bond
stereochemistry
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. The study of stereochemistry focuses on the relationships between stereois ...
predisposes the carbon chains to assume a linear
conformation, which conforms to rigid packing as in
plaque formation. The geometry of the cis double bond induces a bend in the
molecule, thereby precluding rigid formations (see links above for drawings that illustrate this). Natural sources of
fatty acids (see above) are rich in the cis isomer.
Although polyunsaturated fats are protective against
cardiac arrhythmias, a study of post-
menopauseal women with a relatively low fat intake showed that polyunsaturated fat is positively associated with progression of
coronary atherosclerosis, whereas
monounsaturated fat is not. This probably is an indication of the greater vulnerability of polyunsaturated fats to
lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation is the chain of reactions of oxidative degradation of lipids. It is the process in which radical (chemistry), free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage. This process proceeds by ...
, against which
vitamin E has been shown to be protective.
Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are
palmitoleic acid,
oleic acid,
myristoleic acid,
linoleic acid, and
arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6), or 20:4(5,8,11,14). It is structurally related to the saturated arachidic acid found in cupuaçu butter. Its name derives from the New Latin word ''arachi ...
. Foods containing unsaturated fats include
avocado,
nuts
Nut often refers to:
* Nut (fruit), fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed, or a collective noun for dry and edible fruits or seeds
* Nut (hardware), fastener used with a bolt
Nut or Nuts may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Com ...
,
olive oil
Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of ''Olea europaea''; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, produced by pressing whole olives and extracting the oil. It is commonly used in cooking: f ...
s, and
vegetable oils such as
canola.
Meat
Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted, farmed, and scavenged animals for meat since prehistoric times. The establishment of settlements in the Neolithic Revolution allowed the domestication of animals such as chic ...
products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.
Although unsaturated fats are conventionally regarded as 'healthier' than saturated fats, the United States
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation stated that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake. Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Marketers advertise only one or the other, depending on which one makes up the majority. Thus, various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat.
In chemical analysis, fatty acids are separated by gas chromatography of methyl esters; additionally, a separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by argentation thin-layer chromatography.
Membrane composition as a metabolic pacemaker
Studies on the
cell membranes of
mammal
Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or ...
s and
reptile
Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...
s discovered that mammalian cell membranes are composed of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (
DHA,
omega-3 fatty acid) than
reptile
Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...
s.
Studies on bird fatty acid composition have noted similar proportions to mammals but with 1/3rd less omega-3 fatty acids as compared to
omega-6 for a given body size.
This fatty acid composition results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions (H+ & Na+), resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to maintain. This maintenance cost has been argued to be one of the key causes for the high metabolic rates and concomitant
warm-bloodedness of mammals and birds.
However polyunsaturation of cell membranes may also occur in response to chronic cold temperatures as well. In
fish increasingly cold environments lead to increasingly high cell membrane content of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, to maintain greater membrane fluidity (and functionality) at the lower
temperatures.
See also
*
Iodine value – a chemical analysis method to determine the proportion of unsaturated fat.
*
List of unsaturated fatty acids
References
{{lipids
Carboxylic acids
#
Food science
Lipids
Nutrition