''United States v. Jewell'', 532 F.2d 697 (9th Cir. 1976), is a

criminal case Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It prescribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one's self. Most criminal law i ...

in which the court held that willful ignorance satisfied the requirements of knowledge of a fact. The holding gave rise to the

jury instruction Jury instructions, directions to the jury, or judge's charge are legal rules that jurors should follow when deciding a case. They are a type of jury control procedure to support a fair trial. Description Jury instructions are the set of legal ...

known as the

ostrich instruction The ostrich instruction is a jury instruction that the requirement of knowledge to establish a guilty mind (''mens rea''), is satisfied by deliberate ignorance - deliberate avoidance of knowledge.Ostrich Instruction: Deliberate Ignorance as a Crim ...

. Jewell was approached in a bar in northern Mexico near the border with the United States, and after being offered marijuana which he declined to buy, was asked if he would drive a car across the border for $100. The car was stopped at customs and marijuana was found in the car in a compartment that Jewell had noticed but not inspected. To be found guilty the law required that he have knowledge of marijuana being in the car. The trial court instructed the jury that the ''"government can complete their burden of proof by proving... if the defendant was not actually aware... his ignorance... was solely and entirely a result of his having made a conscious purpose to and disregard the nature of that which was in the vehicle."'' The appellate court wrote, ''"deliberate ignorance and positive knowledge are equally culpable... one 'knows' facts of which he is less than absolutely certain. To act 'knowingly', therefore, is not necessarily to act only with positive knowledge, but also to act with awareness of the high probability of the fact in question... 'knowledge is established if a person is aware of a high probability of its existence, unless he actually believes that it does not exist."''

References

{{reflist 1976 in United States case law United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases