The United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion community consists of
Naval Officer
An officer is a person who holds a position of authority as a member of an armed force or uniformed service.
Broadly speaking, "officer" means a commissioned officer, a non-commissioned officer, or a warrant officer. However, absent context ...
s and Enlisted members who are specially trained to run and maintain the nuclear reactors that power the
submarines
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely o ...
and
aircraft carriers
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a n ...
of the United States Navy. Operating more than 80 nuclear-powered ships, the United States Navy is currently the largest naval force in the world.
[About the U.S. Navy](_blank)
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History
The United States Navy first began research into the applications of nuclear power in 1946 at the Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project w ...
's nuclear power-focused laboratory to develop a nuclear power plant. Eight men were assigned to the project. One of these men was Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, who is known as the "Father of the Nuclear Navy.”
Submarines
The first nuclear-powered submarine, the , was launched and commissioned in 1954. The development of the nuclear-powered submarine greatly increased capabilities; the duration a sub could remain underwater was now limited only by food supply. By using power generated from the reactor, air was able to be continually recycled and water was able to be distilled from seawater. The nuclear-powered sub could also reach and maintain much higher speeds than its predecessors.
Shortly after the USS ''Nautilus'', the was commissioned. The reactor engine in the USS ''Seawolf'' was a liquid metal-cooled (sodium) reactor. This proved to be a more difficult reactor to maintain and was eventually replaced with a pressurized-water reactor, the same design used in the USS ''Nautilus''.
The first production run of nuclear submarines was the , which was followed by the . The ''Skipjack'' was designed with a more advanced teardrop hull that provided greater hydrodynamics, which allowed the submarines to achieve higher speeds while producing less noise.
Today, the United States Navy operates four different classes of submarine: the , , and es.
The United States has a total of 70 submarines on active duty as of 2018. All are nuclear-powered. There are 18 ''Ohio'' class, 14 ''Virginia'' class, 3 ''Seawolf'' class and 35 ''Los Angeles'' class.
Aircraft carriers
Shortly to follow in utilizing nuclear technology was the aircraft carrier. Commissioned in 1961, the USS ''Enterprise'' was the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
The first production class of nuclear-powered aircraft carrier is the . Ten ''Nimitz''-class aircraft carriers in total were produced with all remaining in active duty. This class of aircraft carrier is currently intended to be replaced with the . The ''Gerald R. Ford''-class aircraft carriers are still in production, with three currently being produced. There are plans to produce an additional seven vessels.
The United States to this day has a total of 11 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and controls the largest carrier fleet in the world.[Aircraft Carrier Fleet Strength](_blank)
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Cruisers
For almost 40 years, the US Navy had nuclear powered cruisers as a part of its fleet, beginning in 1961 with the commissioning of and ending in 1998 with the decommissioning of . The Navy had a total nine nuclear cruisers spread across five different classes. The Navy found they were too costly to maintain and eventually stopped producing them. ''Long Beach'' was equipped with a C1W cruiser reactor while the other eight ships were equipped with D2G destroyer reactors.
Nuclear equipment
Power generation
All of the Navy's submarines and aircraft carriers are propelled by nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced b ...
. In order for this to happen, each ship essentially contains a small nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a electric generator, generato ...
. The power generated by this reactor is created through nuclear fission
Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radio ...
. During the process of nuclear fission, there are two products of significant importance in the reactor: heat and radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. This includes:
* ''electromagnetic radiation'', such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visi ...
. The heat is generated from the breaking down of the fuel source (uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weak ...
). Uranium creates heat through a self-sustaining reaction as it is bombarded by free neutrons
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behave ...
created during fission and then reabsorbed to continue the reaction. The heat generated from the reaction heats water in the steam generator A Steam generator is a device used to boil water to create steam. More specifically, it may refer to:
*Boiler (steam generator), a closed vessel in which water is heated under pressure
*Monotube steam generator
*Supercritical steam generator or Ben ...
. Due to the pressurization
{{Wiktionary
Pressurization or pressurisation is the application of pressure in a given situation or environment.
Industrial
Industrial equipment is often maintained at pressures above or below atmospheric.
Atmospheric
This is the process by ...
of the system, the water that cools the reactor does not boil, but creates a media to transfer the heat to the steam plants to create steam. As steam is produced, it is forced through a series of pipes and past different turbines, causing the turbine to spin and generate electrical power or propel the ship. The steam is then cooled and converted back to water, which is then sent back to the steam generator and the process is repeated.
Environmental impact
Nuclear reactors create energy through fission, as opposed to burning fuel. Because of this, no greenhouse gases
A greenhouse gas (GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range, causing the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (), carbon dioxide (), methane ...
are produced in the energy creation process. Nuclear energy is completely self-contained and produces no airborne by-products. The waste created through nuclear power is contained in the reactor and is disposed of when the vessel is decommissioned or the reactor is replaced.
Unlike nuclear power plants that have to have spent fuel rod
Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines. Heat is created when nuclear fuel undergoes nuclear fission.
Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile actinide elements that are capable of undergoing ...
s removed from their reactors every 18 to 24 months, the nuclear reactors powering the submarines and aircraft carriers of the United States Navy remain fully operational until they are decommissioned. When the reactors powering the ships of the Navy are decommissioned, all the nuclear waste is disposed of at once.
Safety record
, and since the first US nuclear-powered submarine (USS ''Nautilus''), the United States Navy had logged over 6,200 "reactor years" with no radiological accidents.[U.S. Navy Nuclear Safety Record – statement of Admiral F. L. "Skip" Bowman, U.S. Navy Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program before the House Committee on Science 29 October 2003](_blank)
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However, on 22 May 1978 on , a valve was mistakenly opened releasing up to 100 US gallons of radioactive water into a drydock
A dry dock (sometimes drydock or dry-dock) is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, ...
at Puget Sound
Puget Sound ( ) is a sound of the Pacific Northwest, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. It is located along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington. It is a complex estuarine system of interconnected ma ...
naval base. The leak was fully contained and there was no personnel irradiation.[https://fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NavalAccidents1945-1988.pdf ]
Nuclear propulsion career types
In order to safely operate the fleet of nuclear-powered vessels, the U.S. Navy recruits and trains the men and women who serve in the Navy Nuclear Propulsion community.
There are careers for Officers, requiring a minimum of a college degree, and there are Enlisted careers requiring a minimum of a high school diploma or equivalent.
Officers
Because of the rigorous training that Navy Nuclear Officers undergo, only a select group of individuals are given the opportunity to lead a crew and command this technologically advanced equipment. Careers as an Officer in Navy Nuclear Propulsion include:
Submarine officers
They oversee the day-to-day operations on board a submarine. They ensure that all systems run smoothly, including the nuclear reactor and nuclear propulsion system, weapons systems, and atmosphere control and fire control systems. They are also responsible for driving the vessel and charting its position and operating communications and intelligence equipment.
Surface warfare officers (nuclear)
Nuclear Surface Warfare Officers oversee the day-to-day operations of a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and conventional war ships, managing everything from communications and navigation to armament
A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, s ...
capabilities and tactical deployment. Nuclear Surface Warfare Officers are in charge of numerous shipboard operations and activities, from the engineering plant to the bridge. They have the responsibility of ensuring that Sailors in their division maintain and operate the ship's complex systems.
Naval reactors engineers
Naval Reactors
Naval Reactors (NR), also known as the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, is an umbrella term for the U.S. government office that has comprehensive responsibility for the safe and reliable operation of the United States Navy's nuclear propulsion p ...
(NR) is a government office that has responsibility for all shipboard nuclear power plants, shore-based prototypes and nuclear propulsion support facilities for the Navy. Naval Reactors Engineers assume responsibility for key technical work in a variety of facilities, including:
*Two Department of Energy laboratories
*Two nuclear prototype/training sites
*Nearly 100 nuclear-powered ships and submarines
*Six shipyards
*More than 1,000 firms that support the Naval Reactors program
Naval Nuclear Power School instructors
Naval Nuclear Power School Instructors train the future Navy Nuclear community through a technologically advanced curriculum that is taught with a sole purpose in mind: to prepare Navy Enlisted Sailors and Officers attending Nuclear Power School
Nuclear Power School (NPS) is a technical school operated by the United States Navy, U.S. Navy in Goose Creek, South Carolina as a central part of a program that trains enlisted sailors, officers, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, KAPL civilians an ...
in Goose Creek, SC, for their work in the nuclear power field. They provide detailed knowledge of how to work the key aspects of a pressurized-water Navy nuclear power plant, which include:
*Reactor core nuclear principles
*Heat transfer and fluid systems
*Plant chemistry and materials
*Mechanical and electrical systems
*Radiological control
Navy Nuclear Propulsion Officer Candidate (NUPOC) Program
{{anchor, NUPOC For current undergraduate students who meet the high academic standards and prerequisite background, especially those pursuing majors such as mathematics, engineering, physics or chemistry, the NUPOC program provides money to eligible candidates to complete their undergraduate or graduate degree as well as a regular monthly income while in school. The pay amount varies based on location, but is usually in the range of $4000–5500 per month. There is also a one-time $15,000 bonus for getting accepted for Submarine, Surface, and Naval Reactors Engineer positions. After obtaining their degree, individuals earn a commission in the Navy and pursue one of the Officer career paths in Navy Nuclear Propulsion.
While in NUPOC, students have no special uniforms, classes, or obligations day-to-day. They must, however, refrain from drug use and pass a physical fitness test every six months. Students in NUPOC are considered "Active Duty" and paid at the E-6 or E-7 paygrade. As such, time spent completing a degree accrues for purposes of Naval Retirement and VA benefits such as the Post-9/11 GI Bill.
Basic qualifications
The NUPOC program is open to both men and women. Depending on career focus, the eligibility requirements have minor variances. There are criteria that one must meet regardless of the focus. Candidates must:
*Be a U.S. citizen
*Meet the physical standards of the Navy
*Have a minimum age of 19
:*Submarine Officers/Surface Warfare Officers must be less than 31 years of age
:*Naval Reactors Engineers/Nuclear Power School Instructors must be less than 35 years of age
Education: Candidates must be graduates or students of an accredited college or university in the United States or a United States territory holding or pursuing a BA, BS or MS (preferably majoring in mathematics, engineering, physics, chemistry or another technical area) and must have:
*Completed one academic year of calculus
*Completed one academic year of calculus-based physics
*Have a competitive GPA (Depending on the desired career, minimum grade requirements exist for all technical courses)
Enlisted
Members of the Navy Nuclear community operate, control and maintain the components that power Navy aircraft carriers and submarines. This could involve doing anything from operating nuclear propulsion plant machinery to controlling auxiliary equipment that supports Naval reactors to maintaining the electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, detect enemy planes and ships, and determine target distances.
Machinist's Mates (MM) operate and maintain steam turbines and reduction gears used for ship propulsion and auxiliary machinery such as turbogenerators, pumps and oil purifiers. They also maintain auxiliary machinery outside of main machinery spaces, such as electrohydraulic steering engines and elevators, refrigeration plants, air conditioning systems and desalinization
Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. More generally, desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. Saltw ...
plants. They may also operate and maintain compressed gas-producing plants. Nuclear-trained Enlisted Sailors perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor controls and propulsion and power generation systems.
Electrician's Mate
Electrician's Mate (abbreviated as EM) is a United States Navy and United States Coast Guard occupational rating. The Electrician's Mate's NOS is B210.
History
The Navy Electrician rating was established in 1883, then promptly disestablished i ...
s (EM) are responsible for the operation of a ship's electrical power generation systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances. The duties include installation, operation, adjustment, routine maintenance, inspection, test and repair of electrical equipment. EMs also perform maintenance and repair of related electronic equipment.
Electronics Technicians (ET) in the nuclear field are normally assigned to Reactor Control division. They are responsible for maintenance, repair and operation of equipment that is closely related to the nuclear reactor and reactor safety.
Qualifications
To be eligible for any Nuclear Operations career, a candidate must first be selected for nuclear training by scoring above the minimum requirements on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and must:
*Be a U.S. citizen
*Be less than 25 years of age at the time of enlistment
*Be able to meet the physical standards of the Navy
*Be a high school graduate with a diploma and successful completion of one year of algebra
*Be able to meet security clearance requirements
References
External links
*http://www.navy.com/careers/nuclear-energy.html
*http://www.navy.mil/navydata/testimony/safety/bowman031029.txt
*http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/rickover.htm
*http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/carriers/carriers.asp
*http://www.facebook.com/NavyNuclear
*http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/subs/subs.asp
*http://www.hss.energy.gov/nuclearsafety/env/
United States Navy