The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is one of the
executive departments of the
U.S. federal government
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the Federation#Federal governments, national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 ...
headquartered at the
Main Interior Building
The Main Interior Building, officially known as the Stewart Lee Udall Department of the Interior Building, located in Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of the Interior.
Located in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood ...
, located at 1849 C Street
NW in
Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
It is responsible for the management and conservation of most
federal lands
Federal lands are lands in the United States owned by the federal government. Pursuant to the Property Clause of the United States Constitution ( Article 4, section 3, clause 2), Congress has the power to retain, buy, sell, and regulate federal l ...
and
natural resources
Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest and cultural value. O ...
, and the administration of programs relating to
Native Americans,
Alaska Natives
Alaska Natives (also known as Alaskan Natives, Native Alaskans, Indigenous Alaskans, Aboriginal Alaskans or First Alaskans) are the indigenous peoples of Alaska and include Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a numbe ...
,
Native Hawaiians
Native Hawaiians (also known as Indigenous Hawaiians, Kānaka Maoli, Aboriginal Hawaiians, First Hawaiians, or simply Hawaiians) ( haw, kānaka, , , and ), are the indigenous ethnic group of Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands.
Hawaii ...
, territorial affairs, and
insular area
In the law of the United States, an insular area is a U.S.-associated jurisdiction that is not part of the 50 states or the District of Columbia. This includes fourteen U.S. territories administered under U.S. sovereignty, as well as three sov ...
s of the United States, as well as programs related to historic preservation. About 75% of federal public land is managed by the department, with most of the remainder managed by the
Department of Agriculture's
Forest Service. The department was created on March 3, 1849.
The department is headed by the
secretary of the interior Secretary of the Interior may refer to:
* Secretary of the Interior (Mexico)
* Interior Secretary of Pakistan
* Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines)
* United States Secretary of the Interior
See also
*Interior ministry ...
, who reports directly to the
president of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United Stat ...
and is a member of the president's
Cabinet
Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to:
Furniture
* Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers
* Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets
* Filing ...
. The current secretary is
Deb Haaland
Debra Anne Haaland (; born December 2, 1960) is an American politician serving as the 54th United States Secretary of the Interior, United States secretary of the interior. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, she s ...
.
Despite its name, the Department of the Interior has a different role from that of the
interior ministries of other nations, which are usually responsible for police matters and internal security. In the United States, national security and immigration functions are performed by the
Department of Homeland Security
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terr ...
primarily and the
Department of Justice
A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a v ...
secondarily. The Department of the Interior has often been humorously called "the Department of Everything Else" because of its broad range of responsibilities.
History
Formation of the department
A department for domestic concern was first considered by the
1st United States Congress
The 1st United States Congress, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in ...
in 1789, but those duties were placed in the
Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nati ...
. The idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by presidents from
James Madison
James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father. He served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for hi ...
to
James Polk
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
. The 1846–48
Mexican–American War
The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the (''United States intervention in Mexico''), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1 ...
gave the proposal new steam as the responsibilities of the federal government grew. Polk's
secretary of the treasury
The United States secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, and is the chief financial officer of the federal government of the United States. The secretary of the treasury serves as the principal a ...
,
Robert J. Walker, became a vocal champion of creating the new department.
In 1849, Walker stated in his annual report that several federal offices were placed in departments with which they had little to do. He noted that the
General Land Office
The General Land Office (GLO) was an independent agency of the United States government responsible for public domain lands in the United States. It was created in 1812 to take over functions previously conducted by the United States Department o ...
had little to do with the Treasury and also highlighted the
Indian Affairs office, part of the
Department of War, and the
Patent Office, part of the
Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nati ...
. Walker argued that these and other bureaus should be brought together in a new Department of the Interior. A bill authorizing its creation of the department passed the
House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
on February 15, 1849, and spent just over two weeks in the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
. The department was established on March 3, 1849 (), the eve of President
Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was an American military leader who served as the 12th president of the United States from 1849 until his death in 1850. Taylor was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to th ...
's inauguration, when the Senate voted 31 to 25 to create the department. Its passage was delayed by
Democrats in
Congress
A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of a ...
who were reluctant to create more
patronage
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...
posts for the incoming
Whig administration to fill. The first
secretary of the interior Secretary of the Interior may refer to:
* Secretary of the Interior (Mexico)
* Interior Secretary of Pakistan
* Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines)
* United States Secretary of the Interior
See also
*Interior ministry ...
was
Thomas Ewing
Thomas Ewing Sr. (December 28, 1789October 26, 1871) was a National Republican and Whig politician from Ohio. He served in the U.S. Senate as well as serving as the secretary of the treasury and the first secretary of the interior. He is also ...
.
On Tuesday September 1, 2020, Secretary of the Interior David L. Bernhardt signe
Secretary’s Order 3384establishing th
Bureau of Trust Funds Administration (BTFA) The BTFA initially reported to the assistant secretary of Indian affairs Tara ''Katuk'' Sweeney and assumed responsibility for financial operations functions formerly performed by the Office of the Special Trustee for American Indians (OST) effective October 1, 2020.
Department responsibilities
As of mid-2004, the department managed 507 million acres (2,050,000 km
2) of surface land, or about one-fifth of the land in the United States. It manages 476 dams and 348
reservoirs
A reservoir (; from French ''réservoir'' ) is an enlarged lake behind a dam. Such a dam may be either artificial, built to store fresh water or it may be a natural formation.
Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways, including control ...
through the
Bureau of Reclamation
The Bureau of Reclamation, and formerly the United States Reclamation Service, is a federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior, which oversees water resource management, specifically as it applies to the oversight and opera ...
, 410
national park
A national park is a nature park, natural park in use for conservation (ethic), conservation purposes, created and protected by national governments. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state dec ...
s, monuments, seashore sites, etc. through the
National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages all national parks, most national monuments, and other natural, historical, and recreational propertie ...
, and 544 national
wildlife refuge
A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features of geological or ...
s through the
Fish and Wildlife Service
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with othe ...
. Several of the domestic concerns the department originally dealt with were gradually transferred to other departments. For example, the Department of Interior was responsible for water pollution control prior to the creation of the
Environmental Protection Agency
A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale f ...
. Other agencies became separate departments, such as the
Bureau of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of comme ...
, which later became the
Department of Agriculture. However, land and natural resource management, American Indian affairs, wildlife conservation, and territorial affairs remain the responsibilities of the Department of the Interior. The department in January 2020 grounded its fleet of 810 DJI drones used to monitor wildlife and infrastructure over security concerns.
Native Americans
Within the Interior Department, the
Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...
handles some federal relations with Native Americans, while others are handled by the Office of Special Trustee. The current acting assistant secretary for Indian affairs is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the
Oneida Tribe in Wisconsin.
The department has been the subject of disputes over proper accounting for Native American Trusts set up to track the income and distribution of monies that are generated by the trust and specific Native American lands, which the government leases for fees to companies that extract oil, timber, minerals, and other resources. Several cases have sought an accounting of such funds from departments within the Interior and Treasury (such as the Minerals Management Service), in what has been a 15-year-old lawsuit. Some Native American nations have also sued the government over water-rights issues and their treaties with the US. In 2010 Congress passed the Claims Settlement Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-291), which provided $3.4 billion for the settlement of the ''
Cobell v. Salazar
''Cobell v. Salazar'' (previously ''Cobell v. Kempthorne'' and ''Cobell v. Norton'' and ''Cobell v. Babbitt'') is a class-action lawsuit brought by Elouise Cobell (Blackfeet) and other Native American representatives in 1996 against two departm ...
'' class-action trust case and four Native American water rights cases.
The $3.4 billion will be placed in a still-to-be-selected bank and $1.4 billion will go to individuals, mostly in the form of checks ranging from $500 to $1,500. A small group, such as members of the Osage tribe who benefit from huge Oklahoma oil revenues, will get far more, based on a formula incorporating their 10 highest years of income between 1985 and 2009. As important, $2 billion will be used to buy trust land from Native American owners at fair market prices, with the government finally returning the land to tribes. Nobody can be forced to sell.[Warren, James]
"A Victory for Native Americans?"
''The Atlantic'', 7 June 2010.
Native American secretaries
On March 16, 2021,
Deb Haaland
Debra Anne Haaland (; born December 2, 1960) is an American politician serving as the 54th United States Secretary of the Interior, United States secretary of the interior. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, she s ...
, serving at that time as a member of Congress for New Mexico, took the oath of office as secretary, becoming the first Indigenous person to lead an executive department, and the third woman to lead the department.
Operating units
* Assistant Secretary for Policy, Management, and Budget
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and International Affairs
![Vertical NISC Logo (13592513375)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Vertical_NISC_Logo_%2813592513375%29.jpg)
*** Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance
*** Office of International Affairs
*** Office of Native Hawaiian Relations
*** Office of Restoration and Damage Assessment
*** Office of Policy Analysis
*** National Invasive Species Council
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Budget, Finance, Performance and Acquisition
![20170621-DM-LSC-0288 (35453021775)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/20170621-DM-LSC-0288_%2835453021775%29.jpg)
*** Office of Budget
*** Office of Financial Management
*** Office of Planning and Performance Management
*** Business Integration Office
dministers the Financial and Business Management System (FBMS)*** Office of Acquisition and Property Management
*** Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Human Capital and Diversity
*** Office of Human Resources
*** Office of Occupational Safety and Health
*** Office of Strategic Employee and Organizational Development
*** Office of Civil Rights
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technology, Information and Business Services
*** Office of Collaborative Action and Dispute Resolution
*** Appraisal and Valuation Services Office
*** Interior Business Center
*** Office of Hearings and Appeals
*** Office of Facilities and Administrative Services
*** Office of the Chief Information Officer
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Safety, Resources Protection and Emergency Services (DAS-PRE)
***
Office of Emergency Management (OEM)
*** Office of Law Enforcement and Security (OLES)
*** Office of Wildland Fire
*** Office of Aviation Services (OAS)
*** Interagency Borderlands Coordinator
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Natural Resources Revenue Management
*** Office of Natural Resources Revenue
*
Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks![San Antonio Missions WHS dedication ceremony (22234797786)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/San_Antonio_Missions_WHS_dedication_ceremony_%2822234797786%29.jpg)
**
National Park Service
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government within the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages all national parks, most national monuments, and other natural, historical, and recreational propertie ...
**
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with othe ...
* Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Management
*** Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)
*** Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
*** Office of Human Capital Management (OHCM)
*** Office of Planning and Policy Analysis (OPPA)
*** Office of Facilities, Environmental and Cultural Resources (OFECR)
** Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Economic Development
*** Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development (IEED)
*** Office of Indian Gaming (OIG)
*** Office of Self-Governance (OSG)
**
Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...
(BIA)
*** Office of Indian Services (OIS)
*** Office of Field Operations (OFO)
*** Office of Justice Services (OJS)
*** Office of Trust Services (OTS)
**
Bureau of Indian Education
The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), headquartered in the Main Interior Building in Washington, D.C., and formerly known as the Office of Indian Education Programs (OIEP), is a division of the U.S. Department of the Interior under the Assistant S ...
(BIE)
** Office of External Affairs
*** Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs (OCLA)
*** Office of Public Affairs (OPA)
** Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA)
** Office of Regulatory Management (ORM)
* Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management
**
Bureau of Land Management
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior responsible for administering federal lands. Headquartered in Washington DC, and with oversight over , it governs one eighth of the country's la ...
**
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
The Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) is a branch of the United States Department of the Interior. It is the federal agency entrusted with the implementation and enforcement of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamati ...
**
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior, established in 2010 by Secretarial Order.
The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) states: "...the outer Continental Shelf is a vi ...
**
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE "Bessie") is an agency under the United States Department of the Interior. Established in 2011, BSEE is the lead agency in charge of improving safety and ensuring environmental protection r ...
* Assistant Secretary for Water and Science
**
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...
**
Bureau of Reclamation
The Bureau of Reclamation, and formerly the United States Reclamation Service, is a federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior, which oversees water resource management, specifically as it applies to the oversight and opera ...
**Central Utah Project Completion Act Office
* Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs
**
Office of Insular Affairs
The Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that oversees federal administration of several United States insular areas. It is the successor to the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department ...
**Office of International Affairs
**Ocean, Great Lakes and Coastal Activities Program Office
* Solicitor
** Office of the Solicitor (SOL)
*
Office of the Inspector General
In the United States, Office of Inspector General (OIG) is a generic term for the oversight division of a federal or state agency aimed at preventing inefficient or unlawful operations within their parent agency. Such offices are attached to man ...
(OIG)
** Office of General Counsel
** Assistant Inspector General for Investigations
*** Office of Investigations
** Assistant Inspector General for Audits, Inspections, and Evaluations
*** Office of Audits, Inspections, and Evaluations
** Assistant Inspector General for Management
*** Office of Management
** Associate Inspector General for External Affairs
** Associate Inspector General for Whistleblower Protection
** Strategy Management Office
** Associate Inspector General for Communications
* Chief Information Officer
* Special Trustee for American Indians
*
Federal Executive Boards
The Federal Executive Boards (FEBs) were created in 1961 to foster communication, coordination and collaboration among Federal agencies outside of Washington, DC. They are under the jurisdiction of the Office of Personnel Management. Currently, ap ...
*
Interior Museum
The Interior Museum is a museum operated by the United States Department of the Interior and housed at the department's headquarters at the Stewart Lee Udall Main Interior Building in Washington, D.C., on the first floor.
When the Interior Museu ...
*
National Indian Gaming Commission
The National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC; ) is a United States federal regulatory agency within the Department of the Interior. Congress established the agency pursuant to the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988.
The commission is the only f ...
(NIGC)
Awards
DOI Convocation Honor Award is the most prestigious recognition that can be granted by the department.
The following awards are presented at the Honor Awards Convocation:
* Safety and Health Award of Excellence & Aviation Safety Award
* Distinguished Service Award
* Citizen’s Award for Bravery
* Valor Award
Controversy
Secretary of the Interior
Albert B. Fall
Albert Bacon Fall (November 26, 1861November 30, 1944) was a United States senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal; he was the only pers ...
was implicated in the
Teapot Dome
The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 1921 to 1923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyomin ...
scandal of 1921. He was convicted of bribery in 1929, and served one year in prison, for his part in the controversy. A major factor in the scandal was a transfer of certain oil leases from the jurisdiction of the
Department of the Navy Navy Department or Department of the Navy may refer to:
* United States Department of the Navy,
* Navy Department (Ministry of Defence), in the United Kingdom, 1964-1997
* Confederate States Department of the Navy, 1861-1865
* Department of the ...
to that of the Department of the Interior, at Fall's behest.
Secretary of the Interior
James G. Watt
James Gaius Watt (born January 31, 1938) is a public servant who served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. He has been described as "anti-environmentalist", and was one of Ronald Reagan's most controversial cabinet appointment ...
faced criticism for his alleged hostility to environmentalism, for his support of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interests, and for banning
The Beach Boys
The Beach Boys are an American Rock music, rock band that formed in Hawthorne, California, in 1961. The group's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian Wilson, Brian, Dennis Wilson, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and frie ...
from playing a 1983 Independence Day concert on the
National Mall
The National Mall is a Landscape architecture, landscaped park near the Downtown, Washington, D.C., downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. It contains and borders a number of museums of the Smithsonian Institut ...
out of concerns of attracting "an undesirable element". His 1983 resignation was prompted by a speech in which he said about his staff: "I have a black, a woman, two Jews and a cripple. And we have talent."
[556. James G Watt, US Secretary of the Interior.](_blank)
"Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations" (1988) via ''bartleby.com'' and Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit based in San Francisco, California. Created in 1996 and launched to the public in 2001, it allows the user to go "back in time" and see ...
.RMOA – Document
/ref>
Under the Administration of President George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...
, the Interior Department's maintenance backlog climbed from $5 billion to $8.7 billion, despite Bush's campaign pledges to eliminate it completely. Of the agency under Bush's leadership, Interior Department Inspector General Earl Devaney
Earl Edward Devaney (June 8, 1947 – April 15, 2022) was an American government official who served as inspector general for the United States Department of the Interior and chairman of the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board.
Earl ...
has cited a "culture of fear
Culture of fear (or climate of fear) is the concept that people may incite fear in the general public to achieve political or workplace goals through emotional bias; it was developed as a sociological framework by Frank Furedi and has been mor ...
" and of "ethical failure." Devaney has also said, "Simply stated, short of a crime, anything goes at the highest levels of the Department of Interior."[ Cart, Julie]
"Bush legacy leaves uphill climb for U.S. parks"
''Los Angeles Times
The ''Los Angeles Times'' (abbreviated as ''LA Times'') is a daily newspaper that started publishing in Los Angeles in 1881. Based in the LA-adjacent suburb of El Segundo since 2018, it is the sixth-largest newspaper by circulation in the Un ...
'', January 25, 2009.
See also
* America's Great Outdoors Initiative
The America's Great Outdoors Initiative (AGO) is a program of the Obama Administration, announced on . It is designed to preserve a number of notable natural features in the American landscape. It is also designed to protect key natural resources ...
* Environmental policy of the United States
The environmental policy of the United States is a federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations whi ...
* USA.gov
References
Further reading
* Black, Megan. '' The Global Interior: Mineral Frontiers and American Power''. Harvard University Press, 2018.
*Utley, Robert M. and Barry Mackintosh; ''The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History''; Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C.; 1989
External links
*
Department of the Interior
on USAspending.gov ttp://www.usaspending.gov USASpending.govis a database of spending by the United States federal government.
History
Around the time of the Act's passage, OMB Watch, a government watchdog group, was developing a site that would do essentially eve ...
Department of the Interior
in the Federal Register
The ''Federal Register'' (FR or sometimes Fed. Reg.) is the official journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices. It is published every weekday, except on feder ...
*
The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History
New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...
, September 10, 2008
{{Authority control
1849 establishments in the United States
Government agencies established in 1849
Interior