United States Army Strategist or Functional Area 59 or FA59 is a functional area of the

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

. While the U.S. military and Army has had strategic thinkers throughout its history, the United States Army's FA59 career field emerged in the late 1990's with its first cohort beginning duty in 2001, partially due to arguments made by General John R. Galvin in a 1989 article advocating for military strategists during a period of declining strategic expertise in the United States. Colonel (Ret.) Charles Moore stated that by 2010 the "return of the Army Strategist" was already reversing this decline. U.S. Army Strategists have diverse backgrounds and advanced education which provide skills such as creative and critical thinking—allowing them to lead planning at organizations such as

combatant commands A unified combatant command (CCMD), also referred to as a combatant command, is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, an ...

and multinational headquarters. Officers are selected periodically from volunteers for the career field or are assessed through the Harvard Fellowship Program. Strategists do not command, but instead rotate through repeated strategic-level assignments to obtain the strategic planning and leadership abilities necessary for development and to promote “a deep understanding of national defense issues and processes”. FA59 officers in 2021 serve in a wide variety of joint, intergovernmental, interagency, and multinational organizations. Assignments include service staffs, the

Joint Staff The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the ...

, the

Office of the Secretary of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) is a headquarters-level staff of the United States Department of Defense. It is the principal civilian staff element of the U.S. Secretary of Defense, and it assists the Secretary in carrying out aut ...

, and combatant commands, while the Departments of State, Treasury, and Homeland Security are seeking Strategists. Strategists serve as speechwriters, authors of key defense documents, planners, military assistants, and in other key positions. According to Moore, "demand for Army strategists continues to increase". Moore 2009. p. 17.

History

Military strategists in the United States

Retired Army Colonel Charles Moore notes that, through history, “the Army has always produced strategic thinkers and planners". He points to successful cases from the

U.S. Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states t ...

such as General

Winfield Scott Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786May 29, 1866) was an American military commander and political candidate. He served as a general in the United States Army from 1814 to 1861, taking part in the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the early s ...

and his early

Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan is the name applied to a strategy outlined by the Union Army for suppressing the Confederacy at the beginning of the American Civil War. Proposed by Union General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized a Union blockade of ...

, General John J. Pershing's activities in World War I, and

George C. Marshall George Catlett Marshall Jr. (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the United States Army to become Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Chief of Staff of the US Army under Pre ...

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, followed by a declining role during the

Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...

where the collective capability of military strategists reached its nadir, a condition also associated with a loss of “America’s strategic competence”. In 1989, General John R. Galvin published an article called: "What's the Matter with Being a Strategist?" Moore 2009. p. 6. Besides defining the required characteristics of military strategists, Galvin advocated for their return. Galvin's article was an impetus for the creation of the FA59 career field, and the ultimate result was the creation of Functional Area 59 in the United States Army about a decade later.

United States Army Strategists

By the 1990s, the U.S. Army had, for decades, provided several paths for officers to acquire an additional skill identifier which identified its holder with skills in the strategy arena. However, the resulting identifier did not equate to fully capable due to “the pressures of maintaining proficiency in traditional military skills in a limited career timeline”. Park 2015. p. 9. The Army addressed these challenges in 1998 with a “new functional area called Strategy and Force Development as part of Officer Professional Management System XXI, the redesign of its personnel system”. Park 2015. p. 10. In 2000, this functional area split, with one part becoming FA59 or "Strategic Plans and Policy”. Its first officer cohort began duty in 2001. At this point, FA59 “effectively became a body of general staff officers who were specially trained in the conduct of strategic art". U.S. Army strategists had four functions as of 2005: "strategic appraisal; strategic and operational planning; joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational (JIIM) integration; and strategic education". Park 2007. p. 82. Officers of the time were "usually educated in military history or international relations theory to improve their judgment when facing complex or poorly defined problem sets". They were also capable integrators of JIIM partners, and educators. Park 2007. pp. 83–84. By 2010, analysis provided some evidence for a decline in strategic competency in the United States over multiple decades. However, Moore indicated that the "return of the Army Strategist" was already reversing this process. At the time, there were over 400 strategists serving in diverse positions including Army and Joint commands as well as the U.S. government interagency such the Departments of State and Treasury. Additionally in 2010, the FA59 career field was redesignated from Strategic Plans and Policy to Strategist.

Purpose

According to Colonel Francis Park, Director of the Basic Strategic Art Program in 2021, the purpose of the Strategist functional area is to provide competent military strategists, but the “general competencies f a military strategistare not intended to be the same” since military strategists, notably commanders, can come from across the force. Army Strategists "form a core of skilled practitioners who support ... strategic leaders with a variety of activities". Moore also notes that, as strategic practitioners “Army Strategists provide a strategic perspective on complex problems and help create national and regional strategic guidance. They are instrumental in the translation of that guidance into actionable plans at the theater-strategic and operational-levels of war.” Additionally, a focus on tactics versus strategic vision has caused challenges in recent historical cases. In a 1995 monograph, Major General Richard A. Chilcoat observed a tendency in military officers of focusing on tactical and operational aspects of problems, even in strategic settings. A RAND Corporation study of U.S. operations following Operation Iraqi Freedom had a similar finding—“a tendency to focus on tactical issues rather than strategic factors”—as well as other challenges related to strategic planning and strategic art across the U.S. government. Park echoed this, noting: “One observation that emerged from those conflicts fghanistan and Iraqis that a singular focus on tactics is simply not enough to achieve more than localized success in engagements and battles.”

Characteristics

Francis Park states that military strategists must be able to bridge both policy and strategy (strategic art) as well as strategy and tactics (operational art). This allows balancing of ends, ways, means, and risk. Army Strategists are often confused for graduates of the Army’s

School of Advanced Military Studies The School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) is one of four United States Army schools that make up the United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This "enormously rigorous" graduate school compr ...

(SAMS), given some overlap between the courses. Park 2015. p. 12. However, while SAMS focuses on planning and operations up to the operational level, FA59s focus on “strategic appraisal and planning at the political and military nexus”. Moore identifies that the ability to plan and think critically and creatively are central to the strategist’s abilities, noting that strategists are expected to lead planning and develop strategy at combatant commands and multinational headquarters, as well as assist in the creation of national-level strategic documents such as the ''

National Defense Strategy The National Defense Strategy (or NDS) is produced by the United States Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and is signed by the United States Secretary of Defense as the United States Department of Defense's (DoD) capstone strategic guidanc ...

'' and ''

National Military Strategy The National Military Strategy (NMS) is issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a deliverable to the secretary of defense briefly outlining the strategic aims of the armed services. The NMS's chief source of guidance is the Nation ...

''. Park 2015. p. 14.

Selection

Officers volunteer to become Army Strategists from their basic branch. Moore 2009. p. 15. A selection board chooses from among the available applicants to meet operational requirements. Most officers transition in this method. An additional four officers per year compete for the Harvard Strategist Fellowship Program. Those selected serve as Army Strategists after attendance at Harvard University. Although relying on volunteers can result in an occasional mismatch, “This method capitalizes on a vital characteristic of strategic practitioners—lifelong self-development and an intellectual fervor that fosters long-term learning.”

Development

Although Galvin and Chilcoat believed officers could serve as both strategist and commanders, policy in the 21st century is for FA59s to not command. Moore states that “repeated strategic-level assignments provide the cornerstone of their development as strategists and set them apart from their contemporaries”. According to Moore, Galvin’s “vision for how strategists should be developed is largely realized in the Army’s current model”. According to Park, the three parts of a military strategist’s education include “civilian education, professional military education, and relevant experience”. He provides three tiers of competency for a military strategist. The first is untrained, which includes FA59s who have recently graduated the Basic Strategic Art Program. ” Army strategists have a variety of other possible schools to attend beyond the basic requirements of Intermediate Level Education, to include “numerous service, joint, and international military schools”, civilian schooling, senior service colleges for some, and others. Moore 2009. p. 12. Civilian school opportunities include

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...

Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private university, private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hem ...

, and others for master’s and doctoral degrees. The second tier of competency for a strategist is the “apprentice” who is more accomplished in civilian and military education as well as relevant assignments. Park 2015. p. 13. There is no standard career path for the Army strategist, and their assignments will contribute toward their professional development and promoting “a deep understanding of national defense issues and processes”. Moore 2009. p. 13. The “master military strategist” has significant experience, understanding, and leadership ability in relevant areas and will work for strategic 4-star military leaders and civilian leaders. Development of a master strategist is a lengthy process. Moore echoes this, noting that "creating expert practitioners requires time". Former

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) is the presiding officer of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The chairman is the highest-ranking and most senior military officer in the United States Armed Forces Chairman: app ...

General Martin E. Dempsey also stated in 2011 that developing strategic leaders "is a careerlong process that begins early".

Dempsey Dempsey is a surname of Irish origin. Background Dempsey is an anglicised form of Ó Díomasaigh, 'descendant of Díomasach'; this personal name is the Irish adjective ''díomasach'' 'proud'. The family originated in the Kingdom of Uí Failghe ...

Organization

In the 21st century, U.S. Army strategists serve in diverse assignments. These include various offices in the service staffs, the

, the

and subunified commands. Examples of current assignments include “lead authors for the Army Campaign Plan, division chiefs of war plans and strategy on the Army Staff", and planning chiefs at various levels. Moore 2009. p. 10. Others will serve as “speechwriters, members of commander’s internal think tanks, or as military assistants to senior defense officials”. According to Moore, "The demand for Army strategists continues to increase." He adds that:

her government agencies have realized the value of these strategists. Interagency demand for strategists currently exceeds Army supply; the Departments of State, Treasury, and Homeland Security are actively seeking strategists to enhance their planning capabilities.

Footnotes

Notes

References

* * * * *