United Nations Security Council resolution 986, adopted unanimously on 14 April 1995, after reaffirming all
resolutions on
Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...
and noting the serious humanitarian situation with the Iraqi civilian population, the council, acting under
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, established a mechanism whereby Iraqi oil exports would finance
humanitarian aid to the country, which later became known as the
Oil-for-Food Programme
The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP), established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) was established to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs f ...
.
The security council was convinced of the need as a temporary measure to provide humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people until the country complied with all relevant Security Council resolutions, including
Resolution 687 (1991) which allowed for further measures to be taken concerning sanctions imposed in
Resolution 661 (1991).
Provisions
Firstly, countries were authorised to permit the import of petroleum, petroleum products and related financial transactions originating in Iraq for a total sum of up to US$1 billion every 90 days, subject to the approval of the committee established in Resolution 661 and that payments made for oil would be made into the
escrow account
An escrow is a contractual arrangement in which a third party (the stakeholder or escrow agent) receives and disburses money or property for the primary transacting parties, with the disbursement dependent on conditions agreed to by the transacti ...
created by the current resolution.
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
was permitted to charge fees for using the
Kirkuk-Yumurtalik pipeline in its territory. The aforementioned would come into force at 00:01
EST the day after the
President of the Security Council announced that he had received a report by the Secretary-General
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (; , ar, بطرس بطرس غالي ', ; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who served as the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from 1992 to 1996. An academic ...
, with the provisions remaining in force for an initial period of 180 days. A review would be conducted halfway through this period.
The following provisions would come into immediate effect. Independent inspectors and the committee would inspect oil sales and an escrow account would be established. The account would:
:(a) finance the export of medicine, health supplies, foodstuffs, and materials and supplies for essential civilian needs, which the
Government of Iraq
The federal government of Iraq is defined under the current Constitution, approved in 2005, as an Islamic, democratic, federal parliamentary republic. The federal government is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as w ...
should agree to their equitable distribution;
:(b) complement the distribution of humanitarian goods by the Iraqi government;
:(c) transfer the same percentage of the funds deposited in the escrow account to the
United Nations Compensation Commission The United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) was created in 1991 as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations Security Council. Its mandate is to process claims and pay compensation for losses and damage suffered as a direct result of Iraq's 19 ...
decided by
Resolution 705 (1991);
:(d) finance the independent inspectors and certified public accountants and other activities;
:(e) meet the operational costs of the
United Nations Special Commission
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War. Between 1991 and 199 ...
;
:(f) meet other expenses and costs;
:(g) make available up to US$10 million every 90 days for payments envisaged in
Resolution 778 (1992).
Countries were authorised, notwithstanding the provisions of Resolution 661, to export parts and equipment which are essential for the safe operation of the Kirkuk-Yumurtalik pipeline in Iraq and activities associated with it. The costs may be paid by
credit
Credit (from Latin verb ''credit'', meaning "one believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt) ...
pending payment into the escrow account.
The secretary-general was requested to report at 90 days and 180 days during the process, while the committee was required to develop procedures necessary to implement the above provisions. Both were urged to take effective action to ensure the implementation of the resolution. The Council provided
immunity
Immunity may refer to:
Medicine
* Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to infection or disease
* ''Immunity'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press
Biology
* Immune system
Engineering
* Radiofrequence immunity desc ...
for the petroleum and petroleum products, the escrow account and all personnel working with the United Nations in accordance with the
.
The resolution concluded by reaffirming that none of its provisions should affect Iraq's obligations concerning the repayment of foreign debt, and at the same time should not infringe on its sovereignty and
territorial integrity
Territorial integrity is the principle under international law that gives the right to sovereign states to defend their borders and all territory in them of another state. It is enshrined in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and has been recognized ...
.
Aftermath
Iraq initially rejected the resolution on the grounds that it violated its
sovereignty
Sovereignty is the defining authority within individual consciousness, social construct, or territory. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the perso ...
, and did not accept its provisions until January 1996. The programme was formally terminated on 21 November 2003 following the
2003 invasion of Iraq
The 2003 invasion of Iraq was a United States-led invasion of the Republic of Iraq and the first stage of the Iraq War. The invasion phase began on 19 March 2003 (air) and 20 March 2003 (ground) and lasted just over one month, including 26 ...
, and its major functions turned over to the
Coalition Provisional Authority
)
, capital = Baghdad
, largest_city = capital
, common_languages = ArabicKurdish English (''de facto'')
, government_type = Transitional government
, legislature = Iraqi Governing Council
, title_leader = Administrator
, leader1 = Jay ...
.
UN Office of the Iraq Program – Oil-for-Food
/ref>
See also
* Foreign relations of Iraq
Since 1980, the foreign relations of Iraq have been influenced by a number of controversial decisions by the Saddam Hussein administration. Hussein had good relations with the Soviet Union and a number of western countries such as France and G ...
* Gulf War
The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a Coalition of the Gulf War, 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Ba'athist Iraq, ...
* Invasion of Kuwait
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was an operation conducted by Iraq on 2 August 1990, whereby it invaded the neighboring State of Kuwait, consequently resulting in a seven-month-long Iraqi military occupation of the country. The invasion and Ira ...
* (1994–1995)
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 706
United Nations Security Council resolution 706 decided on a mechanism to allow Iraq to sell oil in return for humanitarian aid from Member States. The council, acting under Chapter VII, adopted the resolution on 15 August 1991, after recalling ...
References
External links
*
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
{{UNSCR 1995
0986
0986
1995 in Iraq
April 1995 events