''Under the North Star'' ( fi, Täällä Pohjantähden alla) is a trilogy published between 1959 and 1962 by Finnish author Väinö Linna. The

novel A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itsel ...

follows the life of a Finnish family from 1880, through the First World War, the Finnish Civil War and the Second World War, to about 1950. Through the lives of ordinary people, it describes the clash of ideals in Finland's language strife and the struggle between the Whites ( nationalists) and the Reds ( socialists) in the movement to Independence and Civil War. Based on the work, two film adaptations directed by Edvin Laine have been made: the 1968 film '' Here, Beneath the North Star'' (based on the first and second volumes of trilogy) and it's the 1970 sequel '' Akseli and Elina'' (based on the third and final volume). The novel shares one main character, Akseli Koskela, and covers some of the same events as another novel: '' The Unknown Soldier'' by the author.

Plot summary

Vol I: Under the North Star

"In the beginning there were the swamp, the

hoe Hoe or HOE may refer to: * Hoe (food), a Korean dish of raw fish * Hoe (letter), a Georgian letter * Hoe (tool), a hand tool used in gardening and farming ** Hoe-farming, a term for primitive forms of agriculture * Backhoe, a piece of excavati ...

– and Jussi", book starts, when the story opens with Jussi, a farm hand from Häme, clearing marshland to create a croft, which will later be called Koskela. In the first part of the book tension mounts between crofters and land owners. Jussi's son Akseli becomes an active socialist. At the same time the upper classes are concerned with language strife and Finland's relationship with Russia.

Vol II: The Uprising

In the second part the Finnish Civil War breaks out. The book describes the atrocities committed on both sides, as well as the tensions which lead up to them. The war hits Koskela harshly, for the family loses two sons.

Vol III: Reconciliation

In the third part the community is dominated by the whites, the victors of the Civil War. In Koskela, however, matters improve as crofters are liberated and Koskela becomes an independent farm. Things turn for the worse at the outbreak of the Second World War. Again Koskela pays a heavy price, losing three sons. The last chapters of the book concentrate on the reconciliatory atmosphere created by the joint hardships endured during the war.

Main characters

* ''Akseli Koskela'', platoon leader in the Red Guard, later a farmer * ''Elina Koskela'', Akseli's wife * ''Jussi Koskela'', Akseli's father, tenant of the vicarage * ''Alma Koskela'', Akseli's mother and Jussi's wife * ''Aleksi Koskela'', Akseli's brother, Jussi and Alma's second son * ''August Koskela'', Akseli and Aleksi's brother, Jussi and Alma's third son. (Aku for short) * ''Adolf Halme'', village tailor * ''Lauri Salpakari'', the local vicar and landlord of the Koskela Family * ''Ellen Salpakari'', Vicar Salpakari's wife, a conservative politician * ''Otto Kivivuori'', tenant farmer, Elina's father * ''Anna Kivivuori'', Otto's wife, Elina's mother * ''Janne Kivivuori'', Otto and Anna's eldest son, mason, socialist politician * ''Oskari Kivivuori'', Otto and Anna's youngest son, member of the Red Guard (Osku for short) * ''Anttoo Laurila'', tenant farmer * ''Uuno Laurila'', Anttoo's son, member of the Red Guard * ''Elma Laurila'', Anttoo's daughter, Akusti's fiancée * ''Kalle Töyry'', master of the Töyry House, landlord of the Laurila Family * ''Artturi Yllö'', judge and wealthy landowner * ''Antero Mellola'', very fat saw-mill owner * ''Preeti Leppänen'', tenant farmer * ''Aune Leppänen'', Preeti's daughter * ''The Baron'', owner of the Manor, landlord of the Leppänen Family * ''The Baroness'', The Baron's wife * ''The Wolf-Kustaa'', hunter and tramp

Impact

The book is considered a classic in Finland with print runs into hundreds of thousands. Even most of those who have not read the book are familiar with the iconic opening words "''Alussa olivat suo, kuokka — ja Jussi''" ("In the beginning there were the bog, the hoe — and Jussi"). It is a reference to two verses from the Bible, the opening sentence of the creation account, “In the beginning God created the

heaven Heaven or the heavens, is a common religious cosmological or transcendent supernatural place where beings such as deities, angels, souls, saints, or venerated ancestors are said to originate, be enthroned, or reside. According to the belie ...

and the earth,” and the opening sentence of the Gospel of John, “In the beginning was the Word”. The second book in the trilogy, ''The Uprising'', generated considerable controversy over its portrayal of the Finnish Civil War because, for the first time, a novel was published that was sympathetic (in human terms, if not politically) towards the Reds. Up until then, all history of the Finnish Civil War had been written by the Whites. ''Under the North Star'' played a crucial role in starting a discussion in Finland over what really happened in 1918 and in healing decades-old wounds between the two factions.

Translations

''Under the North Star'' has been translated into English by Richard Impola: *Vol. 1 ''Under the North Star'' pub. 2001, *Vol. 2 ''Under the North Star 2: The Uprising'' pub. 2002, *Vol. 3 ''Under the North Star 3: Reconciliation'' pub. 2003, Unfortunately these translated publications contain many

typographical errors A typographical error (often shortened to typo), also called a misprint, is a mistake (such as a spelling mistake) made in the typing of printed (or electronic) material. Historically, this referred to mistakes in manual type-setting (typography). ...

.''See, e.g.'', ''Under the North Star 2: The Uprising'' at p. 27, where "realization" is rendered as "realization "; ''see also'' p. 412., where a sentence is repeated verbatim, clearly erroneously. Elsewhere, an asterisk appears although there are no notes to the translation. Other minor errors, such as random periods and white space formatting errors, are present throughout.

Footnotes

External links

The Finnish Civil War as Depicted in Väinö Linna's ''Under the North Star'' Biography of Väinö Linna
on: 100 Faces from Finland – a Biographical Kaleidoscope (retrieved: January 2013)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Under The North Star Novel series Historical novels by series 20th-century Finnish novels Novels set in Finland Family saga novels Nordic Council's Literature Prize-winning works