An ultramicroelectrode (UME) is a
working electrode used in a
voltammetry. The small size of UME give them large
diffusion layers and small overall currents. These features allow UME to achieve useful steady-state conditions and very high scan rates (V/s) with limited distortion. UME were developed independently by
Wightman and
Fleischmann Fleischman or Fleischmann may refer to:
* Fleischmann (surname), including a list of people with the name
* Fleischmann (model railroads), a German company that produces model railroad models and equipment
* Fleischmann (band), was a band from Ger ...
around 1980.
Small current at UME enables electrochemical measurements in low conductive media (organic solvents), where voltage drop associated with high solution resistance makes these experiments difficult for conventional electrodes. Furthermore, small voltage drop at UME leads to a very small voltage distortion at the electrode-solution interface which allows using two-electrode setup in
voltammetric experiment instead of conventional three-electrode setup.
Design
Ultramicroelectrodes are often defined as electrodes which are smaller than the diffusion layer achieved in a readily accessed experiment. A working definition is an electrode that has at least one dimension (the critical dimension) smaller than 25 μm.
Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name originates from Spanish , a diminutive of "silver".
Pla ...
electrodes with a radius of 5 μm are commercially available and electrodes with critical dimension of 0.1 μm have been made. Electrodes with even smaller critical dimension have been reported in the literature, but exist mostly as proofs of concept. The most common UME is a disk shaped electrode created by embedding a thin wire in glass, resin, or plastic. The resin is cut and polished to expose a cross section of the wire. Other shapes, such as wires and rectangles, have also been reported.
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are fabricated with conductive carbon fibers sealed in glass capillary with exposed tips. These electrodes are frequently used with
in vivo voltammetry.
Theory
Linear region
Every electrode has a range of scan rates called the linear region. The response to a reversible redox couple in the linear region is a "diffusion controlled peak" which can be modeled with the
Cottrell equation. The upper limit of the useful linear region is bound by an excess of charging current combined with distortions created from l